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MATERIAUX 2010 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 28 (2012) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/28/1/012015

Material Choice for spindle of machine tools

S. Gouasmia1, B. Merzouga, G. Abbab, L. Kherredinea

a
Laboratoire de recherche en mécanique des matériaux et maintenance industrielle,
Département Génie Mécanique, Faculté des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, Université Badji
Mokhtar, B.P 12, Annaba 23000 Algérie
b
Laboratoire de Génie Industriel et de Production mécanique, ENIM, Metz, France

E-mail: sassigouasmi@yahoo.com

Abstract. The requirements of contemporary industry and the flashing development of modern
sciences impose restrictions on the majority of the elements of machines; the resulting financial
constraints can be satisfied by a better output of the production equipment. As for those
concerning the design, the resistance and the correct operation of the product, these require the
development of increasingly precise parts, therefore the use of increasingly powerful tools [5].
The precision of machining and the output of the machine tools are generally determined by
the precision of rotation of the spindle, indeed, more this one is large more the dimensions to
obtain are in the zone of tolerance and the defects of shape are minimized. During the
development of the machine tool, the spindle which by definition is a rotating shaft receiving
and transmitting to the work piece or the cutting tool the rotational movement, must be
designed according to certain optimal parameters to be able to ensure the precision required.
This study will be devoted to the choice of the material of the spindle fulfilling the imposed
requirements of precision.

1. Introduction
Usually, the material choice is made according to economical, technological, functional, and
availability considerations, etc. Working stress being known, one then dimensions the part in such way
that this one resists to the imposed loads.

Figure 1. Comparison between Tridimensional and simple state of stress

1
To whom any correspondence should be addressed.

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1

MATERIAUX 2010 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 28 (2012) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/28/1/012015

In our case the problem arises differently: dimensions are imposed by the calculation of precision
and required rigidity but without taking into account the matter implemented. The loads to which the
spindle is subjected not being able to modify dimensions, it is nevertheless necessary to guarantee
resistance as well volumetric as superficial of the spindle. For that it is necessary to determine the
maximum equivalent stress the spindle undergoes as shown in Fig. 1. Our goal will be reached thanks
be to the choice of a factor named criterion of resistance [2], [1] Once this one calculated, it will not
remain any more that to choose a material whose resistance is higher than that evaluated previously

2. Determination of the stresses

We are in the general case of loading, since in the cross-section under consideration (bearing C) Fig. 2,
there is a simultaneous action of simple bending, torsion and compression in addition to the radial and
tangential stresses due to rotation.

Figure 2. Shear and moment diagrams respectively.

2.1. Bending and compression

Mz  y 4 Fa
f  
Iz   (D2  d 2 )
σf = stress at a critical point in tension or compression due to a combination of bending and axial load,
N/mm2
Mz = bending moment, Nmm
y = distance from neutral axis to outer surface, mm
Iz = axial moment of inertia of cross section, mm4
Fa = axial load, N
D, d = outer and iner diameter of cross section respectively, mm
Ty  Qz
f 
I z  by
τf = transverse shear, N/mm 2

Ty = transverse shear load on the cross section, N

by = with of the section containing the critical point, mm
Qz = moment of the cross-sectional area under consideration, mm3

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MATERIAUX 2010 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 28 (2012) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/28/1/012015

Torsion:
Mt  
t 
Ip
Mt = torsional moment, N-mm
ρ = distance from neutral axis to point of interest, mm
Ip = polar moment of inertia of cross section, mm4

2.2. Stresses due to interference and rotation

We determine the value of these stresses at the location of bearing C by considering the fitted parts as
thick-walled cylinders [4], as shown in Fig. 5 and superposing [1], [3] the stresses due to the pressure
with those due to rotation.

Figure 3. Interference fits.

2.2.1. Stresses due to pressure

p  R2 r2
( r ) p   (1  )
R2  r 2 r12
σr = radial stress, N/mm2
R = outer radius of the spindle at C, mm
r = inner radius of the spindle at C, mm
r1 = distance from neutral axis to point of interest, mm
p  R2 r2
(  ) p   2 2 (1  2 )
R r r1
σθ = tangential stresses, N/mm2
p = pressure at the contact surface, N/mm2
The pressure at the contact surface may be calculated by the following equation[4]:

p
d c  di
2 2
d c 2  di 2  
dc [   i  o]
Ei (dc  di ) Eo (do  di ) Ei Eo
2 2 2 2

δ = the total interference, mm

dc = outer diameter of of the spindle, mm
di = inner diameter of of the spindle, mm

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MATERIAUX 2010 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 28 (2012) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/28/1/012015

do = outside diameter of outer member, mm

Ei = modulus of elasticity of inner member, N/mm2
Eo = modulus of elasticity of outer member, N/mm2
νi = Poisson’s ratio for inner member
νo = Poisson’s ratio for outer member

2.2.2. stresses due to rotation

3  r r r
( r ) R   2 R 2 [( ) 2  1  ( 1 ) 2  ( ) 2 ]
8 R R r1

ν = Poisson’s ratio for inner member

μ = masse density, Kg/mm3
ω = speed of rotation for spindle, rad/s
3  r 1  3 r1 2 r
(  ) R   2 R 2 [( ) 2  1  ( )( )  ( ) 2 ]
8 R 3  R r1
σθ = tangential stress

3. Discussion
According to the Maximum principal stress theory [7] (Von Misès criterion), the material fails by
yielding when the maximum principal stress exceeds the tensile yield strength, or the minimum
principal stress exceeds the compressive yield strength. Although it used in many softwares, this
theory has some limitations. Furthermore, failure in ductile materials is fundamentally a shearing
phenomenon, and one would therefore assume the failure criteria for such materials to rely upon
shearing rather than tensile stresses. The maximum shear stress theory [6] (Tresca or Guest criterion in
recognition of their contribution to its application), is an outgrowth of the experimental observation
that a ductile material yields as a result of slip or shear along crystalline planes. This theory predicts
that yielding will start when the maximum shear stress in the material equals the maximum shear
stress at yielding in a simple tension test (for ductile material). If the point M (σ1, σ2, σ3) is out of the
envelope of the threshold of Tresca shown in Fig. 4, yielding will occur. The stresses σ 1, σ2 and σ3 are
called principal stresses and are shown in Fig.1. Good agreement with experiment has been realized
for ductile materials.
Numerical example:
Lets take σ1= 208 N/mm2, σ2= -108 N/mm2, σ3= 200 N/mm2 and yp= 270 N/mm2.
The criterion of tresca predicts that this state of stress will produce the flow in the material.

Figure 4. graphical representation of Tresca criterion.

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MATERIAUX 2010 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 28 (2012) 012015 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/28/1/012015

4. Conclusion:
From the viewpoint of mechanical design, it is imperative that some practical guides be available to
predict yielding under the conditions of stress as they are likely to exist in service. To meet this need
and to understand the basis of material failure, the maximum principal theory (Von Mises criterion)
and the maximum shear stress theory (Tresca criterion) have been used. The latter seems to be more
advantageous.

References:
[1] Bazergui A, Bui-Quoc T, Biron A, Mcintyre G, Laberge C 1985 Resistance des matériaux,
Edition de l’Ecole polytechnique de Montreal.
[2] Anissimov A 1993 Calcul des barres dans le cas de sollicitation composée (Partie 1-de RDM2),
U.S.T.H.B.
[3] Fanchon J. L 2001 Guide de Mécanique Sciences et technologies industrielles, Nathan.
[4] Hall A. S, Holowenko A. R, Laughlin H. G 1961 Machine Design, McGraw-Hill.
[5] Selivanov S 1984 Calcul et élaboration des ensembles broches-paliers, Université de Annaba.
[6] Ugural A. C, Fenster S. K 1975 Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity, Teaneck, New
Jersey.
[7] Barthod Ch 2010-2011 Module SPM2A, Résistance des Matériaux, IUT Annecy.