Final Lab 3 M2 EMD4M6B PDF

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
___________________________________________________________________
Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : DR. RAMZYZAN RAMLY
Group : EMD4M6B
___________________________________________________________________
MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE: Torsion Test
No NAME STUDENT ID
1. Muhamad Faiz Syauqi bin Noor Yakin 2019819098
2. Muhamad Izzuddin bin Zulkifly 2019482636
3. Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim bin Hang Jebat 2019627998
4. Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq bin Amizan 2019848332
5. Muhamad Uzair bin Roslan 2019468048
REPORT SUBMISSION: 28/06/2020

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct
and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.
Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Procedure................................................................................................................................................ 5
Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Muhamad Uzair bin Roslan ..................................................................................................................... 8
Results ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 12
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 13
Muhamad Faiz Syauqi bin Noor Yakin .................................................................................................. 15

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 20
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 21
Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim bin Hang Jebat ........................................................................................... 23

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 27
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 29
Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq bin Amizan.................................................................................................. 31

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 33
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 34
Muhamad Izzudin bin Zulkifly ............................................................................................................... 36

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 36
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 38
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 45
References ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 48
ABTRACT
Torsion in mechanics of material is an object that is being twisted by an applied
torque or moment which a rotation will be produced along the longitudinal axis of an object.
This experiment was carried out in determining the torsion properties subjected to pure
torque loading which will then can be identified its type of fracture surface under pure torque.
It was be conducted on Torsion test machine. By carrying out the Torsion test, the following
properties will be determined such as Modulus of Rigidity, maximum shear stress, the
relationship between torque, T and angle of twist, ϴ, and strain energy per unit volume up to
the limit of proportional. The value of the twisting angle on the specimen in degrees was been
record during the experiments in order to analyse further calculation for load torque occur.
Next, the results of further calculation have been obtaining, the graph torque against angle of
twist of the specimen could be plotted by the help of several calculations from the data
obtained. Based on the graph plotted, the elastic point, maximum torque point at fracture can
be observed. In conclusion, the higher strain and stress of the specimen, the higher the
strength characteristics due to widely usage of mild steel in construction that needs high
strength in supporting the factor of safety.
2
INTRODUCTION
A torsion test is a common test used in mechanics of materials. The purpose of this test is to
measure the strength of any material against maximum twisting forces in order to measure how
much of a twist a certain material can withstand or obtain before the material turn to crack or
break. Torque is an applied pressure that is being used in this test. Metal fasteners and beams are
the materials usually used in the manufacturing industry are often subject to torsion testing in
determining their strength under pressure.
Failure Testing, Proof Testing and Operational Testing are three types of torsion test take
place in determine the strength of materials. Failure testing is carried out on the material involved
twisting until it breaks Next, Proof testing observes whether a material can bear a certain amount
of torque load over a given period of time. Operational testing tests specific products to confirm
their elastic limit before going on the market.
Recording the data is done by creating a Stress-Strain diagram with the angle of twist
values on the x-axis and the torque values on the y-axis. The elastic limit of material is a point at
which it can no longer retain its original shape or size. It is determined by calculating the slope
of the line from the start of the test to the proportional limit obtained. This relationship was first
measured by Sir Robert Hookeins,1678. Hooke’s law states that stress is directly proportional to
strain until it reaches the proportional limit, at which a point of the specimen tested will begin to
show signs of stress. After that, materials are then will be categorized into two different groups
which is as being either ductile or brittle. Steel or Aluminum are the examples of a ductile
materials which have the properties of high elastic limits and can withstand a great deal of strain
before they break. However, Cast Iron and Concrete are brittle materials which have low elastic
limits and do not require much strain before they rupture.
In conclusion, a Torsion test is very important to analyze each of the material before they
will be used in the industrial. Otherwise, structures and machines that depend on such materials
would break down easily or at short time causing instability, work flow interruption or even
significant damage and injury through the surroundings.
3
APPARATUS
i. Torsion Test Machine
ii. Vernier Caliper
iii. Torque Meter
4
PROCEDURES
1. The length of the specimen was measured by using a Vernier caliper. A straight line
was drawn on the specimen in order to observe the effect of twisting on the specimen.
2. The specimen’s ends were fixed on the machine chuck and the readings on the gauge
was set to zero. Note: make sure the specimen is not initially loaded.
3. The handwheel was turned on to clockwise to applied load.
4. For the first rotation, an increment of a quarter rotation (90°) was chosen, for the
second and third rotation of a half rotation (180°) and for the fourth And to 10 rotation
of one rotation (360°).i.e. (1 rotation 10 reading, 2 rotations 10 reading, 3 rotation
until specimen break).
5. The rotation at the input is divided by the reduction of 62 in order to calculate the
angle of twist at the specimen. Note: Usually fracture will occur (for mild steel
specimen) between 100 to 200 rotations.
6. Until the dial gauge return to its initial value (zero) and then read the torque from the
display, the deformation on the specimen was compensated by turning the
handwheel of the compensation unit.
5
THEORY
Torque is a moment that twists a structure which creates a distribution of stress over
the cross section, unlike axial loads which produce a uniform or average stress over the cross
section of the object. To summarize it, it is to focus on structures with a circular cross section
such as rods or shafts. Once a specific torque is applied, the shafts will be twisted along the
long axis while its cross section remains circular.
Next, angle of twist is then will be created after torsion is applied on the shafts by the
torque. For example, by visualization, a circular cross-section will be represented by a clock
with an hour hand only. When no torque is applied, the hour hand will sit on 12 o'clock. But,
once the torque is being applied, the hour hand will then rotate clockwise to a new position, let
say it is at 2 o'clock. Hence, the angle between 12 o'clock and 2 o'clock is the angle of twist
and is commonly denoted by the Greek symbol π. In additional, this angle will determine the
shear strain at any point along the cross section.
Figure 1: Shear strain along circular cross
Before deeply into the details of this equation, it's important to note that because this
will be specifically discussed on circular cross sections only. So, the Cartesian coordinates will
be switched into the cylindrical coordinates. That's where the Greek symbol rho came from,
where it denotes the distance along the cross section, with rho=0 at the centre and rho=c at the
outer edge of the rod.
Furthermore, from this equation will obviously learn something new where the more
angle of twist, the larger the shear strain (denoted by the Greek symbol gamma, as before).
Secondly, there will be a big difference between axial-loaded structures and torque-loaded
ones, the shear strain will not uniform along the cross section. It is zero at the centre of the
twisted rod and will be at a maximum value at the edge of the rod. Finally, the longer the rod,
the smaller the shear strain. To discuss more about the stress along a twisted rod, it is
compulsory to know how torque and stress can relate each other. Since twist on the shaft applies
6
a shear strain, it is to be expected that torque will apply a shear stress. The relationship between
torque and shear stress is detailed in Mechanics of Materials textbook, and it results in the
following relation:
In this equation, J denotes the second polar moment of area of the cross section.
Sometimes, it is also referred to as the "second moment of inertia". Next, let's discuss the
moment of area in more detail at a later point, but take on a very simple form for circular cross
sections:
Now, an equation for our shear strain and shear stress is obtained. After that, Hooke's law is
then will be used in shear to see how they are related. Hooke's law is then helps to write down
a nice equation for the angle of twist – a very convenient thing to measure in lab or out in the
field.
And, just like obtained for axial displacements, then, can use superposition for the shear
deformation as well:
This final equation allows to split up torques applied to different parts of the same structure.
7
Muhamad Uzair bin Roslan (2019468048)
RESULTS
Materials Type = Mild Steel Length = 0.084m Diameter = 0.006m
Angle of Revolution Torque Angle of Angle of Stress Strain

Rotation twist (rad) Twist (deg) (MPa)
0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
90 0.25 0.20 0.0017 0.097 4.72 0.0607
90 0.25 0.95 0.0081 0.46 22.44 0.2893
90 0.25 2.60 0.022 1.26 61.42 0.7857
90 0.25 5.05 0.0428 2.45 119.29 1.5286
180 0.5 10.35 0.0878 5.03 244.49 3.1357
180 0.5 15.40 0.1306 7.48 363.78 4.6642
180 0.5 18.65 0.1581 9.06 440.55 5.6464
180 0.5 20.45 0.1734 9.94 483.07 6.1929
360 1 22.00 0.1866 10.69 519.69 6.6423
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.95 0.1946 11.15 542.13 6.95
360 1 22.65 0.1921 11 535.04 6.8607
360 1 22.70 0.1925 11.03 536.22 6.875
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.85 0.1938 11.1 539.76 6.9214
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.60 0.1916 10.98 533.86 6.8429
360 1 22.70 0.1925 11.03 536.22 6.875
360 1 22.70 0.1925 11.03 536.22 6.875
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.85 0.1938 11.1 539.76 6.9214
360 1 22.85 0.1938 11.1 539.76 6.9214
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
720 2 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
8
Torque vs Angle of Twist

12
10
8
Torque (Nm)
Angle of Twist (deg)
Mild Steel
Figure – Torque vs Angle of Twist
Stress vs Strain
8
7
6
Stress (MPa)
5
4
3
2
1
0
Strain
Mild Steel
Figure – Stress vs Strain
9
Sample Calculation
1. Polar Moment of Inertia

𝜋
= 2 𝐶4
𝜋
= 2 0.003𝑚4
= 1.27𝑥10−10
2. Angle of Twist
𝑇𝐿
= 𝐽𝐺
(22.8)(0.084)
= (1.27𝑥10−10 )(78𝑥109 )
= 0.1933 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3. Shear Stress
𝑇𝑐
= 𝐽
(22.8)(0.003)
= 1.27𝑥10−10
= 538.58 MPa
4. Shear Strain
𝑐∅
= 𝐿
(0.003)(0.1933)
= (0.084)
= 6.9x10-3
10
5. Modulus of Rigidity (Theoretical)
= 78 GPa
6. Modulus of Rigidity (Experimental)
∆𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
= ∆𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
537.4 𝑥 106 −4.72 𝑥 106

= 6.8893 𝑥10−3 −0.0607𝑥 10−3
= 78.007 GPa
7. Percentage Error
78−78.007
=| | 𝑥 100%
78
= 0.008%
11
DISCUSSION
1. Compare the values of G obtained from this experiment with the value obtain from
the manufacturer
The value of modulus of rigidity that obtained from the experiment is 78.007 GPa. While the
value for modulus of rigidity that obtained from the theoretical is 78 GPa. The experimental
value is slightly higher than the theoretical value. The percentage error obtained is 0.008%.
2. Comment on any discrepancies.

The discrepancies on the value of experimental modulus of rigidity is assumable based on the
mistake on taking the read of diameter and length of specimen. There should not be any defect
on the values of torque, since the experiment is done by using a torque test machine.
3. Does your T vs angle of twist plot obey Hooke’s Law and what is the value of the
shearing stress at the yield point? Is this value compare favourably with actual
value?
The value of shearing stress at the yield point is 483.07 MPa. The graph obtained obey the
Hooke’s Law as the graph has both the plastic and elastic region. Since the value of modulus
of rigidity is slightly different, there will be a slight different between the value obtained and
the actual value (370MPa)
4. Discuss the fracture surface of your specimen. Does it seem like any typical ductile
fracture?
The surface of the specimen is having a normal torsion fracture, which is the fracture plane is
perpendicular to the axis wire and there are no cracks in the fracture plane. This shows that the
specimen is showing a typical ductile fracture.
12
5. Is your experiment follows any standards of practice?

The experiment was conducted by following the procedure general. The dimensions of the
specimen are determined before the experiment starts. To stop transferring properties from the
specimen, the torque is used uniformly by moving the specimen at the same rate. Moreover,
the information is often obtained from a digital display as a replacement for analogue display
to ensure a more precise reading. Plus, it is run by the torsion test machine. Reference was
made to valid theory and equations while doing calculations. Finally, percentage error had been
researched to calculate the accuracy of the experimental value and the theoretical value. Since
the percentage error is low, so the experiment can be concluded as following the standard of
practice.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, it can be said that the experiment is been run thoroughly by perfection, since the
percentage error acquired is 0.008%. There are some errors that had been done throughout the
experiment, however it did not affect much to obtain the stress and strain value, thus by this
value leads to the plot of the torque vs angle of twist graph. The specimen, which is mild steel
can be said as a ductile material, as can be seen from the graph plotted.
13
Teamwork Assessment Form
Name & ID
BIl Name Matrix Number

2. Muhamad Izzuddin Bin Zulkifly 2019484636
3. Muhamad Adeeb Sayfiq Bin Amizan 2019848332
4. Muhamad Faiz Syauqi Bin Noor Yakin 2019819098
5. Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim Bin Hang Jebat 2019627998
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent
You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:
Member 1: Cooperates well with the team works divided

14
MUHAMAD FAIZ SYAUQI BIN NOOR YAKIN (2019819098)
RESULTS
Materials Type = Mild Steel Length = 0.084m Diameter = 0.006m
Angle of Shear
Angle of Angle of Torque Shear
Revolution rotation stress
twist (deg) twist (rad) (Nm) strain
(deg) (MPa)
0 0 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.0000
0.25 90 1.452 0.025 0.20 4.716 0.0009
0.25 90 2.903 0.051 0.95 22.400 0.0018
0.25 90 4.355 0.076 2.60 61.304 0.0027
0.25 90 5.806 0.101 5.05 119.071 0.0036
0.5 180 8.710 0.152 10.35 244.038 0.0054
0.5 180 11.613 0.203 15.40 363.109 0.0072
0.5 180 14.516 0.253 18.65 439.739 0.0090
0.5 180 17.419 0.304 20.45 482.181 0.0109
1 360 23.226 0.405 22.00 518.727 0.0145
1 360 29.032 0.507 22.80 537.590 0.0181
1 360 34.839 0.608 22.95 541.127 0.0217
1 360 40.645 0.709 22.65 534.053 0.0253
1 360 46.452 0.811 22.70 535.232 0.0290
1 360 52.258 0.912 22.80 537.590 0.0326
1 360 58.065 1.014 22.85 538.769 0.0362
1 360 63.871 1.115 22.75 536.411 0.0398
1 360 69.677 1.216 22.75 536.411 0.0434
1 360 75.484 1.318 22.60 532.874 0.0471
1 360 81.290 1.419 22.70 535.232 0.0507
1 360 87.097 1.520 22.70 535.232 0.0543
15
1 360 92.903 1.622 22.75 536.411 0.0579
1 360 98.710 1.723 22.80 537.590 0.0615
1 360 104.516 1.824 22.80 537.590 0.0651
1 360 110.323 1.926 22.80 537.590 0.0688
1 360 116.129 2.027 22.80 537.590 0.0724
1 360 121.935 2.128 22.80 537.590 0.0760
1 360 127.742 2.230 22.75 536.411 0.0796
1 360 133.548 2.331 22.80 537.590 0.0832
1 360 139.355 2.433 22.75 536.411 0.0869
1 360 145.161 2.534 22.85 538.769 0.0905
1 360 150.968 2.635 22.85 538.769 0.0941
1 360 156.774 2.737 22.80 537.590 0.0977
1 360 162.581 2.838 22.80 537.590 0.1013
1 360 168.387 2.939 22.80 537.590 0.1050
1 360 174.194 3.041 22.80 537.590 0.1086
1 360 180.000 3.142 22.80 537.590 0.1122
2 720 191.613 3.345 Fracture - -
Table: Torsion test data
16
GRAPHS
Graph of torque vs angle of twist:
Graph of shear stress vs shear strain:
17
Formula:
List of formula
𝜋 4
Polar moment of inertia 𝐽= 𝑑
32
𝑇𝐿
Angle of twist ∅=
𝐽𝐺
Shear stress 𝑇𝑐
𝜏=
𝑗
𝑐∅
Shear strain 𝛾=
𝐿
Where;
● d = diameter
● T = torque
● L = length
● G = modulus of rigidity
Table 3: Formulas used in the calculation
18
CALCULATION:
i. Moment of inertia:
𝜋 4
𝐽= 𝑑
32
𝜋
𝐽= (0.006)4 = 1.272 × 10−10 𝑚4
32
ii. Maximum shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 :

𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
(0.2)(0.003)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 4.715 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.2724 × 10−10
iii. Shear strain, 𝛾:

𝑟𝜙
𝛾=
𝐿
(0.003)(0.025)
𝛾= = 0.009
0.084
iv. Experimental value for modulus of rigidity, Gexp:
𝑇 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝐺 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = =
𝜙 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
15 − 5
𝐺= = 100
0.2 − 0.1
𝑇 𝐿
𝐺= ( )
𝜙 𝐽
0.084
𝐺 = 100 ( ) = 66.02 𝐺𝑃𝑎
1.2723 × 10−10
v. Percentage error for modulus of rigidity:
|𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
|77 − 66.02|
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100% = 14.26%
77
vi. Strain energy:
𝐿𝑇 2 (0.084)(0.2)2
𝑈= = = 0.2 × 10−3
2𝐽𝐺 2(1.2724 × 10−10 )(66.02𝐺)
19
DISCUSSION
Based on the Torsion test experiment, the experimental Modulus of Rigidity, G, obtained
is G=66.02Gpa compared to the theoretical Modulus of Rigidity value which is G= 77Gpa.
Basically, the differences between both experimental and theoretical values is only a small value
where it only has percentage errors of 14.26%. So, the experiment carried out is success due to a
slighty different value of percentage only. The Torsion test carried out has followed the standard
of practice where the dimensions of the specimen is taken correctly. This is to avoid any human
errors while taking some measurements. Next, the torque applied to the specimen is distributed
evenly by rotating the specimen with an even speed and single direction in avoiding the changes
of properties on the specimen. In calculations, it is being calculated by using legit theory and
equations and the experimental and theoretical values is being calculated its percentage errors so
that the values is measured to get an accuracy of the experiment and comparing with the standards.
Based on the percentage errors obtained, for sure, can conclude that the experimental value
of Modulus of Rigidity will not be 100% the same as the theoretical value as there is some errors
occurred or the properties of the specimen itself while conducting the test. The errors occurred
during the experiment is human errors. This is because the readings were not taken at the exact
time as it might have a slight delay while taking readings. Furthermore, the torque reading taken
is not really an actual value at the time as it changes at any seconds. In addition, zero error is also
happened when the reading of the torque meter is not exactly at the same moment when the needle
on the dial gauge hits the zero scale.
Based on the Torque versus Angle of Twist graph, it shows that the graph obeys the
Hooke's Law as the graph is directly proportional within the elastic limit. Somehow, the graph will
then not obey the Hooke's Law as the specimen cannot return the original shape. It is because it
has exceeding the elastic limit and then into the region of plastic deformation. The value of shear
stress obtained is 538.58Mpa. The specimen is a ductile material as the specimen has a twisting
pattern at the fracture surface where this specimen can withstand a high torque before it begins to
break compared to the brittle material which is easily to break at any torque.
20
CONCLUSION
By referring to the objectives of the experiment, it can be said that this experiment is a
successful since the torsion properties subjected to pure torque loading was determined, the types
of fracture surface under pure torque was identified, and the data between experimental and
theoretical values is validated.
We can conclude that the mild steel specimen fractures steel is ductile. This is due to the
fracture is 45 degrees to the axis of specimen. Based on the experiment, the torque of the specimen
will increase as the specimen is twist using the Torsion Machine because only one side of the
experiment is being twist. From this, we can see that the stress and the strain of the specimen will
also increase.
Angle of twist of the specimen also will gives a huge impact to the torque value. As the
angle of twist increases, the value of torque also increases. Besides, from the experiment, we can
see that only one end of the specimen is being twist, another end is set to zero. This eventually will
give an opposite reaction to the specimen and same torque is applied but at the different direction
For a better result, the fixed end should be totally fixed without having any movement
or needed to be adjusted to be zero in the dial gauge for every time before taking the reading. It
is also needed a fully computerized experiment where the data will be taken at the exact time
without any delay.
21
Name & ID

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: None
Member 1: Give 100% commitment.

22
MUHAMAD IZZAT MUSTAQIM BIN HANG JEBAT (2019627998)
RESULTS
Material type =Mild steel
Length =0.084m
Diameter =0.006m
Rotation twist (rad) Twist (deg) (MPa)
0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
90 0.25 0.20 0.0017 0.097 4.72 0.0607
90 0.25 0.95 0.0081 0.46 22.44 0.2893
90 0.25 2.60 0.022 1.26 61.42 0.7857
90 0.25 5.05 0.0428 2.45 119.29 1.5286
180 0.5 10.35 0.0878 5.03 244.49 3.1357
180 0.5 15.40 0.1306 7.48 363.78 4.6642
180 0.5 18.65 0.1581 9.06 440.55 5.6464
180 0.5 20.45 0.1734 9.94 483.07 6.1929
360 1 22.00 0.1866 10.69 519.69 6.6423
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.95 0.1946 11.15 542.13 6.95
360 1 22.65 0.1921 11 535.04 6.8607
360 1 22.70 0.1925 11.03 536.22 6.875
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.85 0.1938 11.1 539.76 6.9214
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.60 0.1916 10.98 533.86 6.8429
360 1 22.70 0.1925 11.03 536.22 6.875
360 1 22.70 0.1925 11.03 536.22 6.875
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
360 1 22.85 0.1938 11.1 539.76 6.9214
360 1 22.85 0.1938 11.1 539.76 6.9214
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
360 1 22.80 0.1933 11.08 538.58 6.9036
720 2 22.75 0.1929 11.05 537.4 6.8893
23
Torque vs Angle of Twist

12
10
8
Torque (Nm)
Angle of Twist (deg)
Mild Steel
Figure1: torque vs angle of twist
Stress vs Strain
8
7
6
Stress (MPa)
5
4
3
2
1
0
Strain
Mild Steel
Figure2: stress vs strain
24
FORMULA
List of formula
𝜋
Polar moment of inertia 𝐽 = 2 𝐶4
𝑇𝐿
Angle of twist ∅=
𝐽𝐺
Shear stress 𝑇𝑐
𝜏=
𝑗
𝑐∅
Shear strain 𝛾=
𝐿
Where;
● C = radius
● T = torque
● L = length
● G = modulus of rigidity
Table : Formulas used in the calculation
CALCULATION
I. Polar moment of inertia
𝜋 4
𝐽= 𝑑
32
𝜋
𝐽= (0.006)4 = 1.272 × 10−10 𝑚4
32
II. Angle of twist

𝑇𝐿
= 𝐽𝐺
(22.8)(0.084)
= (1.27𝑥10−10 )(78𝑥109 )
= 0.1933 𝑟𝑎𝑑
III. Shear stress
𝑇𝑐
= 𝐽
(22.8)(0.003)
= 1.27𝑥10−10
= 538.58 MPa
25
IV. Shear strain
𝑐∅
= 𝐿
(0.003)(0.1933)
= (0.084)
= 6.9x10-3
V. Modulus of Rigidity (theoretical) =78Gpa
VI. Modulus of rigidity (experimental)
∆𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
= ∆𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
537.4 𝑥 106 −4.72 𝑥 106
= 6.8893 𝑥10−3 −0.0607𝑥 10−3
= 78.007 GPa
VII. Percentage Error

78−78.007
=| | 𝑥 100%
78
= 0.008%
26
DISCUSSION
1.Compare the values of G obtained from this experiment with the value obtain from the
manufacturer
The value of G obtained by the experiment is 78.007GPa while the value obtained
from the manufacturer is 78Gpa. To compare these two values, the percentage error needs to
be calculated. By using formula;
Percentage Error = 𝐸(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜) − 𝐸(experimental)

𝑥 100%
𝐸(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜)
| 78 − 78.007 |
𝑥100%
78
= 0.008 %
Based on the percentage errors, we can see that the experimental value is just 0.008 % away
from the value obtained from the manufacturer which is a very small value. Hence, we can
conclude that the experiment is successful.
2.Comment on any discrepancies.

The reason why it cannot be exactly accurate is due to a few errors. The main error is
human error, especially when taking the readings. This is because, the readings were not
taken at the exact time since they might be slight delay during taking the readings and. In
addition, the reading on the torque meter changes in no time, making it difficult to take the
actual readings. The next error might be the zero error since the reading on the torque meter
is not exactly in the same moment when the needle in the dial gauge hits the zero scale.
Furthermore, an encountered common error such human error may be occurred during
readings of the scale might not be precise when reading the torque meter as it changed in
short of time and need to wait until it is fixed. Systematic error is when dimension of the
specimen has not been measured accurately. Zero errors that occur on measuring tools,
vernier caliper can be corrected by adjusting it. The result was an expected as mentioned
before.
27
3.Does your T vs angle of twist plot obey Hooke’s Law and what is the value of the shearing
stress at the yield point? Is this value compare favourably with actual value?
YES, it obeys the Hooke’s law because the relationship of them is directly
proportional. The value of the shear stress at the yield point is 483.07 Mpa. The graph
obtained obey the Hooke’s Law as the graph has both the plastic and elastic region. Since the
value of modulus of rigidity is slightly different, there will be a slightly different between the
value obtained and the actual value (370MPa)
4.Discuss the fracture surface of your specimen. Does it seem like any typical ductile
fracture?
The fracture surface of specimen is having a normal torsion fracture. From the specimen
result, the surface of the specimen the shape shows that it shaped tapered which means that
the specimen is a ductile material.

The experiment was conducted by following the procedure general. Since we followed the
procedure correctly the experimental value should be same as theoretical value. But the value
is slightly different that might be due to error during conducting the experiment. Besides, to
ensure a more accurate reading, the information is also acquired from a digital display as
substitute of analogue display. Legitimate theory and equations were referred when doing
calculations. Finally, to calculate the accuracy of the experimental value and theoretical
value, we must perform the percentage error. If the percentage error is too high, the
experiment is not successful. In this case, the experiment was successful.
28
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can know the characteristic of mild steel during conducting this
experiment. We can know the characteristic by observing the surface of the specimen after
the specimen breaks. The specimen break in shape of tapered which means it is ductile
material. We also can know the shape by observing the graph. Lastly, by doing the
experiment we can obtain the modulus of rigidity by using formula provided. The value that
we obtain is slightly different with theoretical value due to error.
29
Name & ID: MUHAMAD IZZAT MUSTAQIM BIN HANG JEBAT (2019627998)

1. Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim Bin Hang Jebat 2019627998
2. Muhamad Izzuddin Bin Zulkifly 2019484636
3. Muhamad Adeeb Sayfiq Bin Amizan 2019848332
4. Muhamad Faiz Syauqi Bin Noor Yakin 2019819098
5. Muhamad Uzair Bin Roslan 2019468048
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:None
Member 1: Easy To Contact For Settle The Report

30
MUHAMMAD ADEEB SYAFIQ BIN AMIZAN (2019848332)
RESULTS
Material Diameter Radius Length Modulus of
(m) (m) (m) Rigidity
(GPa)
Mild 0.006 0.003 0.084 78
steel
Table 1: Specimen data

rotation (Nm) twist twist (MPa)
(Deg) (Rad) (Deg)
0 0 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
90 0.25 0.20 0.0017 0.0970 4.7157 0.0605
90 0.25 0.95 0.0080 0.4607 22.3996 0.2872
90 0.25 2.60 0.0220 1.2609 61.3041 0.7860
90 0.25 5.05 0.0427 2.4490 119.0715 1.5266
180 0.5 10.35 0.0876 5.0193 244.0376 3.1287
180 0.5 15.40 0.1303 7.4683 363.1091 4.6552
180 0.5 18.65 0.1579 9.0444 439.7392 5.6377
180 0.5 20.45 0.1731 9.9174 482.1805 6.1818
360 1 22.00 0.1862 10.6690 518.7272 6.6503
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.95 0.1943 11.1297 541.1268 6.9375
360 1 22.65 0.1917 10.9843 534.0533 6.8468
360 1 22.70 0.1921 11.0085 535.2322 6.8620
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.85 0.1934 11.0812 538.7690 6.9073
360 1 22.75 0.1926 11.0328 536.4111 6.8771
360 1 22.75 0.1926 11.0328 536.4111 6.8771
360 1 22.60 0.1913 10.9600 532.8743 6.8317
360 1 22.70 0.1921 11.0085 535.2322 6.8620
360 1 22.70 0.1921 11.0085 535.2322 6.8620
360 1 22.75 0.1926 11.0328 536.4111 6.8771
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.75 0.1926 11.0328 536.4111 6.8771
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.75 0.1926 11.0328 536.4111 6.8771
360 1 22.85 0.1934 11.0812 538.7690 6.9073
31
360 1 22.85 0.1934 11.0812 538.7690 6.9073
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
360 1 22.80 0.1930 11.0570 537.5900 6.8922
720 2 22.75 0.1926 11.0328 536.4111 6.8771
Table 2: Results of stress and strain
Graph of Torque (Nm) vs Angle of Twist (Rad):
Graph 1
32
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Polar moment 𝜋 4 𝜋
𝐽= 𝑐 = (0.003)4
of inertia 2 2
= 0.1272 × 10−9 𝑚4
Angle of twist 𝑇𝐿 (0.20)(0.084)
∅= =
𝐽𝐺 (0.1272 × 10−9 )(78 × 109 )
=0.0017 rad
Shear stress 𝜌𝑇 (0.003)(0.20)
𝜏= = = 4.7157𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 (0.1272 × 10−9 )
Shear strain 𝜌∅ (0.003)(0.0017)

𝛾= = = 0.0605(103 )
𝐿 (0.084)
Modulus of 78 GPa
Rigidity
(Theoretical)
Modulus of ∆𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 17292.4793 × 106
Rigidity 𝐺= = = 78𝐺𝑃𝑎
∆𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 221.6985 ÷ 103
(Experimental)
Percentage 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
Error =| |
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
78 − 78
=| | = 0%
78
DISCUSSION
1. compare the values of G obtained from this experiment with the value obtain
from the manufacturer.
The value gained from the experiment and the manufacturer are the same,
which is 78GPa. The percentage error was also calculated to be 0%.
2. Comment on your discrepancies.
Based on the percentage error calculated, the value obtained both were the
same. This may be due to the experiment was conducted well and follow precautious
step such as making sure eyes are perpendicular to the reading and measurement were
taken 3 times to get the average.
33
3. Does your T versus Angle of twist plot obey Hooke’s Law and what is the value
of the shearing stress at the yield point? Is this value compare favourably with
actual value?
The graph drawn obeys the Hooke’s Law. The relationship between torque
and angle of twist is directly proportional. The theoretical value of the yield point is
370MPa for mild steel. Experimentally, it is 537.9 MPa. Assuming the difference in
details of the specimen, the different is acceptable to compare to the theoretical value.
4. Discuss the fracture surface of your specimen. Does it seem like any typical
ductile fracture?
The specimen fracture can be seen as it withstands certain amount of load

before it fractures unlike any brittle material. It seems as any other ductile material,
the fracture is quite clear.
The experiment was managed following general practice. We measured the

dimension of the specimen before the experiment started. the specimen was rotated
with constant amount of velocity to avoid from hazy judgment or observation. The
reading was obtained from digital instead of analogue display as digital display is
more accurate and the readings are more reliable. Any assumptions were based on the
theory of torsion. Lastly, we perform percentage error to make sure the readings for
the experiment conducted is reliable to compare to theoretical.
CONCLUSION
The experiment was a success as the main objective, to determine the torsion
subjected to pure torque loading, identifying types of fracture surface under pure torque and
validating the data between experimental and theoretical values were achieved. Even more,
steps in overcoming errors were taken, the results therefore reliable as the observation is
accurate.
34
Name & ID

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:
Member 1: Good participations

1
35
MUHAMAD IZZUDDIN BIN ZULKIFLY
2019482636
EMD4M6B
RESULTS
Graph of shear stress (MPa) versus shear strain

600
500
400
Shear stress (MPa)
Maximum Fracture
300
torque point
200 Elastic
100
point
0
Shear strain
Figure 1: Graph of torque (Nm) versus angle of twist (rad)
Graph of torque(Nm) versus angle of twist(rad)

25.00
20.00
Torque, Nm
15.00 Maximum Fracture

10.00 torque point
Elastic
5.00 point
0.00
1.570796327
1.570796327
3.141592654
3.141592654
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
6.283185307
0
Angle of twist, rad
Figure 2: Graph of shear stress (MPa) versus shear strain
Materials Type : Mild Steel

Diameter : 0.006 m
Length : 0.084 m
36
Scale readings Twisting angle Twisting angle Torque Shear Shear
at the worm at the specimen at the specimen (Nm) Stress Strain
gear input (rev) (degrees) (radian) (MPa)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000
0.25 1.45 0.03 0.20 4.72 0.001
0.50 2.90 0.05 0.95 22.41 0.002
0.75 4.35 0.08 2.60 61.32 0.003
1.00 5.80 0.10 5.05 119.10 0.004
1.50 8.70 0.15 10.35 244.10 0.005
2.00 11.60 0.20 15.40 363.21 0.007
2.50 14.50 0.25 18.65 439.86 0.009
3.00 17.40 0.30 20.45 482.31 0.011
4.00 23.21 0.40 22.00 518.87 0.014
5.00 29.02 0.50 22.80 537.74 0.018
6.00 34.83 0.60 22.95 541.27 0.021
7.00 40.64 0.70 22.65 534.19 0.025
8.00 46.45 0.81 22.70 535.38 0.029
9.00 52.26 0.91 22.80 537.74 0.033
10.00 58.07 1.01 22.85 538.92 0.036
11.00 63.88 1.11 22.75 536.56 0.039
12.00 69.69 1.21 22.75 536.56 0.043
13.00 75.50 1.31 22.60 533.02 0.047
14.00 81.31 1.41 22.70 535.38 0.051
15.00 87.12 1.51 22.70 535.38 0.054
16.00 92.93 1.61 22.75 536.56 0.058
17.00 98.74 1.71 22.80 537.74 0.061
18.00 104.55 1.82 22.80 537.74 0.065
19.00 110.36 1.92 22.80 537.74 0.069
20.00 116.17 2.02 22.80 537.74 0.072
21.00 121.98 2.12 22.80 537.74 0.076
22.00 127.79 2.22 22.75 536.56 0.079
23.00 133.60 2.32 22.80 537.74 0.082
24.00 139.41 2.42 22.75 536.56 0.086
25.00 145.22 2.52 22.85 538.92 0.090
26.00 151.03 2.62 22.85 538.92 0.094
27.00 156.84 2.72 22.80 537.74 0.097
28.00 162.65 2.83 22.80 537.74 0.101
29.00 168.46 2.93 22.80 537.74 0.105
30.00 174.27 3.03 22.80 537.74 0.108
31.00 180.08 3.13 22.80 537.74 0.112
33.00 191.69 3.33 22.75 536.56 0.119
Table 1: The value of the results obtained in the torsion test
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DISCUSSION
1. Compare the values of G obtained from this experiment with the value obtain from the
manufacturer.
Graph of Torque (Nm) Versus Angle of Twist (rad)

20 18.65
15.4
15
10.35
Torque, Nm
10
5.05
5 2.6
0.95
0 0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-5
Angle of twist, rad
Figure 3: Graph of elastic region of torque (Nm) versus angle of twist (rad)
Formula of modulus of rigidity :

𝑇𝐿
𝐺=
𝐽𝜃
G = Modulus of rigidity [Pa]
T = Load torque [Nm]
L = length of the shaft [m]
J = Polar moment of inertia [m4]
𝜃 = Angle of twist [rad]
Polar moment of inertia, J :

𝜋 4
𝐽= 𝑟
2
r is radius of the shaft [m]
𝜋
𝐽 = (0.003)4
2
= 1.272 × 10−10 𝑚4
The length of the shaft is 0.084 m.
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Torque (Nm) Angle of Twist (rad) Modulus of rigidity (GPa)

0 0 0
0.20 0.03 4.4
0.95 0.05 12.5
2.60 0.08 21.5
5.05 0.10 33.3
10.35 0.15 45.6
15.40 0.20 50.8
18.65 0.25 49.3
Table 2: The value of modulus of rigidity, G
The value of modulus of rigidity obtained from this experiment is 50.8 GPa, this value
was found out by selecting the highest value of modulus of rigidity, G referring the graph of
elastic region of load torque versus angle of twist while the theoretical value of modulus of
rigidity, G of mild steel bar or threaded steel bar is around 78 GPa.
Error = (Theoretical value – experimental value)/(theoretical value) x100%
78𝐺−50.8𝐺
Error, % = × 100
78𝐺
= 35 %
2. Comment on any discrepancies.
There are discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values of the Modulus of
rigidity, G. The theoretical value of G of mild steel is around 78 GPa while the experimental
value is 50.8 GPa. And we can infer that due to certain errors, the theoretical value is greater
than the experimental value. Random errors occur as a result of sudden, random changes in an
experiment’s conditions. Such errors are always present in an experiment and largely
unavoidable. Parallax error is an error in reading the dial gauge due to the observer’s eye and
pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale. Besides, the resolution of a
measurement system is the smallest yet to distinguish different in values. The
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specified resolution of an instrument has no relation to the accuracy of measurement. In

example, dial gauge has smallest increment = 0.01 mm, so it is considered to be readable to
0.005 mm. Then, the hand pulley, dial gauge, and the torque meter might cause systematic
error such as failing to tare or zero a balance creates mass measurements which are often "off"
by the same amount. Zero error occurs when a zero on main scale does not coincide with a zero
on vernier scale. Even though there is a little percent error and inaccuracy caused by some
disregarded circumstances, the result is acceptable because the objective is achieved.
3. Does your T vs angle of twist plot obey Hooke’s Law and what is the value of the
shearing stress at the yield point? Does this value compare favorably with actual value?
Hooke’s Law states that for certain elastic materials, force is proportional to extension
when a sample is stretched. The extension of the sample increases linearly with the amount of
force applied. Materials that obey Hooke’s law are called Hookean Materials.
F = kx
F = force [N]
x = distance [m]
k = stiffness constant [Nm-1]
When a material reaches a point where Hooke’s Law is no longer valid, it has reached its
limit of proportionality. At that point, the material will not return to its original shape after the
force has been removed. Then, it has reached its elastic limit.
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Hooke’s Law graph Ceasing to obey Hooke’s law where

material reaching its limit of proportionality
Thus, the graph of torque (Nm) versus angle of twist (rad) was obeyed the Hooke’s
Law as it is reaching its limit proportionality.
Formula of shearing stress at the yield point :

T×r
τ=
J
τ = shear stress [MPa]
T = load torque [Nm]
r = radius of the shaft [m]
J = polar moment of inertia [m4]
22.95 × 0.003
τ=
(1.272 x 10−10 )
= 541 MPa
The graph plotted was obeys Hooke's Law. As the fracture process is approaching, the
torque value has begun to remain almost constant. The mild steel takes a long time to crack,
because of its ductile characteristics. The yield point shearing stress value is 541 MPa while
the theoretical value is 300 MPa. Due to minor errors this indicates a major difference between
the two values during experiment.
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4. Discuss the fracture surface of your specimen. Does it seem like any typical ductile
fracture?
In this experiment the fracture surface of the mild steel usually appears as ductile
fracture. When subjected to torsion, a ductile materials fail in shear. Specimens will break along
a plane perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, in this plane the principal stress will be maximum.
The characteristics of the ductile torsion failure reveals a flat, transverse break having smooth
shear surface, swirl pattern, microvoid formation and the dark spiral on the shaft was revealed
by etching. This type of fractured specimen, the central interior region of the surface has an
irregular and fibrous appearance, which is indicative of plastic deformation.
Figure 4: Specimen break along a plane perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
The fracture plane perpendicular to wire axis and there is no crack plane as following:
Figure 5: The fracture plane
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The specimens being tested was followed the international standards which is ASTM
International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials that develops
and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products,
systems, and services. This is because the specimen that being tested was standardized by
(ASTM) E8/ E8M-13 "Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials". The
geometry of the specimen is round along the gauge length. Both ends of the specimens have a
sufficient length and a surface condition such that they are firmly gripped during testing. This
experiment followed the international standard size, the standard specimen by ASTM:
Figure 6: The standard specimen by ASTM
The test results that are determined with the software to ISO 6892-1 can be validated
and verified with an internationally coordinated data set and results. Its responsibilities include
the determination of fundamental and natural constants, representation, preservation and
transfer of legal units of the International System of Units (SI). The torque meter also used the
SI units, which the measurement can be read off directly in Nm on a digital display on the
measuring amplifier. So the results can be validated and verified as international standard.
Torsion tests are typically performed on torsion test machine is easy to perform, and
fully standardized. This experiment was performed by using WP 500 torsion test machine
which the specimen are subjected to load until they fracture. Therefore, the clean layout and
simple operation mean the experimental sequence can be observed in all details and phases.
This machine also features a transparent protective cover that protects against flying fragments.
This machine followed the SI units and the safety precaution, therefore it is fully standardized.
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The metal or metallic torsion test is based primarily on DIN EN ISO 6892-1 and ASTM
E8. Both standards specify specimen shapes and their testing. The aim of the standards is to
define and establish the test method in such a way, that even when different testing systems are
used, the characteristic values to be determined remain reproducible and correct. This also
means that the standard requirements address important influencing factors and generally
formulate requirements in such a way that the characteristic values to be determined remain
reproducible and correct, even when different test systems are used.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objectives of this experiment have achieved. All the data that need
to carry out these experiments have successfully obtained. The aim of studying and
understanding the torsion properties subjected to pure torque loading has been successfully
completed. Experiments were conducted on the specimen material of mild steel with circular
geometry shape and the results was plotted in graph and discussed in detail. The torsion test
can obtain the ductile fracture surface under pure torque. The test was also used to determine
the materials' forge capability through torsion testing at elevated temperatures. The relationship
between torque and degree of rotation in torsion testing is graphically presented. Parameters
such as modulus of rigidity and shear strength at proportional limit are generally investigated
more ever fracture surfaces of specimens tested. Characteristics of materials whether it would
fail in a ductile or brittle manner determined by the tortion. Based on the experiment, the shear
stress and shear strain diagram for specimen are accepted as it may have similarity with the
real shear stress and shear strain diagram. Next, both stress distribution within the member and
the angle of twist when the material behaves in linear elastic manner and when it is inelastic
was also shown during the experiment. The fracture surface of the specimen is ductile.
Theoretical modulus of rigidity value is higher than experimental value due to some errors. For
the better result which is more accurate and precise, make sure the apparatus and instrumental
in good conditions before start the experiment. Observer’s eyes need to be perpendicular to the
plane of the scale when reading an instrument. Make multiple measurements of the parameters
of the test specimen or one person checks the work of another. Whenever possible, repeat a
measurement several times and average the results. The more repetitions of a measurement, the
better the estimate of the true value will be. Even though there is a little percent error and
inaccuracy caused by some disregarded circumstances, the result is acceptable because the
objective is achieved.
45
2019482636
EMD4M6B
Name & ID
Bil Name Matrix Number

1. MUHAMAD IZZUDDIN BIN ZULKIFLY 2019482636
2. MUHAMAD FAIZ SYAUQI BIN NOOR YAKIN 2019819098
3. MUHAMAD IZZAT MUSTAQIM BIN HANG JEBAT 2019627998
4. MUHAMMAD ADEEB SYAFIQ BIN AMIZAN 2019848332
5. MUHAMAD UZAIR BIN ROSLAN 2019468048
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Very cooperative
Member 1: Very cooperative

46
REFERENCES
Ferdinand P.Beer. (2009). Mechanics of Materials 5th edition in SI units. Mc Graw Hill, Higher
Education, Singapore.
R.C. Hibbeler. (2011). Mechanics of materials 9th edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
William F. Riley, Leroy D. Sturges, Don H. Morris. Mechanics of material.
R.C. Hibbeler. (2011). Mechanics of Materials, 8th Edition in SI Units. Prentice Hall, New
York.
David W. A. Rees. (2000). Mechanics of Solids and Structures Imperial College Press. Instron
Homepage, www.instron.com.
47
APPENDICES AND RAW DATA
Specification of specimen :
Material Diameter (m) Length (m)

Mild Steel 0.006 0.084
Data of torsion experiment of mild steel :
Experiment: Torsion
Revolution Torque (Nm)
Angle of
rotation (deg)
0 0 0.00
90 0.25 0.20
90 0.25 0.95
90 0.25 2.60
90 0.25 5.05
180 0.5 10.35
180 0.5 15.40
180 0.5 18.65
180 0.5 20.45
360 1 22.00
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.95
360 1 22.65
360 1 22.70
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.85
360 1 22.75
360 1 22.75
360 1 22.60
48
360 1 22.70
360 1 22.70
360 1 22.75
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.75
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.75
360 1 22.85
360 1 22.85
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
360 1 22.80
720 2 22.75
49

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: Torsion Test

REPORT SUBMISSION: 28/06/2020

Muhamad Faiz Syauqi bin Noor Yakin .................................................................................................. 15

Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim bin Hang Jebat ........................................................................................... 23

Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq bin Amizan.................................................................................................. 31

Muhamad Izzudin bin Zulkifly ............................................................................................................... 36

i. Torsion Test Machine

ii. Vernier Caliper

iii. Torque Meter

3. The handwheel was turned on to clockwise to applied load.

Figure 1: Shear strain along circular cross

Materials Type = Mild Steel Length = 0.084m Diameter = 0.006m

Angle of Revolution Torque Angle of Angle of Stress Strain

Torque vs Angle of Twist

Angle of Twist (deg)

Figure – Torque vs Angle of Twist

Figure – Stress vs Strain

1. Polar Moment of Inertia

5. Modulus of Rigidity (Theoretical)

6. Modulus of Rigidity (Experimental)

537.4 𝑥 106 −4.72 𝑥 106

2. Comment on any discrepancies.

5. Is your experiment follows any standards of practice?

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Cooperates well with the team works divided

Materials Type = Mild Steel Length = 0.084m Diameter = 0.006m

Graph of torque vs angle of twist:

Graph of shear stress vs shear strain:

ii. Maximum shear stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 :

iii. Shear strain, 𝛾:

iv. Experimental value for modulus of rigidity, Gexp:

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Give 100% commitment.

Torque vs Angle of Twist

Angle of Twist (deg)

Figure1: torque vs angle of twist

Figure2: stress vs strain

II. Angle of twist

V. Modulus of Rigidity (theoretical) =78Gpa

VI. Modulus of rigidity (experimental)

VII. Percentage Error

Percentage Error = 𝐸(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜) − 𝐸(experimental)

2.Comment on any discrepancies.

5. Is your experiment follows any standards of practice?

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Easy To Contact For Settle The Report

Angle of Revolution Torque Angle of Angle of Stress Strain

Graph of Torque (Nm) vs Angle of Twist (Rad):

Shear strain 𝜌∅ (0.003)(0.0017)

2. Comment on your discrepancies.

The specimen fracture can be seen as it withstands certain amount of load

5. Is your experiment follows any standards of practice?

The experiment was managed following general practice. We measured the

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Good participations