BRDE – 101SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2020 (TMA)

1. Describe the concept and direction of human migration and its impact on
rural and urban societies.
SOLUTION
Concept of Human Migration

According to the United Nations Multilingual Demographic Dictionary,

"Migration is a form of geographical mobility or spatial mobility between one
geographical unit and another, generally involving a change in a residence from
the place of origin or place of departure to the place of destination or place of
arrival. Such migration is called permanent migration and should be
distinguished from other forms of movement which do not involve a
permanent change of residence". In the definition, migration refers to a
specific type of spatial or geographical mobility which implies four
characteristics: (i) Relatively permanent shift of residence of people from one
geographical unit to another one, for example, from a village to a town or from
one village to another village or from one town to another town; (ii) direction
of the shift; (iii) causes of the shift and (iv) impacts of the shift on the two
units, i.e. place of departure and the place of arrival. Migratory movement is,
therefore, not merely a physical movement of people from one place to
another but is a set of social, cultural, economic, political and other
circumstances as well.

Direction of Human Migration

In the rural-urban context, migration takes place in the following four
directions:

i) Rural to rural migration .

ii) Urban to urban migration
iii) Rural to urban migration
iv) Urban to rural migration

Of these types of migrations, the last two (third and fourth) types are directly
related to rural-urban interactions. All over the world the people have been
migrating from villages to towns, and modem forces have a great role in
accelerating the migration of this type. In the developing countries like India it
is a very significant process of demographic changes and urbanisation in the
recent years. On the other hand, this process has saturated in some of the
developed countries where differences between the rural and the urban are no
more significant from developmental view point. Rather, in these countries the
reverse process, i.e. urban to rural migration has started wherein the people
shift their residence to ~ peaceful environment, equally equipped with all
modem facilities, in the country side. In the developing countries the migration
of the latter type is a very limited process. Yet, in the context of rural
development the rural sector is also coming up with v~ous facilities and
economic resources in the countryside. And this has initiated a little of
migration from urban centers to developing or economically significant rural
areas in the counties like India, but it is still insignificant
Factors of Human Migration

Factors of migration are generally classified into the following two broad
categories:

i) Push factors
ii) Pull factors

Push factors consist of the conditions of relative deprivation in one or more of

physical, social, cultural, economic and political aspects of migrants' life in the
place of their departure, which push (force) them out from the place of their
origin. On the other hand, pull factors refer to those life conditions in the place
of migrants' destination which pull (attract)them for arrival towards it. Better
infrastructural facilities like rail, road, communication, electricity, market,
employment opportunities, social status, secular attitude, egalitarian values,
democratic ideals, rule of law, human rights, etc in urban centers attract the
people of different social layers and levels from the villages. In fact, migration
is somewhat more than simply a seasonal, cyclical, temporary or permanent
movement of people: it is representative of social hierarchy in the countryside.
According to K L Sharma, the three factors; namely, macro-structural changes,
social stratification and specific conditions pertaining to specific villages and
towns determine the nature, extent and social characteristics of migration.
Therefore, different push and pull factors in village life are combined in
unidirectional migratory movements of its different sections towards towns.
Biplab Dasgupta and Roy Laishley reveal that . unequal distribution of
resources in the villages is a key factor for urban migration but the landless or
the poorest do not migrate necessarily. There is a dualistic pattern of migration
consisting of young and old, poor and rich, illiterate and highly educated,
Harijans and upper castes. There is a range of the educated migrants, including
the school and college dsop-outs, the educated with poor, moderate, good and
excellent performances, and the technically trained persons. Sharma notes
that caste, class and power background of people matters in determining
migration, mobility and rural-urban connections. Acute unemployment,
poverty and pauperisation are more of a push factor in Indian villages. The
poor may migrate more in numbers' than the rich; the illiterate may leave their
native places more than the educated people and the lower caste people may
have to migrate more often than the upper castes. But it does not mean that
owing to their numerical preponderance among the migrants in towns and
cities the poor, the illiterate and the lower caste people establish more
rural-urban connections compared to the rich,the educated and the upper
caste migrants. The construction workers from rural areas working in
metropolises like Delhi, though substantial in number, are poor, illiterate and
low caste. Their existential conditions are comparable with the worst
slum-dwellers in the city. They have been pushed out of their native places
because of poverty, unemployment and indebtedness. There is hardly anything
they give to the city except their labour, and they get hardly anything except
the barest means for their survival. Sharma further writesthat migration
necessarily implies social and occupational mobility irrespective of caste, class
and educational background of the migrants. It is not that only the paupers and
the educated unemployed people migrate to towns and cities from villages.
Some people also migrate to towns and cities for fulfilling their cherished
aspirations and ambitions for which ample opportunities are lacking in their
native villages. Some migrate to towns for more comforts and facilities. Rural
elite including the political elite from among the caste Hindus, Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes have a tendency to settle down in towns and
cities. The beneficiaries of green revolution settle in towns and cities for
upgrading themselves as businessmen and entrepreneurs.

Impact of Human Migration on Rural and Urban Societies

Human migration leaves its impact on, both, rural and urban societies. As it
involves a population shift in geographical unit of residence and a purpose in
the shifting; the impact of migration may therefore be broadly discussed at the
following three levels:

i) Demographic level
ii) Environmental Level
iii) Social level

Migration affects the population size in a way entirely different from that of
mortality and fertility rates in the rural and urban settings. As a result of
migration, a village experiences a sudden decline in growth rate of population
and lack of the requisite working hands whereas a town encounters increased
density, expansion and growth rate of population. The changes in the
population size affects the environment, society and culture in the two
settings. Urban migration increases pressure on the environment of town
consisting of existing infrastructural facilities like basic amenities (housing,
electricity, water and sanitation), means of transport and communication,
parks, markets, schools, etc. This causes unplanned growth of towns
characterised by slums, overcrowded streets, lack of basic amenities and other
facilities. On the other hand, the environment of the rural sector is neglected
at the cost of over attention of planners paid to the urban sector. Towns,
specially the capital towns like Delhi, Bangalore, Jaipur, Guwahati etc have
witnessed maximum growth through the process of migration from rural areas.
The demographic and environmental impacts, combined, affect the social
fabric of towns in various ways..It Leads to unemployment, poverty, social
deviance, deterioration of law and order, discontent, arid political movements
and upheavals. Besides, in-migration from villages and expansion of urban
centers by inclusion of villages and small towns located in the hinterland of big
towns and cities are the two most significant factors responsible for rapid
urban growth. These factors explain better the rural-urban connections and
the emergence of new structures and relations. Urbanisation consists of a
great deal of rural material and cultural inputs which determine the extent of
impact of urban values, attitudes and behavioural patterns on the rural
population

2. Discuss major objectives and various facets of development.

SOLUTION
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT

Having now understood the general meaning of development you must be

ready to know the objectives of development. The objectives of development
must include all four basic human elements described earlier. The objectives of
development could in brief be:
1) To increase the avaiLability and widen the distribution of basic necessities;
2) To raise the living standard as well as the cultural and humanistic values;
3) To expand the range of economic and social choice for the human
population; and
4) Removal of disparities .

VARIOUS FACETS OF DEVELOPMENT

The growing interest in the area of development has assumed special

significance and has engaged the interests of large number of social scientists
from different disciplines. Now, efforts will be made to acquaint you with
various components of development like economic, political, social and
human. It will make you further clear that the main cause of shifts in the
emphasis of development have been changes taking place in the perspective of
international institutions and in the country/society as a whole. Let us begin
with

Economic Development

Economic development is an essential factor from where the possibility of

development gets a chance. We cannot think about development of individual
society or State without economic development. This possibility of
development varies in terms of .degree and content. The themes of economic
development as pointed out by various economists move around two central
issues: i) capital formation and ii) technical progress. Capital formation refers
to the use of productive resources for the constructing new equipment. New
equipment symbolises technical progress. In the absence of technical progress,
capital formation becomes a sort of accumulation of existing equipment plus
new savings. Technical progress or knowledge consists of the invention of new
methods or new products that is the creation of new mental constructs and
the introduction of these constructs into the processes of production in a
society. Economist's view is that as productivity increases and income rises, the
economy and society change in various ways. For them, economic
development is not a matter of substituting new for the old where upon the
change is completed. It is a continuing process. Thus. such perception of
economic development was based on the assumption that poor countries are
just low income countries and the focus was simply on transcending the
problems of underdevelopment through economic growth, increasing Gross
National Production and so on. Gradually economists have realised that the
process of economic growth is rather from basis for judging the progress of a
country; it is not, of course, irrelevant but lIt is only one factor among many.
Such an issue has shifted the emphasis on development in the discipline of
economics form development economies to welfare economics. Thus, you can
observe a trend in the evolution of the concept from economic growth to
economic development to economic welfare. The important factor behind this
evolution is the realisation that non-economic factors are also vital
components of development.

Political Development
The concept of politics originates from the Greek "polis". Indicating both an
element of government and similarly the State, or community all in all. Political
analysis of Plato and Aristotle portray an important relationship between social
structure and political system. For them politics was a means to establish ideal
social order. Regrettably, it was viewed as an utopian or unachievable. Thus,
politics was viewed as means which may be employed in the anticipation of
generating an enhanced society than the existing one. Today, we can observe
the presence of politics in all types of communities and institutions and even in
social interactions. The realisation of the presence of politics in every walk of
human life may be summed up as they say man can leave the politics but
politics cannot leave the man. Throughout history, notions of the State's role
have shifted dramatically. From centuries, people looked to the government to
do more and in some cases a great deal more. But from the second half of the
Twentieth Century, the freedom of new States from colonial rule and their
gradual democratisation have forced the world to look at government which
was excepted to perform some fundamental tasks like - I) establishing a
foundation of law, 2) maintaining a non-distortionary policy environment
including microeconomic stability, 3) Investment in basic social services and
infrastructure, 4) protecting the vulnerable and 5) protecting the environment.
In the academic fields, there was a desire to understand the precise nature of
the relationship between socio-economic development and political
development. The political scientists have tried to conceptualise nation
building in terms of basic processes of development namely economic
development and political development while taking into account institutional
spheres and societal levels in which these processes operate. 1 hese two
processes, no doubt, have contributed significantly in the development of the
nation and society but at the same time they have advanced disparities in the'
society, Such a situation led to redefining the State's role. The earlier
perception of the role of State in the development of developing countries of
Asia, Middle"East and" Africa as State dominated development became the
object of change because the groi md beneath government's feet changed
continuously. Generally, it was due to constraints that emerged from
international economic crisis, poverty and undr-rdevelopment. It led social
violence, crime, corruption and instability all of which undermine the State's
capacity to support development. The erosion of the State's capability has
provided opportunities to non-governmental people's organisations and civil
society to act more broadly and try to take the place of the state. In many
count! ies, these organisations have stepped in to address some of the gaps in
collective goods and services left by market and by government failure. Today
in most of the developing countries social issues have become the deciding
factors in determining the policies related to economic and political
development, The social issues are thus most often the crucial factors in these
countries.

Social Development

The concept of social development is used to appraise the dynamics of the

developing societies. The process of social development can neither be
observed nor explained without the help of economic and political
development. It is very much interrelated with these two.Social development
takes into account all kinds of initiatives aimed to introduce qualitative
changes in cultural, socio-economic and political structures of the society. To
conclude, social development has been viewed as a process of transformation
of a society from traditional to modem one with special emphasis on
disadvantaged sections of society. It incorporates significant initiatives to
transform traditional socio-economic, political 'and cultural structures into a
modern society. Many have viewed culture as the opposite of development. In
this context it is necessary that culture and development must be built on the
fundamentals of human rights with the objective of strengthening cultural
diversity and achieving a global ethics. Major reason behind the emphasis on
social development programmes was that a big section of the society was
deprived of the benefits of developmental programmes. Poverty, illiteracy, lack
of awareness various health problems persisted in the disadvantaged sections
of the society despite government's planned efforts to tackle it since long. In
such a situation efforts were made to relate social development with human
rights and human needs

Human Development

It refers to an environment in which people get opportunities to develop their

potential to the maximum and right to lead productive and creative lives as per
their needs and interests. Human development has been viewed as a
phenomenon which enables the people to lead the life as they value. The
strengthening of democracy has added this new dimension - human initiatives
in the understanding on development. Human development is process of
enlarging people's choices. It is achieved by expansion of human capabilities
and functioning. At all levels of development the three essential capabilities for
human development are for the people to lead long and healthy lives, to be
knowledgeable and to have access to the resources needed for decent
standard of living. The scope of human development further goes to essential
areas of choice, highly valued by people, range from social, economic and
political opportunities for being creative and productive to enjoying
self-respect, empowerment and a sense of belonging to a community. To
achieve the objectives of human development necessary measures should be
initiated in the form of eradication of poverty and improvement in the quality
of life of the poor people

Human Happiness and Well-being

It has been also viewed that ultimate objective of development is creation of

an environment of happiness in society. Social scientists have recently reached
the conclusion that material and non-material factors have contributed
significantly in . human happiness around the world and happiness is quite
importantly a function of non-material factors. They have used parameters like
economic growth and personal happiness, consumption and objective devices
of well-being in' the' . determination of human happiness. They have
emphasized that non material quality of life are among the most important
detenninarits of human happiness. They have made an effort to conceptualise
it by establishing indicators related to Gross National Happiness. It is an
attempt to define quality of life in more holistic and psychological terms than
Gross National Product. Gross National Happiness v-alueis proposed to be an
index function of the total average per capita of the 1) Economic Wellness, . 2)
Environmental Wellness: 3) PhysicalWellness, 4) Mental Wellness, 5)
Workplace Wellness, 6) Social Wellness and 7) Political Wellness.
3. Explain important features of human development index.
SOLUTION
Human Development Index (HDI)

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled by

the United Nations to measure and various countries' levels of social and
economic development. It is composed of four principal areas of interest:
mean years of schooling expected years of schooling, ​life expectancy at birth,
and gross national ​income per capita​. This index is a tool used to follow
changes in development levels over time and to compare the development
levels of different countries

Limitations of the Index

The HDI is a simplification and an admittedly limited evaluation of human

development. The HDI does not specifically reflect quality-of-life factors, such
as empowerment movements or overall feelings of security. In recognition of
these facts, the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) provides additional
composite indices to evaluate other life aspects, including inequality issues
such as gender disparity or racial inequality. Examination and evaluation of a
country's HDI are best done in concert with examining these and other factors,
such as the country's rate of economic growth, expansion of employment
opportunities, and the success of initiatives undertaken to improve the overall
quality of life within a country.
Several economists have raised the criticism of the HDI that it is essentially
redundant as a result of the high correlations between the HDI, its
components, and simpler measures of income per capita. GNI per capita (or
even GDP per capita) correlates very highly with both the overall HDI and the
other two components in both values and rankings. Given these strong and
consistent correlations, it would be simpler and clearer to just compare per
capita GNI across countries than to spend time and resources collecting data
for the additional components that provide little or no additional information
to the overall index.

Indeed, a fundamental principle of the composite index design is to not include

multiple additional components that are strongly correlated in a way that
suggests that they might reflect the same underlying phenomenon. This is to
prevent inefficient double counting and to avoid introducing additional sources
of potential errors in the data.

In the case of HDI, the inclusion of the components is problematic because it is

easily plausible that higher average incomes directly lead to both more
investment in formal education and better health and longevity, and
definitions and measurement of years of schooling and life expectancy can vary
widely from country to country.
4. What do you mean by sustainable development? Describe important
strategies for sustainable rural development in India.
SOLUTION

Sustainable development is the ​organizing principle for meeting ​human

development goals while simultaneously ​sustaining the ability of natural
systems to provide the natural resources and ​ecosystem services based upon
which the ​economy and ​society depend. The desired result is a state of society
where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human
needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system.
Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.

While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from

the 1987 ​Brundtland Report​, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about ​sustainable
forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the
concept developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the ​economic
development​, ​social development and environmental protection for future
generations. It has been suggested that "the term 'sustainability' should be
viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium, while
'sustainable development' refers to the ​holistic approach and temporal
processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability". ​Modern economies
are endeavoring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations
of preserving ​natural resources and ​ecosystems​, as the two are usually seen as
of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate change commitments and
other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning
and leveraging them into market opportunities will do greater good.The
economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in
an ​economy​ is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).

The concept of sustainable development has been, and still is, subject to
criticism, including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable
development. It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable
use of a ​non-renewable resource​, since any positive rate of exploitation will
eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth's finite stock; this perspective
renders the ​Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable. ​It has also been
argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched
from 'conservation management' to 'economic development', and that the
Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world
development, with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a
public relations slogan

important strategies for sustainable rural development in India

The vision of the Rural Programmes Group of the Central government is to

contribute to the knowledge and practice of sustainable development of
ecologically sensitive, stressed, fragile areas through promotion of equitable
and sustainable livelihood strategies. Centre for Environment and Education
(CEE) develops, adapts and encourages a variety of natural resource
management approaches through its programmes and facilitates such
initiatives by other groups. Through its field programmes designed especially
for communities living in rural areas, CEE has developed programmes for
income generation and better utilisation of resources. These include activities
aimed at creating awareness among the communities about the ecological
significance of the areas around which they live. Projects to demonstrate
environmentally-sound, practical alternatives to support sustainable resource
management in ecologically fragile areas, including areas around National
Parks and Sanctuaries arc also undertaken. Some of these projects are:

1) GRAM-NIDHI Eco Enterprises for Sustainable Livelihoods

CEE's proposal "GRAMNIDHI-Eco Enterprises for Sustainable Livelihoods" was

one of the twenty winners. selected from among 1500 applicants, in the
first-ever India Country Level Development Marketplace Competition.
sponsored by the World Bank. The proposal aimed towards developing
financial and human capital to conserve Natural Resources leading to
Sustainable Livelihoods. An Eco-enterprise Investment Committee (EIC)
channels the funds as small working capital for eco-enterprises on
commercially sustainable rates of interest, along with adequate capacity
building and information servicing. The EIC includes members of the
Paryavaran Nibs Mandals (PVMs) of the five villages, one member each from
the Narmada Trust (the local NGO partner) CEE and an ex-officio member from
the local bank, government officials and experts. The eco-enterprise produces
goods and services that are economically efficient and viable, ecologically
sustainable and socially acceptable, using resources and appropriate
technology. They derive maximum leverage from the local cultural and natural
environment, by drawing upon existing managerial and technical skills and
developing a cadre with social sensitivity and environmental concern. Some of
the enterprises have been jointly evolved as eco-packages by the PVMs and
CEE.

2) Endogenous Tourism Project in North East

CEE has been selected as an Implementing Partner for the Endogenous

Tourism Project of the UNDP and Ministry of Tourism, Government of India in
three proposed sites in North Eastern states. The goal is to promote local
culture and craft based eco-tourism for sustainable livelihoods and integrated
rural development.

3) Andhra Pradesh District Poverty Alleviation Initiatives

CEE is the Environment Agency (EA) for two World Bank-supported projects,
Andhra Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project (APDPIP) and Andhra
Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project (APRPRP), implemented in 22 districts
by the Government of Andhra Pradesh through the Society for Elimination of
Rural Poverty (SERP). CEE is responsible for designing and implementing the
Environmental Management Framework. This seeks to ensure that neither
the livelihoods of the poor nor the environment are compromised.

4) Halvad Sustained Programme In Villages

CEE's Halved Field Office has been working for the last four years on holistic.
participatory rural development programmes, commencing with earthquake
rehabilitation in 36 villages of Halvad Taluka of Surendranagar District, at the
fringe of the Little Rann of Kachchh. a Wild Ass Sanctuary.

The rehabilitation interventions of shelter and school construction. occupation

revival. and drought prowling represented an opportunity for initiating
long-term sustainable livelihoods and natural resource management activities,
by empowering communities. facilitating partnerships and creating local
decision-making structures.

5) Samvardhan-II

The project aims at improving the quality of life of the tribal communities of
the southern belt of Gujarat especially with regard to safe drinking water,
natural resource productivity. animal husbandry practices, income generation
opportunities, access and effectiveness of the primary education and
empowering village local self governance towards sustainable development
regardless of the project's existence. The project is being implemented through
a community based approach in 24 villages spread across 4 blocks and three
districts of Gujarat. The project functions in three thrust areas i.c. drinking
water, livelihood and primary education and aims to achieve four cross cutting
outcomes in all interventions.

6) UP Forestry Project - ay-development Programs

CEE assisted the Forest Department. Uttar Pradesh in providing support for
guiding the preparation and implementation of eco-development microplans
by village communities around PM in Kaimur sanctuary, Ranipur sanctuary.
Chandraprabha sanctuary, Chambal National sanctuary and wetland clusters in
UP and Corbett National Park. CEE's role was essentially to assist the Forest
Department through the social motivators to reach the communities in an
effective manner, to provide support to the programme during training and to
facilitate micro plan preparation and implementation.

7) Ranthambore Eno-development Programme

CEE's first eco-development programme for implementation of various

educational and developmental programmes was launched around the
Ranthambore National Pads in Rajasthan in selected villages. The focus of the
programme was on environmental improvement by people themselves
through environmentally sound technologies. Communication education
programmes were developed for areas of animal husbandry, cooperative
dairies, soil and water conservation, watershed development, energy efficient
devices, alternative fuels, etc. CEE tam worked closely with the local NGOs and
several government departments.

8) Hingolgadh Eco-development Programme

CEE's Hingolgadh Programme has been in operation in 17 villages around the

Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary, Jasdan Taluka. Rajkot District. Gujarat
for the past 17 years. The programme commenced with a focus on
empowering local communities to upgrade and conserve local natural
resources. It aimed at creation of an alternative resource base for meeting fuel
and fodder needs of the villagers. optimization of casting sound through
introduction of new and improved practices and technologies, development of
education and communication material, and training progratruncs to aid
effective implementation.

5. Discuss important features of cooperatives and its functioning in rural

areas.
SOLUTION
Concept of Co-operatives

The International Co-operative Alliance, at its Manchester Congress in

September, 1995, adopted a Statement of Co-operative Identity. The
statement included a definition of co-operatives, the attached values and a set
of principles intended to guide cooperative organisations. The definition and
values attached with the co-operatives are as following -
Definition

A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to

meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations
through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. It is based
on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and
solidarity. In the tradition of their lout, co-operative members believe in the
ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others.
Basic Principles of Co-operatives

The principles of co-operative are guidelines by which co-operatives put their

values into practice. Major principles are as following:

I) Voluntary and Open Membership - Co-operatives are voluntary

organisations, open to all persons, able to use their services and willing to
accept the responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, political, or
religious discrimination.

2) Democratic Control - Co-operatives are democratic organisations controlled

by their members, who actively participate in setting their policies and
decisions making. Men and Women serving as elected representatives are
accountable to the members. In primary co-operatives members have equal
voting rights (one member, one vote).

3) Economic Participation - Members contribute equitably to control, the

capital of their co-operative. At least part of that capital is usually the common
property of the co-operative. Members usually receive limited compensation,
if any, on capital subscribed as a condition of membership.

4) Autonomy and Independence-Co-operatives are autonomous, self-help

organisations controlled by their members. If they enter into agreements with
other organisations, including governments, or raise capital from external
sources, they do so on terms that ensure democratic control by their members
and maintain their co-operative autonomy.

5) Education, Training and Information- Co-operatives provide education and

training for their members, elected representatives, managers, and employees
so that they can contribute effectively in the development of their
co-operatives. They inform the general public - particularly young people and
opinion leaders - about the nature and benefits of co-operation.

6) Co-operation among Co-operatives - Co-operatives serve their members

most effectively and strengthen the co-operative movement by working
together through local, national, regional and international levels.

7) Concern for Community - Co-operative works for the sustainable

development of the communities through polices approved by its members.

Some Important Co-operatives of Rural Areas

Cooperatives generally function in four major areas which are contributing in

the process of development of rural areas. These four major areas are as
following:

i) Credit Co-operative
It was to free the rural poor from the clutches of exploiters money lenders,
landlords, shopkeepers etc. and help them through co-operative credit system.
Co-operative Credit structure has three tier system. Primary Agricultural Credit
Societies constitute the base. The District Co-operative Bank is the apex
co-operative institution and is responsible for the formulation, execution and
coordination of credit policies in the State. A major development in the field of
agricultural credit was the setting up of the National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD) in 1982 as an apex national institution.

ii) Marketing Co-operative

Marketing co-operatives provide assistance to growers in marketing their

products. Its development has been very uneven among different States. The
structure of marketing societies consists of at national level National
Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation (NAFED). at State level State
Marketing Federation (SMF), at the district or regional level Central Marketing
Societies (CMS) and Primary Marketing Societies (PMS) at the secondary
markets or wholesale assembling centers.

iii) Processing Co-operatives

Processing co-operatives have provided some of the most dramatic results,

most specifically in the dairy co-operatives of Gujarat and the co-operative
sugar factories in Maharashtra. Dairy Co-operative which exhibits the most
successful story of co-operative in India is the Milk Producers Co-operative at
Anand in Gujarat. Here the milk producers established a two tier system. At
village level, they formed a milk producers co-operative society. All such
societies together formed the district level organisation called Kaira District
Co-operative Milk Producers Union. The producers supplied their milk to the
village society. The union collects milk from all such societies and transports it
to Anand town where its processing plant is located. It provides fair price to
producers thus saves them from the exploitations by the traders and
middlemen. The Union on the other hand also provides various services and
inputs at a reasonable cost to the producer members, to enhance the
productivity of their cattle.

Impressed by the great success of Anand pattern co-operatives. Government

of India set up the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in 1965 under
the chairmanship of Dr. V. Kurien. The real impetus to replicate it came in 1970
with the bunching of Dairy Development Programme known as Operation
Rood. Sugar Cooperatives - The cane-growers in Ahmednagar district in
western Maharashtra were able to establish the first successful co-operative
sugar factory in 1951 at Pravaranagar which became a model for similar
venture later. These sugar co-operatives are essentially processing and
marketing organisations. Cane-growers in a given area (50 to 100 villages) form
a cooperative. The members cultivate sugarcane on their own lands. The vast
majority of shareholders in these factories hold three shares or less, equivalent
to maximum of 1.5 acres of annual cane-production by the shareholder. It has
benefited small farmers from the complex of services which the factories
provide. The large tamers earned larger total incomes by supplying cane to the
co-operative factories. At management level they dominate the elected board
of directors.
iv) Co-operative Farming

In 1959 the government recommended widespread encouragement of

co-operative joint fanning. It was envisaged that all surplus land beyond ceiling
limits would be pooled for co-operative fanning and the farmers could be
convinced about the benefits of such farming through the Community
Development Programme and the Panchayati Raj institutions. It was argued
that the co-operative joint farming in India would be economically more
feasible in terms of agricultural inputs. operation of holdings and marketing of
produce etc. However, co-operative farming in India was a dismal failure.

6. Critically Analyse the significance of education for individuals, society and

nation.
SOLUTION
Importance of Education for Individual and Society

Education, beyond its conventional boundaries, forms the very essence of all
our actions. Our action is the outcome of our knowledge and learning either
through instructions or through observation and assimilation. In the process of
learning our mind always process new information or my to analyse the
similarities as well as the tiny nuances within the context. In such a situation
mind definitely holds the potential to learn more. However, we stop ourselves
from expanding the horizons of our knowledge with self-doubt or other social,
emotional or economic constraints.. While most of us feel that education is a
necessity.We tend to use it as a tool for reaching a specific target or personal
mark, after which there is no further need to seek greater education.
Nonetheless, the importance of education in society is indispensable and
coherent, what is why society and knowledge cannot be ever separated into
two distinct entities. Let us find out more about the role of education in society
and how it affects our lives.

Purpose of education in society

● Self empowerment
● Financial stability and dignity of life
● Growth in personal aspiration
● On the job efficiency
● Help plan ahead
● Job seeker vs job provider
● An idle mind is the devil's workshop

Education in National Development

Education has contributed significantly in the development of developing a

country. It has provided several qualities directly associated with the national
development. A country with higher level of education keeps the society under
control. It further contributes to the national development. Education is
something that not only affects a society but also an individual and their
behaviours. Education helps to shape people in the workforce that help to
make our future national development even better. Education being the most
important part of a person's life contributes in his development. To conclude,
education contributes significantly in the development of a country by
providing smarter people in the worKforce.Therefore, for overall national
development education must be a crucial component in every citizen's life.

7. Describe the concept, types and functions of voluntary organisations.

SOLUTION
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATION

Meaning Voluntarism is the basis on which the VOs function , Therefore, we

will attempt to understand what it means? For example, if you are going to a
village in your car, meet a villager who is walking on the mad and going to the
same village. You stop your car and offer to take him with you. In this case your
offer to him without his asking will be called a voluntary action. Similarly,
agencies/organisations whether its workers are paid or unpaid, are initiated
and governed by its own members without external control. The following
features which are true for almost all voluntary organisations will enable you
to comprehend the meaning of voluntary organisations:

i) The interest and needs to the people whom a voluntary organisation serves
is held above all other interests;

ii) The VOs do not expect anything in return from the people after whatever
services they render,
iii) The members of VOs have a sense of commitment, dedication and selfless
services;
iv) The VOs work usually for the poorest of the poor,

v) The rationale of voluntarism is based on social consciousness' i.e creating

awareness among the people;

vi) The people are given a chance to be actively involved in action programme,
which is decided by both the members of the VOs and the people for whom it
is meant.

Types of Voluntary Organisations

on the basis of their approach and functions, the VOs can be broadly classified
into following categories:

i) Welfare Organisations: These aims at meeting the minimum needs of the

community, like food, shelter and also for providing facilities like education,
health, water, etc. Often these organisations are managed by religious
institutions and charitable touts

ii) Relief and Rehabilitation: The organisations which respond to the problems
arising out of natural calamities (floods, drought, famine) and manmade
calamities (fire. ravages of war, communal riots). Their functions continue till
the victims are rehabilitated
iii) Activist Organisations: These are the radical form of organisations. The
personnel involved in such organisations believe in social actions.

FUNCTIONS OF THE VOs

The country's social and economic problems are so vast and multifarious that
the government's administrative machinery alone cannot tackle them. Shifting
emphasis on the development of private sector and shrinking in the
government's control over public sector and social sector. The gradual
emphasis on the establishment of a self-reliant society is clear indications that
people's dependence on government be curtailed. Moreover, the meaning of
development has become wider to encompass the involvement of humans'.
There is a stress on qualitative rather than quantitative change. It includes the
involvement of the masses in the process of decision-making in the economic,
social, political and cultural spheres. In the context of rural development it
does not means just a cluster of benefits given to the people in need, but
rather a process by which rural people acquires a greater mastery over its own
destiny. It comprises only such changes in economic life which are not forced
upon it but arises by its own initiatives from within.

8. Discuss the contributions of some important NGOs working for the

development of youth in India
SOLUTION
i) The Viswa Yuva Kendra (VYK)
The Viswa Yuva Kendra (VYK) was started in the year 1959. The main objectives
were to guide and involved the youth of India towards the betterment of the
country through various development activities. It also aims if youth work has
to be developed in the country on scientific lines, a national youth center
should be established, which . would provide on a continuous basis, training in
youth work to the workers of youth organisations. It also envisaged the center
as an international meeting place for young people from all over the world.
Therefore, an independent trust was set up to look after and command the
necessary respect and support of VYK.

ii) Indian Institute of Youth Welfare (llYw)

The Indian Institute of Youth Welfare (IIYW) was established in 1973. !NW is a
national organisation having its intervention area in Nagpur, Chandrapur,
Gadchiroli and Yavatmal district in Maharashtra. Besides, it also has Tamia
Tribal Development Project in Tamia Block in Chindwada district of Madhya
Pradesh, India.

It main aims to empower the people for intensification democracy at the grass
root level and build equitable society in the nation. The Institute attempts to
sketch out need based training courses. organises seminars, workshops for
youth and involve them in different development activities directly or
indirectly of the nation. It has been working in the field of women
empowerment, youth and child health, education, environment, water,
sanitation, nutrition, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRIs), SHG formation and
training, Anganwadi workers and supervisors training, vocational training,
Rural Development, Tribal Development and Slum Development Programme.
The Institute prepares a cadre of youth and development workers including the
functionaries of government and non government agencies at different level to
bring out a social transformation in the society.
iii ) Indian Committee of Youth Organisations (ICYO)

Indian Cortunittee of Youth Organisations (ICYO) established in the year 1982

with the aim of develops networking among the scattered youth organisations
and youth groups throughout the country. It ensured the capacity building of
the member organisations by providing the free follow of information related
youth organisations, its management and development of the youth. It is a
non-profit, non-governmental network organisation, steadfast to develop
areas of shared co-operation and understanding among the different
Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) working for the betterment of youth in
India. It functions as an umbrella organisation networking youth NGO's all over
India. It is a family of youth NGOs representing all parts of India including North
Eastern part of India. According to UN report, "Today's young people are
overall the best educated generation of youth in history'. However, for many
young people the transition to adulthood is slowed down by poverty and their
inability to find decent work (for details please see
httplAvww.icyo.in/about.php). The major objectives of the organisation is to
strengthen and foster youth agencies and for their development in the area of
youth mobilisation on environment, rural and community development,
health, population, cultural heritage, habitat, sexual exploitation and sexual
abuse of child and youth , national integration peace. It assist and guide
member organisations to conduct all kinds of activities in the field of youth
development. mobilisation and education. Besides, it also set up training
center for research and documentation, raising fund and to act as a liaison
between members and other agencies. Time to time it also organise arrange
seminars, conferences, workshops issues concerning youth development and
to provide training to the member organisations in various aspects of project
planning, budget, implementation and evaluation.

iv) Center for Youth Development and Activities (CYDA)

The Center for Youth Development and Activities (CYDA) was started in the
year 1999. It started the work with a dream - A dream to work with young
people to provide a space to get INSPIRED. INVOLVED and 1NMATED. Within a
short period of time, it has reached the center for excellence and has a unique
perforation among the young people in the country. The whole hearted
support and solidarity received from everyone who came across the
organisation. There are individuals, organisations. institutions, foundations and
corporate houses that supported our efforts to make a difference to the youth
in the country and to become responsible, productive and independent
individuals. As we know, youth forms important human resources and they
have a constructive role to play in nation building. It has initiated to put youth
on the agenda of development of the country so the attention is bound to
achieve for their growth and development. It tries to provide good quality
training information to young people. Besides, it also promotes human rights,
social justice, gender equity and practice of good governance among the
people. It also ensured the participation of peoples and take a constructive and
positive role to play in collective action so that they can achieve the target of
its growth and development.

v) The National Youth Foundation

The National Youth Foundation is registered under Indian Societies

Registration Act 1860, in the year 2007. It tries to fulfill the vision of Late Shri
Lakshmi Raman Acharya, a true Gandhian and a veteran Freedom Fighter, who
served the country in various capacities as Working President of UPCC. Deputy
Chief and Finance Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Central Minister, Chairman of
Khadi and Village Industries Commission Govt. of India It is affiliated to NGO
Branch— United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New
York, USA and World Toilet Organisation Singapore.

The educated young professionals have been registered as members and their
initiatives and contribution on various activities programmes for social,
economical, cultural and moral development of society is acknowledged and
facilitated. The IYF is an ideal platform where every Individual can raise his/her
concern and initiate a possible solution to the relevant social issues of our
country.
Its main aims to provide to Indian youths to socialise and promote an
atmosphere of dignity and harmonious cohabitation among them; to promote
national integration and channelise the energies of youths in Community
services; to promote various activities/programmes at regular intervals like
Community services, Sports, Social Gatherings, Workshops, Field visits etc.; to
tight against terrorism, corruption. red-tapism and other social evils
predominant in our Indian Society and to seek active participation of youths in
democratic institutions of country to reach every citisens of India.
The foundation is actively involved of welfare activities through the vigorous
participation of volunteers. As we know, there are various policies and
programmes on education have been implemented with not success story. The
foundation tries to educate all the youths across the country for the over all
development of the country.
Education is one of the most important tools for development and progress in
any Society, particularly in a country like India with a population of over 1.17
Billion. It has also initiated to UJAALA Campaign to rehabilitate and educate
our destitute and underprivileged children drawn from rural and backward
areas of India. It also involves to promote Children Literacy Programme in
collaboration with renowned Educational Institutions and Organisations.
Besides, is is also involved on various programmes such as Environment
Awareness & Protection Camps, Flood Relief Victims Programmes. Vocational
and Leadership Training Camps for Youths, Rural Sanitation and Hygiene
Awareness Programmes. Clothes Distribution Camps to Destitute and
Underprivileged Children, Micro Finance and SHG's, National Integration
Camps, Mobile Dispensaries in Rural Areas etc.