(II) VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

1. There are three distinctlayers ofthe earth—the crust, the mantle and the core.
2.(a)Crust is the outermost layer of the earth.
(b)Mantle is the middle layer of earth made Up of dense and heavy materials.
(c)Core is the innermost layer of the earth.
(d)Rocks are all solid materials of the earth’s crust.
(e)Ore is a rock in which a particular mineral is found in a large percentage.
(f)Lava is the red molten magma that erupts from the interior of the earth, through
a volcano.
(g)Magma is a hot molten material below the earth’s crust that forms lava and
other igneous rocks on cooling.
3.SIMA is made up of Silica(Si) and Magnesium(Ma) and SIAL–Silica(Si) and
Alumina(Al).They are the main mineral constituents of the continental mass.
4.Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances, which have definite chemical
composition.
5.Rocks are classified on the basis of their formation.
6.The crust extends upto 35 km while the mantle extends upto 2900 km below the
crust.

(III) SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

1. (a)When the molten lava comes on the earth’s Surface and cools down rapidly
on the crust, it forms extrusive igneous rocks.
(b)When molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust,the cooling
process is slow and the rocks so formed have large grains and are called intrusive
igneous rocks.
2.Characteristics of igneous rocks :
(i)They are hard and compact.
(ii)They do not allow water to percolate through them.
(iii)They are primary rocks.
3.Metamorphic rocks are hard and closely bonded structures which are formed due
to intense heat and pressure on igneous and sedimentary rocks.
4.They are harder than other rocks and have a high specific gravity.
5.The core is the innermost layer of the earth with a thickness of about 3500 km. It
has two layers. The temperature of the outer core is 2200°C while that of inner core
is 5000°C.The matter in the core is in molten form and is called magma which
erupts through the volcanoes as lava.
6.They are called ‘Primary rocks’ because other types of rocks are formed from
these rocks.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.Rocks are useful because they are used in construction of roads and buildings.
They contain minerals, fossil fuels and chemicals which help in making
fertilizers.Rock help in formation of soil and determine the drainage pattern of any
area.
2.Sedimentary rocks are made up of sediments of varying sizes which have
accumulated over a long period of time. These sediments are fragments of broken
rocks carried away by wind, water or ice and deposited on seabed or on land.
These sediments are compressed,hardened and cemented together to form layers
of sedimentary rocks.
3.Rocks undergo a cycle of transformation.
•Molten magma cools down and solidifies to form igneous rocks.
•These are broken down, transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks.
•Both these rocks change to metamorphic rocks due to extreme heat and
pressure.
•Extreme heating will lead to melting of rocks forming new magma, which cools
down again and solidifies into igneous rocks.
4.Rocks are useful because they are used in construction of roads and
buildings.Rocks contain minerals and fossil fuels. Rocks help in formation of soil
and determine the drainage pattern of any area.Minerals trapped in the rocks are
used for making many useful goods that make our life easier.
5.As the sedimentary rocks are generally formed under water and are softer than
igneous rocks, these rocks contain fossils of plants and animals between layers or
sediments. It is said that all fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are found trapped
in the layers of these rocks.
6.If the important minerals, like coal, petroleum,etc. get exhausted completely,
then we will have to go back to the days of early civilization.The wheel of
development will move back to the bygone days of living by hunting in the jungles,
dragging loads and people on wheel carts. Mobility and productivity will come to a
hault.
7.

ROCKS Minerals
•They don’t have any definite chemical •Minerals contains two or more simple
composition and are formed of one or substances called elements.
more minerals. •They are a store-house of fossil fuels
•They are naturally occurring solid and minerals.
substances which have definite chemical •They provide us metals or chemicals.
composition.
•Soil of any area is dependent on the
rocks found there.
8. The interior of the earth in extremely hot and its inner core temperature being
5000°C, all matter found inside is in its molten state only.
9.(a)
Crust Mantle
•It is the outermost layer of earth. •It is the middle layer of earth.•Its
•Its thickness varies between 5 km-35 depth is upto 2900 km.•Iron,magnesium
ikm.•Silica, Alumina and Magnesium are and Silica are its major components.
the major components of the crust.

9(b)
Igneous Rocks
•These are primary rocks.
•They are hard and compact.
•They are impervious and do not
contain remains of animals or plants.
For e.g., basalt and granite.
Sedimentary Rocks
•These are secondary rocks.
•They are softer as compared to igneous
rocks.
•They contain remains of dead animals
and plants. For e.g.,sandstone and lime-
stone.

Value Added Question

We can help in retaining underground water table by not wasting this scarce
essential resource. We can recycle the water from one use to another. Eg, using the
kitchen waste water for watering the plants. Water after washing clothes can be
reused in cleaning the house. Instead of taking a shower bath, take bath with a
bucket water, clean the car/scooter not with a hose pipe but water i a bucket can
help in checking the wastage of water. Conserve the available water and use with
outmost care.