Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science

Department of Civil Engineering

Group Assignment Cover Sheet

No of Pages (incl. this one): 25

NAME OF STUDENT STUDENT ID STUDENT SIGNATURE

1) Cheong Yu Jian 1901152 Cheong Yu Jian

2) Cheah Zi Xin 1903353 Cheah Zi Xin

3) Thong Jun Jet 1902990 Thong Jun Jet

4) Chong Jun Jie 2003330 Chong Jun Jie

5) Foong Hou Hin 1903499 Foong Hou Hin

COURSE NAME: COURSE CODE: LECTURER:

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I UEMX2313 Dr. Woon Kai Siong

ASSIGNMENT TITLE
Structural Analysis of Simply Supported Roof Structure – Part A GROUP NUMBER: 1

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examiners.

ITEMS MARKS MARKS

ALLOCATED AWARDED
Overall Report & Formatting Quality 5

Introduction, Background Description & 10

Consideration made in Analysis
25
Analysis of Roof Truss & Beam

5
Results Discussion

5
Summary

TOTAL of Part A 50

1
Table of Contents

Content Page Number

Introduction 3
Background description 3-4
Consideration made in analysis 4-5
Calculation 6-16
Diagrams 17-18
Discussion 19-22
Summary 22-23
References & Appendix 24-25

2
Introduction
Structural analysis is the process of calculating and determining the effects of loads and internal
forces on a structure, building or object (Carigliano, n.d). Patel (2018) stated that structural analysis is a
comprehensive determination to assure that the deformations due to load in a structure will be satisfactory
and lower than the permissible limits, and failure of structure will never occur. Structural analysis mainly
calculates support reactions, bending moment, rotation, stresses, strains, shear force, and deflection due to
different type of loads. The load can be in many different kinds of form such as dead load, live load, wind
load, snow loads, seismic load, hydrostatic and soil pressure or other natural loads. It is essential for
structural engineers to master so that they can understand the path that the load has taken and the impact of
it on their projects. This is necessary to ensure that the structural members satisfy the safety and the
serviceability requirements of the local building code and specifications of the area where the structure is
located (Introduction to Structural Analysis,2020). This design process is both creative and technical and
requires fundamental knowledge of material properties and the laws of mechanics which govern material
response (Hibbeler,2015). A structure can be analysed properly by implementing idealizations to understand
how the members are being supported and connected together. The codes and local specifications help
structural engineers to identify the loading while the forces in the members and their displacements are
determined by the concept of structural analysis. Beams, columns and tension structures, frames, and trusses
are the classification of the structural members.

Background Description
Structural analysis is applied to help our client to determine the engineering details of the roof
structure and beam. Given the dimension and materials by our client, we are yet to calculate the support
reactions, internal force of the truss members, shear force and bending moment of beam. According to
Hibbeler (2015), a truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points. In
this project, stainless steel truss frame and steel beam are used. Planar trusses are usually being used to
support roofs. Roof load is transmitted to the truss at the joints by a series of purlins. In this project, the
trusses that were used are Pratt.
In order to calculate the support reactions of the beam, we will let the sum of moments about a
reaction point equal to zero. Noted that we have chosen counter-clockwise moments are negative. Then, we
will let the sum of the vertical forces equal to zero with the assumption of upward forces as positive.
Therefore, we should have two equations and solving them will get us the reaction forces. Last but not least,
we will also let the sum of the horizontal forces equal to zero and also assume the rightward forces as
positive.
Internal forces are forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure by the rest of
the structure. Internal forces are always in equal but opposite pairs. Method of sections will be used to solve
the internal loading at a specified point. Normally for a co-planar structure, they will be normal force N,
3
shear force V, and bending moment M. LibreTexts (2020) summarizes the principle that if a structural
system constitutes a body in equilibrium, then any joint in that system is also in equilibrium and, thus, can
be isolated from the entire system and analyzed using the conditions of equilibrium. First, we will verify the
stability and determinacy of the structure. If the truss is stable and determinate, we will treat the entire truss
structure as a rigid body. Then, we will start with any joint where at least one known load exists. Next, a
free body diagram at the selected join is drawn and the equations of equilibrium is written out. Those axial
forces in all members meeting at the joint as tensile force (assumption). Therefore, the external reactions are
determined by using Σ Fx = 0 and Σ Fy = 0 equations. If the determined member axial force is negative, that
means that the member is not in tension but in compression. We can then continue the analysis by
proceeding to the next joint desired with either two or fewer member forces.
Last but not least, the following procedure shows how to construct the shear and moment diagrams
for the beam. the forces acting on the beam into components which are perpendicular and parallel to the axis
of the beam. For shear diagram, the V and x-axis are established and the values of the shear at the two ends
of the beam. When dV/dx = w, the intensity of the distributed loading at the point is equal to the slope of the
shear diagram. When a numerical value of the shear is determined at the point, method of sections can be
used to find the value. At the same time, the M and x-axis and are also established and the values of the
moment at the ends of the beam. Keep in mind that if zero value is found, that may be a point of maximum
or minimum moment. When the numerical value of the moment is determined at a point, method of sections
is used to determine the value. Whenever the bending moment is positive, the beam will tend to concave
upwards at the section we have chosen while the beam will concave downwards and hog at the interested
section when the bending moment is negative.

Design Considerations
Before we begin with our project, we have to make some design considerations to both material and
load uncertainties. As the uncertainties might possibly vary the material properties and thus affect the
outcome of the results calculated and cause the building to be unsafe to be used. We will be using the
Eurocode to specify the load of combinations for different load types to ensure that the structure is safe
under varies loading scenarios. In this project, the LRFD (load and resistance factor design) will be used to
calculate the safety factor. The uncertainty can be calculated using probability concept since the rising trend
will be separate the material uncertainty from the load uncertainty. The factor of safety will be 1.4 x dead
load and 1.5 x live load (see Appendix B).
The roof that we build need to be designed to withstand various kind of loads. The first load will be
the wind load. There is three kind of forces can be exerted by wind which is uplift load, shear load and
lateral load. Wind load in this project is being ignored although its effect cannot be neglected but according
to All Answers Ltd,2018, the load from the wind rarely affects the design up to ten story building. In this
project, the roof does not reach ten story building height so we could ignore this as it would not cause any
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significant changes to the structure. Live load on floors and roofs consists of all the loads which are
temporarily placed on the structure (Sharma,2021). Loads of people with the access provided should be
considered in this project. By referring to the Eurocode, the live load we obtained is 0.25kN/m^2 (see
appendix A). For the dead load part, we have chosen to ignore the self-weight of the truss. We only include
the weight of the tempered glass, purlins and the steel beam. Dead loads are permanent loads from the
weight of the structure and other permanent attachments.
Dead load = Load of tempered glass = Density × Gravitational Acceleration × Depth
F.O.S = 1.4 × Dead load
F.O.S = 1.5 × Live load
For the left-hand side of the truss, the support at the lower part will be roller while the support of
the lower part will be pin. As we have nine joint, fifteen members. Thus, we can calculate the number of
reactions. In order to let the structure to be statically determinate, the number of reactions need to be three.
Therefore, on the left side of the truss, we will have a pin supported while on the right side of the truss
(connected with the steel beam) will be roller supported. Pin support has 2 reaction forces which is in the
vertical and horizontal direction. Roller support has only one reaction force which is in the vertical direction
only.
In this project, there will be five purlins being used and the material of it would be steel. The purlin
serves to transfer the forces on the roof such as dead load, live load etc. to the main structure (the steel
truss). Moreover, the weight of the glasses is not supported the purlins in four sides, hence we cannot
assume that the system is using two-way slab. Hence, we will be using one-way slab system for our
analysis.

5
Calculations
The followings are the information we obtained:

•
• Live load
• Purlin kN/m
• Ignore wind load
• Self-weight of truss is negligible
• Safety factor of live load

• Safety factor of dead load

• All joints of truss are pinned connection

• Pin support and roller support are used

From the calculation, the roof is a two-way slab. For two-way slab system, the slab must be surrounded by
purlins in four sides. However, there are only left and right sides of the slab are supported by the purlins.
Therefore, the roof is a one-way slab system.

Live Load

Load of Tempered Glass

Dead Load Load of tempered glass

Total Load Live Load + Dead Load

Length of Principal Rafter

6
Total loading on purlins

Purlin A kN/m

Purlin B kN/m

Purlin C kN/m

Purlin D kN/m

Purlin E kN/m

Loading from purlin to truss

Purlin A

7
Purlin B

Purlin C

Purlin D

8
Purlin E

Loading on each of the truss

Determinacy & Stability of Truss

b = no. of member r = no. of reaction j = no. of joint

15 =3 =9
b+r = 15+3 = 18
2j = 2(9) = 18
Since the b+r = 2j, therefore the trusses are statically determinate.
9
For Truss A & D

kN

kN

Method of Joints
At Point E:

kN (T)
kN
kN (C)

At Point D:

kN
kN (C)

kN
kN (C)
10
At Point F:

kN
kN (C)
kN (T)

At Point G:

kN
kN (C)

kN
kN (C)

At Point C:

kN (T)
kN (T)

11
At Point B:

kN (T)
kN

At Point A:

kN
kN (C)

kN
kN (C)

At Point I:

kN

12
For Truss B & C

kN

kN

Method of Joints
At Point E:

kN (T)
kN
kN (C)

At Point D:

kN
kN (C)

kN
kN (C)

13
At Point F:

kN
kN (C)
kN (T)

At Point G:

kN
kN (C)

kN
kN (C)

At Point C:

kN (T)
kN (T)

At Point B:

kN (T)
kN

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At Point A:

kN
kN (C)

kN
kN (C)

At Point I:

kN

Shear Force and Bending Moment

kN kN

Segment MO: m)

kN

kN
kN

kNm

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Segment OP: m)

kN

kN

Segment PQ: m)

kN

kN

kNm

Segment QR: m)

kN

kN
kN

kNm

Segment NR: m)

kN

kN

kNm

16
Diagrams
Diagram for Truss A & D

Diagram for Truss B & C

17
Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment Diagram

18
Discussion
A series of calculations is carried out to analyze the simply supported roof structure when it is
subjected to load. It is important to know how the forces work in the roof structure to prevent structure
failure in this project and to apply appropriate design to persevere structural functionality. Firstly, it is
essential to classify the way of load transmission from tempered glass to the five purlins. It is noticed that
the loading transmission is 2-way system in which its ratio of longest width and shortest width is 1.02 < 2.
However, there is a specified requirement for the system to act as a 2-way system which is the slab must be
supported by beams in 4 sides. In fact, each tempered glass is supported by two purlins in 2 sides only and
hence it can be concluded that the roof will act as a 1-way slab system. The loading of 1-way system will
transfer its load in one way action to its supporting member.
There are 5 purlins in the roof structure, namely purlin A to E as showed in the calculation part.
Purlin A and purlin E are both the outermost supporting purlin and therefore their tributary area is only half
of the area. Hence, the total loading acted on each purlin A and E are 3.76kN/m by integrating both their
self-weight and dead load from tempered glass. On the other hand, purlin B, C, and D will tend to support
one complete tributary area loading from the tempered class, each half area loading from both sides. Thus,
purlin B, C, and D are supporting 6.96 kN/m each along its horizontal length.
Besides, a step is taken to identify the loading transferred from each purlin to truss. The four trusses
will act as a support under the purlins at the point that they are contacted. It is known that the uniformly
distributed load, UDL of 3.76kN/m are acted on purlin A and purlin E whereas a UDL of 6.96kN/m are
acted on purlin B, C, and D. It is also noted that the uniformly distributed load will act at the centroid
between two supports. Hence, an assumption is made by stated that the UDL will separate to two portions
between each two supports. Therefore, the loading supported by both the outermost supports will be 1
portion which is (2.5m/2) UDL whereas the middle two supports will receive two portions of UDL which
is equal to (2.5m) UDL. Furthermore, the loading supported by both the outermost supports are 4.70kN
whereas the loading supported by middle two supports are 9.40kN for purlin A and purlin E. Similarly, the
loading supported by both the outermost supports are 8.70kN whereas the loading supported by middle two
supports are 17.40kN for purlin B, C and D. It can be observed that the UDL supported by purlin B, C, and
D is twice the UDL supported by purlin A and E; consequently, the loading transferred from purlin B, C,
and D to truss is also two times greater than the loading transferred from purlin A and E to truss.
Moreover, the truss is considered to be statically determinate as it satisfies the equation of b + r = 2j
which also indicate that all the reaction forces and member forces of truss can be determined by applying
the equations of statics equilibrium. The truss is also stated to be both external and internal stable as all of
its reactions are not concurrent or parallel and also each joint of it is held fixed. Furthermore, each truss
will be having two supports which is pin support at the point A of truss attached to the wall and roller
support attached at point D of truss. It is because pin support at point A will resist both horizontal and
vertical forces and thus no translation will occur. If pin support at point A is replaced with roller support,
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the truss will translate in y-direction and collapse when a vertical force applied on top of it. However, the
truss will remain stable and rigid if the pin support is at point A in which the translation is restricted and
roller support at point D will also resist the vertical force acted on truss to prevent it from collapse. In
addition, point D will also be restricted from translation as point A is already pin fixed to the wall.
Then, the reaction forces will be determined by using equations of statics equilibrium. Ax is
determined to be 0kN whereas Ay and Dy are determined to be 11.83kN and 23.67kN pointing upwards. It
is noticed that the magnitude of Dy is two times of Ay. Then, each member force can be determined
accordingly by applying method of joints. There are two type of forces which is known as compression
force and tension force. Compression member force will point towards the joint whereas tension force will
point away from the joint. Both forces have a different effect towards the member in which the
compression force will tends to push the joint and tension force will tend to pull the joint apart. The
member forces of truss are then determined and classified to two different categories of forces. Truss A and
truss D will share the same magnitude and direction of forces whereas the middle truss B and truss C will
share the same values. For truss A and E, there are two zero force member which are FIH and FBH. Besides,
the compression member forces of truss A and E consist of: 23.67kN of FDF, 23.04kN of FED and FDC,
13.94kN of FFG and FGH, 13.68kN of FAH, 8.70kN of FGC, and 4.70kN of FAI whereas the tension member
forces consist of: 37.45kN of FFC, 23.51kN of FEF, 11.67kN of FCB and FBA, and 2.33kN of FCH. On the
other hand, for truss B and C, there are also two zero force member which are FIH and FBH. The
compression member forces of the truss consist of: 47.33kN of FDF, 46.08kN of FED and FDC, 27.84kN of
FFG and FGH, 27.32kN of FAH, 17.40kN of FGC, and 9.40kN of FAI whereas the tension member forces
consist of: 74.87kN of FFC, 47.03kN of FEF, 23.30kN of FCB and FBA, and 4.66kN of FCH.
Hence, the member forces of all the trusses A, B, C, and D acting on each joint can be summarized
to provide a clearer picture on what is happening on the truss. Firstly, for point A, there are two
compression forces from member AI and AH, one tension force from member BA, and one reaction force
from Ay acting on it to make it in equilibrium. Secondly, for point B, there are two tension forces from
member BA and CB and one zero force member from member BH acting on it. Thirdly, for point C, there
are three tension forces from member CB, CH, and FC and two compression forces from member GC and
DC acting on it. Fourthly, for point D, it is solely supported by three compression forces from member DC,
DF, and ED and one support reaction force from Dy. Furthermore, point E is supported by one external
force from purlin E, each one compression force from member ED and tension force from EF. Moreover,
there are one external force from purlin D, two compression forces from member FG and DF, and two
tension forces from member EF and FC acting on point F to make it stable. Next, for point G, there are one
external force from purlin C and three compression forces from member GC, GH, and FG acting on it.
Subsequently, in order for point H to stay in equilibrium, there are one external force from purlin B, two
compression forces from member GH and AH, one tension force from member CH and two zero force

20
member from member IH and BH acting on it. On top of that, point I is having one zero force member
from member IH, one external force from purlin A and one compression force from member AI acted on it.
Based on the results obtained from the calculation, there is one finding can be noticed by analyzing
the data collected. Firstly, there are two zero member forces in the truss, and it is seemed useless in
supporting the load. However, the two zero member forces are actually used to increase the stability of
truss and to provide additional support when the magnitude or direction of loadings vary under different
conditions. (Hibbeler, 2015) It is important to note that the truss analysis value will vary when the direction
and magnitude of loadings vary, and thus the member forces of truss will also change. (Bridge Design
Contest, n.d.) This set of calculation is only valid in this project by the given dimension and specified
engineering details such as magnitude of loading from purlin and tempered glass. Therefore, the existence
of two additional zero force member will help the truss to sustain from the varied loading condition.
However, the truss might face structural failure and collapse if the forces acting on it exceed its limit. Thus,
appropriate factor of safety is important in maintaining the truss functionality.
Besides, it is also important to examine the internal loading developed along the steel beam. Firstly,
it is found that the support reaction forces of both RAY and RBY are having the same magnitude of 71.00kN
acting upward to balance the external loading acting downward. Secondly, the beam is divided to 5
sections to determine the shear force and bending moment along the beam. It is clearly showing that the
shear force value at the displacement of 0m is -23.67kN and remain constant up to 0.4m by analyzing the
shear force diagram. It is because the negative shear force will act upwards to balance the downward
external force from Dy at point M. Besides, the shear force will increase again from -23.67kN to 47.33kN
at the displacement of equal to zero and remain constant until the displacement of equal to 2.1m. The
increment of shear force by 71.00kN at point O is to balance the support reaction force R AY that are acting
upward. Furthermore, the shear force decreases from 47.33kN to 0kN at point P to cancel off the
downward external truss reaction force. Subsequently, the shear force remains zero for the whole segment
PQ as there is no any external force acted on it. Next, the shear force decreases by a magnitude of 47.33kN
to -47.33kN at the point Q. The deduction of shear force is caused by the external downward force from
truss to maintain the beam in statics condition. Then, the shear force will remain constant for the whole
segment QR with a magnitude of -47.33kN. Lastly, the shear force increases by a magnitude of 71.00kN
to 23.67kN at point R and remain constant for the whole segment NR. The increment of shear force value
is to balance the upward support reaction force acted on point R. Then, the shear force will decrease to zero
magnitude again at the point N to balance up the downward external force acting on it. In addition, it is
also important to note that the vertical lines of shear force value are perpendicular to the displacement in
shear force diagram. Besides, it is concluded that the maximum shear force value is 47.33kN whereas the
minimum shear value is -47.33kN. Other than that, it is also noticed that the maximum bending moment
will occur at the point where the shear force is zero. Hence, the maximum bending moment of this beam is

21
89.93kNm at the displacement of 2.5m to 5m. The minimum bending moment of this beam is -9.468kNm
at the displacement of 0.4m and 7.1m. Other than that, it is observed that the area under shear force
diagram between two points is equivalent to the change of bending moment between the two respective
points. Moreover, the bending moment diagram will also provide a clear information about the effect of
bending moment on the beam. As previously discussed in the background, it is known that the positive
bending moment will tend to sag the beam whereas the negative bending moment will tend to hog the
beam. Hence, it is known that the beam will hog at two different sections with the range of displacement
from 0m to 0.6m and 6.9m to 7.5m. Furthermore, the beam will sag at the displacement from 0.6 onwards
up to 6.9m. Therefore, some steps can be taken to strengthen the beam and improve its durability through
the results obtained. Firstly, the upper part of beam will experience a tension force while the bottom part of
beam will experience a compression force for the beam section that are experiencing hogging moment. On
the other hand, the upper part of beam will experience a compression force while the bottom part of beam
will experience a tension force for the beam section that are experiencing sagging moment. Hence, the steel
beam shall change to reinforced concrete beam to increase its durability. It is known that the concrete in
good in compression whereas the steel is good in tension. (The Concrete Society, n.d.) Therefore, the
reinforced concrete is created by incorporating both concrete and steel to reinforce the beam. Lastly, it can
be concluded that the truss analysis, shear force diagram and bending moment diagram are very useful in
studying the behavior of truss and beam to improve its structural integrity.

Summary
In conclusion, the support reaction, internal forces of truss member and shear force and bending
moment of beam are successfully determined through step-by-step approach. Firstly, it is the most
important step to identify the tributary loading transferred to truss. Therefore, it is essential to differentiate
the ways of system in this project as it will affect how the tributary loading is transmitted from tempered
glass to truss. The system in this project is found to be 1-way system as the tempered glass is supported by
two purlins in two sides only. Next, equations of static equilibrium are used to find out the reaction force.
Then, method of joint is used to find the internal force of each member of truss. Additionally, the internal
member force can be further classified to two different types of forces which are tension and compression
forces. It is known that the tension force will pull the materials away whereas the compression force will
tend to squeeze the materials together. Furthermore, there are two zero member in the four trusses which is
member IH and BH that will act as extra support when the loading varies under different condition. It is
also noticed that zero force member actually support a little amount of loading in real life. It is because the
self-weight of truss is ignored in calculation, however they do support a small amount of truss weight in
real life project. Thus, the existence of zero force member will increase the truss durability and structure
safety in supporting the load. On the other hand, the support reactions force acted on beam are found by
using equations of statics equilibrium. Then, the shear force and bending moment of the beam are found by
22
separating the beam into 5 sections. The beam is divided to 5 sections as each section is experiencing a
changing in forces. Then, the shear force equations and bending moment equations are formed for each
section to identify the internal forces developed along the beam. Next, shear force diagram and bending
moment diagram are plotted to provide a clearer picture about which is happening along the beam. It is
found that the point load will create a constant shear force diagram and a linear slope bending moment
diagram. It is also noticed that the maximum bending moment will occur when the shear force has a zero
magnitude. The beam has a maximum bending moment of 89.93kNm at the displacement between 2.5m to
5m. Besides, the positive bending moment will create a sagging moment on beam whereas the negative
bending moment will create a hogging moment on beam. Therefore, the part of beam can be reinforced
based on the analyse of bending moment diagram to withstand the tension and compression force acted on
it. Lastly, it is emphasized again that the stability of truss and beam is crucial in preventing the structure
from collapse. Therefore, detailed analysis of roof truss structure and beam are significantly important to
identify the ability of roof structure to withstand the loading and external forces. It is critical to apply and
invent new technology in solving real life problem to create a much safer structure with higher efficiency
and lower costing.

23
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Appendix
Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

25