International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE)

Vol. 99, No. 1, August 2022, pp. 1~1x

ISSN: 2252-8822, DOI: 10.11591/ijere.v99i1.paperID  1

Orthotropic material properties used to model the behavior of

pin-joint connection
Hendri Hermawan1, Agustinus Sudiatmoko2, Ismail Agni3
1
Departement of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo, Indonesia
2
Expertise of Material Handling, Jakarta, Indonesia
3
Department of Oceanic Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The steel structure with a hinge-type connection has a lower risk of fatigue
failure owing to the vibrating component. A reliable connection type and a
Received mm dd, yyyy convenient installation are critical concerns for this connection type. To seek
Revised mm dd, yyyy a deeper perspective on the performance of material differences, this paper
Accepted mm dd, yyyy proposed a numerical study approach of round bar S45C in relation to
variable changes in orthotropic stability boundaries

Keywords:
Steel structure
Hinge
Vibrating
Plates
This is an open-access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
M. Alvan Riski
Faculty of Sains dan Teknologi, Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
Kampus 3, Raya Candi, Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Email: p-alvan@umsida

1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the variation in manufacturing processes, the same materials could exhibit different behavior.
If the material changes properties in three directions, then the material is considered an orthotropic material
and if the material has the same properties in all directions, it is considered an isotropic material.

Figure 1. Examples used for the study

Journal homepage: http://ijere.iaescore.com

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S45C Steel Grade is one steel grade material in JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) G-4051. which is
the standard specification of carbon steels for machine structural use. While common material SS400 Steel
Grade is a structural hot Rolled steel in the form of plates, sheets & strips for general structural applications.
The numerical simulations have been carried out using the finite element program ABAQUS. It has
been enhanced by an orthotropic user-defined subroutine of the proposed steel plate model. The use of this
parameter is necessary for analytical and numerical stress analysis. Poisson’s ratio (ν), Young’s modulus (E),
and shear modulus (G) will calculate iteratively as changing variables.

2. MODELING 3D SOLID ELEMENTS

Let us consider an isotropic elastic matrix reinforced with long steel fibers which are aligned with
respect to direction 1 of the Representative Volume Element. Although the composite consists of two elastic
and isotropic phases, its global response will be anisotropic
 Orthotropic engineering constants:
Young's modulus E1 (main orthotropic material axe) = 42008 MPa
Young's modulus E2 (perpendicular orthotropic material axe) = 19.763 MPa
Young's modulus E3 = 19.763e MPa
Poisson's ratio ν12 (in plane coupling material property) = 0.4557
Poisson's ratio ν21 = 0.00021438
Poisson's ratio ν13 = 0.45569
Poisson's ratio ν31 = 0.00021438
Poisson's ratio ν23 = 0.97621
Poisson's ratio ν32 = 0.97621
Shear modulus G12 (in plane shearing material property) = 5.0165 MPa
Shear modulus G13 = 5.0165 MPa
Shear modulus G23 = 5.0002 MPa

 The following material stabilities are satisfied:

E1, E2, E3, G12, G13, G23 > 0
|ν12| < (E1/E2)0.5
|ν13| < (E1/E3) 0.5
|ν23| < (E2/E3) 0.5
1 - ν12 ν21 - ν23 ν32 - ν13 ν31 – 2ν21 ν32 ν13 > 0
|ν21| < (E2/E1) 0.5
|ν31| < (E3/E1) 0.5
|ν32| < (E3/E2) 0.5

Figure 2. Solid modeling using ABAQUS

Int J Eval & Res Educ, Vol. 99, No. 1, Month 2099: 1-1x
3Int J Eval & Res Educ ISSN: 2252-8822 

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Pretest, posttest, and N-gain for (a) math representation ability students and (b) reasoning ability
students
Table 1. Mechanical Properties of S45C
No. Indicator Value
1 Tensile Strength 727 Mpa
2 Yield Stress 422 Mpa
3 Elongation 23%

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The numerical modeling shows a plot of orthotropic change with shaft alignments, which can
understand easily.

Figure 3. Shaft alignment vs Changing variables

3.1. Orthotropic Model

As hardening or softening behaviour was not considered it this thesis. So, softening or hardening
part in the following curves were removed and not considered in calculating the difference between
experimental and simulation result in the python code. Load vs displacement plots from simulations using
Isotropic material model and experimental data and Orthotropic material model are plotted below to makes it
convenient for compare. Orthotropic model matrices are made by using the yield stress ratios from equation
(1).

[ ]
μ
1 0
1−μ
E (1−μ) μ
[ D ]= 1 0 (1)
(1+ μ)(1−2 μ) 1−μ
1−2 μ
0 0
2(1−μ)
Paper’s should be the fewest possible that accurately describe … (First Author)
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3.2. Interaction between 2 objects

The load vs displacement obtained from experiments and those obtained from simulations from
ABAQUS are compared to each other to see the differences between them.
For an orthotropic material model in the elastic region, the ratio of strain in length to strain in width
is needed. This data was collected before the material reaches plasticity. Therefore, time at which plasticity is
reached is checked by MATLAB code and data is taken from GOM Correlate at desired time step. Since
width change is a ratio having same units in the numerator and denominator it doesn’t have any units.

4. CONCLUSION
By observing the results from simulations of material models, a conclusion can be drawn that
Orthotropic material model seem reasonable and reliable. So it may replace the use of isotropic model
without any worries for practical application in industries. If the number of iterations increased more accurate
results could be obtained. Softening and hardening phenomena’s have their own governing principles,
orthotropic model would be more accurate if softening or hardening is implemented as they can handle some
errors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author thanks .... In most cases, sponsor and financial support acknowledgments.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Hendri Hermawan is a Senior Teacher Educator at the Universitas Muhammadiyah

Sidoarjo (UMSIDA). He was appointed lecturer in the university in 2021 and went on to
pursue her graduate studies in mathematics education at the University of Melbourne,
Australia. She is passionate about raising the quality of teaching and learning of students and
their development in the schools and in the higher education settings. He can be contacted at
email: hendri.hermawan@gmail.com

Agustinus Sudiatmoko is a Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Educational Research and

Evaluation, Graduate School, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Colombo Street No.1
Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia & Lecturer, Department of Islamic Education,
Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia. His research focuses on physics education,
Scaffolding in education, Scientific literacy, project-based learning, Supersymmetry in
Quantum, STEM education and literacy. He can be contacted at email:
hanifcahyo.2018@student.uny.ac.id; hanif.kistoro@pai.uad.ac.id.

Ismail Agni received the Magister degree in education from the Institut Teknologi Bandung
(ITB), Indonesia. He has over 20 years of experience as an Material Handling experts, where
she is currently an Associate Professor and the Chair of the School of Education, Faculty of
Social Sciences and Humanities. Her current research interest includes students’ learning
and development at various levels and areas of education. Her publication topics imcluding
ecology, educational courses, educational institutions, engineering education, natural
resources, recycling, sustainable development. She can be contacted at email: p-
azlina@utm.my.

Int J Eval & Res Educ, Vol. 99, No. 1, Month 2099: 1-1x