WELCOME. . . .

WELCOME

VIVEKANANDA
INSTITUTE
OF
TECHNOLOGY
(EAST)

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Krishna Kant Sharma Sandeep yadav
Rasid khan
 Introduction to Computer Processor
● A machine that processes something is a processor.
● An electronic circuit which executes computer programs,
containing a processing unit and a control in computer CPU
processes the machine.
● A central Processing unit is the hardware within a computer
system which carries out the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and
i/o operations of the system.
Components of a processor
Two typical components of cpu:
● The alu performs arithmetic and logical operations.
● The cpu extracts instructions from the memory and
decodes and executes them,
● Calling on the alu when necessary.
● The cpu is comprises of several components that executes
specific functions.
1. Execution unit
2. Branch predictor
3. Floating point unit
4. Primary cache
5. Bus interface
6. Processor clock
Machine cycle for a processor

Step 1: Fetching
Step 2: Decoding
Step 3: Executing
Step 4: Storing
 History of processor
● 1960 cpu by ibm

● By the end of the 1970s technology had reached the point where
CPUs could be commercially produced and were the size of a
fingernail.

● During the 1980s, CPUs became a

standard components in consumer electronic &could be found in
camera, tv and pocket calculator etc...
By the next decade, due to small size & chip cost the CPU allowed
computer to cross over from the industry to home.
● Today, engineers are making them even smaller and more
powerful.
 Process scheduling:
Scheduling refers to the way
processes are assigned to run
on the available CPUs, since
there are typically many more
processes running than there
are available CPUs. This
assignment is carried out by
soft wares known as a
scheduler and dispatcher.
 Microprocessor
● Fabrication of ALU unit & control unit in a single IC package is
known as microprocessor and is known as the brain of computer.
● It’s the example of sequential digit logic as it has internal memory.
● It includes:-
● Control unit
● Alu
● I/O unit
● Register unit
● Memory unit
● Type of Microprocessor designed
1. 8-bit design
2. 12-bit design
3. 16-bit diesgn
4. 32-bit design
5. 64-bit design
 ARM PROCESSORS
The history of the ARM processors from their beginnings as the proprietary
solution for a particular set of problems in a particular company to their current
status as a highly successful, flexible and customizable set of processors available
on the open market.

FOUNDED IN NOVEMBER 1990.SPUN OUT OF ACORN COMPUTERS.

DESIGNS THE ARM RANGE OF RISC PROCESSOR CORES.

ALSO DEVELOP TECHNOLOGIES TO ASSIST WITH THE DESIGN-IN OF THE ARM

ARCHITECTURE.

Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application software, bus

architectures, peripherals etc.
 SYSTEM DESIGN

16 Bit RAM 32 Bit RAM

Interrupt

Controller Peripherals
I/O
nIRQ nFIQ

8 Bit ROM ARM

Core
 PROGRAMMER MODELS
THE ARM IS A 32-BIT ARCHITECTURE.

WHEN USED IN RELATION TO THE ARM:

Byte means 8 bits
Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes)
Word means 32 bits (four bytes)

MOST ARM’S IMPLEMENT TWO INSTRUCTION SETS

32-bit ARM Instruction Set
16-bit Thumb Instruction Set

JAZELLE CORES CAN ALSO EXECUTE JAVA BYTECODE

 The ARM has seven basic operating modes:

➢User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run

➢FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised

➢IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised

➢Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is executed

➢Abort : used to handle memory access violations

➢Undef : used to handle undefined instructions

➢System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode

 THE ARM REGISTER SET
Current Visible
Registers
r0
Abort
Mode
r0
r1
r2 Banked out
r3
Registers
r4
r5
r6
User FIQ IRQ SVC Undef
r8
r7 fbffbfb r8
r9
r8 r9
r9
r10 r10
r10
r11 r11
r11
r12 r12
R14(Ir) R13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp)
r13(sp)
R15(pc) R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir)
cosr
spsr

spsr spsr spsr spsr

ARM HAS 37 REGISTERS ALL OF WHICH ARE 32-BITS
LONG.
1 DEDICATED PROGRAM COUNTER
1 DEDICATED CURRENT PROGRAM STATUS REGISTER
5 DEDICATED SAVED PROGRAM STATUS REGISTERS
30 GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS

THE CURRENT PROCESSOR MODE GOVERNS WHICH OF SEVERAL BANKS IS

ACCESSIBLE. EACH MODE CAN ACCESS
A PARTICULAR SET OF R0-R12 REGISTERS
A PARTICULAR R13 (THE STACK POINTER, SP) AND R14 (THE LINK
REGISTER, LR)
THE PROGRAM COUNTER, R15 (PC)
THE CURRENT PROGRAM STATUS REGISTER, CPSR

PRIVILEGED MODES (EXCEPT SYSTEM) CAN ALSO ACCESS

A PARTICULAR SPSR (SAVED PROGRAM STATUS REGISTER)
 PROCESSORS

There is two main companies that produces processors

Intel & AMD
At this presentation we will talk about the processors
And it’s technology starting from Pentium 1 to core i7
That ‘s for the Intel corporation.
And from Athlon to atom processors for the AMD corporation.
Finally we have made a comparison between the two corporations
illustrating the difference between the functionality of each processor .
THE INTEL PROCESSORS:-
 THE PENTIUM FAMILY
(S-PROCESSORS)
• The famous world wide processors family
• The Pentium family is conceder as the most word widely processors
• Also called the single-core processor family.
• The Intel® Pentium® processor delivers great desktop performance and
multitasking.
• Consisted of :-
• Pentium® I
• Pentium® II
• Pentium® III
• Pentium® IV
 D-PROCESSORS
• Celeron (single core processor):
• Systems based on the Intel® Celeron® processor are ideal for day-to-day
computing, whether in the home, classroom, or office
• Take basic computing to new levels with dual-core processing. The Intel®
Celeron® processor, with 512 KB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side
Bus, has two independent processor cores in one physical package running at
the same frequency, delivering superior energy efficient dual-core
performance.
• The Intel® Celeron® processor is also an exceptional value for single-core
desktop computing delivering a balanced level of proven technology
 D-PROCESSORS (CONT’D.)
INTEL® DUAL™ CORE PROCESSOR
• The first processor in the (D-processors) family.
• The Intel® Pentium® processor with Intel® dual-core technology delivers
great desktop performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for
everyday computing.

• Product information :
• From 1.98 GHz and 3.06 GHz core speeds
• One processing threads
• 3 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
• One channels of DDR2 1333 MHz memory
MULTICORES PROCESSORS
(M-PROCESSORS)
 M-PROCESSORS( COUNT’ D.)
INTEL® CORE™ DUO PROCESSOR
• The new family of the processors that can handle more than one program at the
same time .
• Due to its multicore processing system it has two cores inside .

• It has three versions :

• 1- Core™ Duo .
• 2- Core™ 2Duo .
• 3- Core™ 2Duo extreme.

• Product information:
• From 1.98 GHz and 3.06 GHz core speeds
• two processing threads
• 4 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
• Two channels of DDR2 1333 MHz memory
 M-PROCESSORS( COUNT’ D.)
INTEL ® CENTRINO ™ PROCESSOR

• The same as Intel® Core™ Duo Processor .

• But the Centrino is a technology that tells the user that all the chips in the
computer are compatible with the processor .
• By other words all the chips are Intel smart chips and all are compatible.
• This helps to keep processor cool and delivers high performance, low power
consumption and ultimate computing speed.

• It has anew version called Centrino 2.

M-PROCESSORS( COUNT’ D.)
INTEL® CORE™ 2 QUAD PROCESSOR
• The same as core i7 but the deference is in the core i7 structure Intel® HT
technology.
• That support the speed start which called turbo boast.
• That provides the processor to perform from 0% to 100%.

• Product information
• 3.06 GHz, 2.93 GHz, and 2.66 GHz core speed
• 8 processing threads
• 8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
• 3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory
INTEL® CORE™ I3 PROCESSOR WITH INTEL® HD
GRAPHICS
• The Intel® Core™ i3 processor family with Intel® HD Graphics delivers a revolutionary
new architecture for an unparalleled computing experience.
• As the first level in Intel's new processor family, the Intel Core i3 processor is the perfect
entry point for a fast, responsive PC experience.
• This processor comes equipped with Intel HD Graphics, an advanced video engine that
delivers smooth, high-quality HD video playback, and advanced 3D capabilities, providing
an ideal graphics solution for everyday computing.
• A smart choice for home and office, the Intel Core i3 processor also features Intel®
Hyper-Threading Technology¹, which enables each core of your processor to work on two
tasks at the same time, delivering the performance you need for smart multitasking. Do
not let too many open applications slow you and your PC down. Get smart performance
now.
• Product information
• 3.06 GHz and 2.93 GHz core speeds
• Four processing threads
• 4 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
• Two channels of DDR3 1333 MHz memory
INTEL®CORE™ VPRO™ PROCESSOR
FAMILY
PCs powered by the new 2010 Intel® Core™ vPro™ processor
family adapt to the needs of your business with smart security,
cost-saving manageability, and intelligent performance. The Intel
Core vPro processor family is designed to keep downtime and
desk-side visits to a minimum, enabling remote monitoring,
diagnosis, and repair of PCs—even if they are shut down or the OS
is unresponsive.¹
Intelligent security and manageability on every chip
Offering expanded remote manageability, select laptop and
desktop PCs—powered by the Intel Core vPro processor
family—provide new KVM Remote Control capabilities² along with
enhanced data and asset security. Including programmable
defense filters that systematically guard against viruses and
malicious attacks, the Intel Core vPro processor family helps to
automatically protect PCs from tampering or disabling of security
software.
 INTEL® CORE™ I5 PROCESSOR
• A new level of intelligent performance
• Unleash the multimedia multitasker within
• With intelligent performance that accelerates in response to demanding tasks, such
as playing games and editing photos, the Intel® Core™ i5 processor moves faster
when you do.
• The Intel Core i5 processor automatically allocates processing power where it's
needed most.¹ Whether you’re creating HD video, composing digital music, editing
photos, or playing the coolest PC games—with the Intel Core i5 processor you can
multitask with ease and be more productive than ever.
• Product information
• Intel® Core™ i5-700 and i5-600 processor series with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
• 4 processing threads
• Up to 8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
• Intel® HD Graphics on Intel® Core™ i5-600 processor series
• 2 channels of DDR3 1333 MHz memory
•
INTEL® CORE™ I7 PROCESSOR
The best desktop processor family on the planet¹
Brilliantly fast
• With faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies processing power where
it's needed most, new Intel® Core™ i7 processors deliver an incredible
breakthrough in PC performance. They are the best desktop processor family on the
planet.¹
• You'll multitask applications faster and unleash incredible digital media creation.
And you'll experience maximum performance for everything you do, thanks to the
combination of Intel® Turbo Boost technology² and Intel® Hyper-Threading
technology (Intel® HT technology)³, which maximizes performance to match your
workload.
• Product information
• 3.06 GHz, 2.93 GHz, and 2.66 GHz core speed
• 8 processing threads with Intel® HT technology
• 8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
• 3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory
 MOBILE PROCESSORS FAMILY
INTEL® CORE™ I7 MOBILE PROCESSOR EXTREME
EDITION
• Hardcore multitaskers rejoice. Fly through everything you do on your PC -
from playing intense 3D games to creating and editing digital video, music,
and photos. With the high performance platform capabilities of Intel® X58
Express Chipset-based motherboards, along with faster, intelligent multi-core
technology that applies processing power dynamically when its needed most,
PCs based on the Intel® Core™ i7-980X processor Extreme Edition deliver
incredible performance with a rich feature set.
• Wield the ultimate gaming weapon for greater performance in 3D gaming
applications. Experience smoother and more realistic gaming made possible
by distributing AI, physics, and rendering across six cores and 12 threads,
bringing 3D to life for the ultimate gaming experience. And take digital
content creation to a whole new level for photo retouching and photo
editing. Unlock your full potential with Intel’s top-of-the-line desktop
processor and experience total creative freedom that’s limited only by your
imagination.
 MOBILE PROCESSORS (COUNT’ D.)

• Intel® Core™ i7-980X processor Extreme Edition

• 3.33 GHz core speed
• Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
• 6 cores and 12 processing threads with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology
• 12 MB Intel® Smart Cache
• 3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory
• 32nm manufacturing process technology
• Intel® Core™ i7-975 processor Extreme Edition
• 3.33 GHz core speed
• Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
• 4 cores and 8 processing threads with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology
• 8 MB Intel® Smart Cache
• 3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory
• 45nm manufacturing process technology
 AMD PROCESSORS
AMD PROCESSORS IGNITE THE NEXT GENERATION
OF SOLUTIONS FOR DESKTOPS. WHETHER IT’S
PLAYING GAMES, CLOUD COMPUTING OR EDITING
HOME VIDEOS, ENJOY A BETTER EXPERIENCE
WITH AMD MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS.
AMD PROCESSORS
 AMD PROCESSORS INCLUDE

- AMD ATHLON
- AMD ATHLON 64
- AMD ATHLON X2
- AMD ATHLON XP
- AMD DURON
- AMD SEMPRON
- AMD TURION
- AMD OPTERON AND
- AMD PHENOM 1
 AMD PHENOM II X4 940 QUAD CORE
PROCESSOR - OEM
DELIVER MORE SOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONS WITH THE LEADING-EDGE
TECHNOLOGY OF AMD PHENOM II™ 900 SERIES PROCESSOR. BUILT
FROM THE GROUND UP FOR TRUE QUAD-CORE PERFORMANCE, AMD
PHENOM II 940 PROCESSOR INCORPORATES 6MB OF UNIFIED
HIGH-SPEED L3 CACHE AND HIGH-SPEED DDR2 MEMORY. SPEED
THROUGH COMPLEX MULTITASKING, CRITICAL BUSINESS
PRODUCTIVITY, ADVANCED VISUAL DESIGN AND MODELING AND
VISUALLY STUNNING DIGITAL MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT. WHETHER
IT'S A SINGLE SOLUTION OR AN ENTERPRISE SYSTEM, AMD PHENOM II
PROCESSORS HAVE THE POWER TO PERFORM.
AMD PHENOM II BLACK EDITION SIX CORE
PROCESSOR
DELIVER MORE SOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONS WITH THE LEADING-EDGE
TECHNOLOGY OF AMD PHENOM II 1000 SERIES PROCESSOR. BUILT
FROM THE GROUND UP FOR TRUE SIX CORE PERFORMANCE, AMD
HDT90ZFBGRBOX PHENOM II 1090T BLACK EDITION PROCESSOR
INCORPORATES 6MB OF UNIFIED HIGH-SPEED L3 CACHE AND
HIGH-SPEED DDR3 MEMORY. SPEED THROUGH COMPLEX
MULTITASKING, CRITICAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY, ADVANCED VISUAL
DESIGN AND MODELING AND VISUALLY STUNNING DIGITAL MEDIA AND
ENTERTAINMENT. WHETHER IT'S A SINGLE SOLUTION OR AN
ENTERPRISE SYSTEM, THE AMD PHENOM II 1090T BLACK EDITION
PROCESSOR HAS THE POWER TO PERFORM
 AMD ATHLON 64 X2 5200+ PROCESSOR
AMD ATHLON™ X2 DUAL-CORE PROCESSORS PUT THE POWER OF DUAL-CORE
TECHNOLOGY ON THE DESKTOP. DUAL-CORE PROCESSORS CONTAIN TWO
PROCESSING CORES, RESIDING ON ONE CHIP, THAT PERFORM CALCULATIONS ON
TWO STREAMS OF DATA TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY AND SPEED WHILE RUNNING
MULTIPLE PROGRAMS AND THE NEW GENERATION OF MULTI-THREADED SOFTWARE.
FOR END-USERS THIS MEANS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN RESPONSE AND
PERFORMANCE WHEN RUNNING MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
PRODUCTIVITY IN TODAY’S WORKPLACE REQUIRES SMOOTH, EFFICIENT AND
SEAMLESS MULTI-TASKING. AMD ATHLON™ X2 DUAL-CORE PROCESSORS DELIVER
TRUE MULTI-TASKING, ALLOWING USERS TO SWITCH FROM ONE PROGRAM TO
ANOTHER WITHOUT ALWAYS PAUSING FOR THE COMPUTER TO CATCH UP AND
REDUCING ANNOYING PROCESSING PAUSES.
 AMD PHENOM II X4 965 BLACK EDITION
QUAD CORE PROCESSOR

DELIVER MORE SOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONS WITH THE LEADING-EDGE

TECHNOLOGY OF AMD PHENOM II™ 900 SERIES PROCESSOR. BUILT
FROM THE GROUND UP FOR TRUE QUAD-CORE PERFORMANCE, AMD
PHENOM II 965 BLACK EDITION PROCESSOR INCORPORATES
6MB OF UNIFIED HIGH-SPEED L3 CACHE AND A HIGH-SPEED
DDR2/DDR3 MEMORY CONTROLLER. SPEED THROUGH COMPLEX
MULTITASKING, CRITICAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY, ADVANCED VISUAL
DESIGN AND MODELING AND VISUALLY STUNNING DIGITAL MEDIA AND
ENTERTAINMENT. WHETHER IT'S A SINGLE SOLUTION OR AN
ENTERPRISE SYSTEM, AMD PHENOM II PROCESSORS HAVE THE POWER
TO PERFORM.
 AMD ATHLON II X3 440 TRIPLE
CORE PROCESSOR
DELIVER MORE SOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONS WITH THE
LEADING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY OF AMD ATHLON II™ 400
SERIES PROCESSOR. BUILT FROM THE GROUND UP FOR
GREAT PERFORMANCE, THE AMD ATHLON II X3 440
TRIPLE CORE PROCESSOR INCORPORATES 1.5MB OF
HIGH-SPEED L2 CACHE AND HIGH-SPEED DDR2 OR DDR3
MEMORY. SPEED THROUGH COMPLEX MULTITASKING,
CRITICAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY, ADVANCED VISUAL
DESIGN AND MODELING AND VISUALLY STUNNING DIGITAL
MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT. WHETHER IT'S A SINGLE
SOLUTION OR AN ENTERPRISE SYSTEM, AMD ATHLON II
PROCESSORS HAVE THE POWER TO PERFORM.
 AMD SEMPRON™ PROCESSOR
AMD SEMPRON™ PROCESSORS FOR DESKTOPS AND NOTEBOOKS
OFFER AFFORDABLE PERFORMANCE, COMPATIBILITY WITH ALL THE
APPLICATIONS YOU NEED, AND THE RELIABILITY OF AMD PROCESSORS.
COMPATIBLE WITH LEADING OPERATING SYSTEMS AND OVER 60,000
OF THE WORLD’S MOST POPULAR SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS.

GET TO FUN, FASTER, WITH A SYSTEM THAT BOOTS AND LOADS

APPLICATIONS QUICKLY AND EASILY. ENJOY RELIABLE, RESPONSIVE
PERFORMANCE ON THOUSANDS OF SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS—INCLUDING THOSE THAT LET YOU COMMUNICATE
WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A heartiest gratitude to our schools and our

teachers nurtured us and made us capable of
everything. Thanks to VIT-EAST collage for giving
up this opportunity to present our skills in front
of every one. Thanks to the audience for their
patient reception….
THANK YOU. . . .