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Noise sources characterization inside and outside a factory

Article  in  Environmental engineering and management journal · March 2012

DOI: 10.30638/eemj.2012.089

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Environmental Engineering and Management Journal March 2012, Vol.11, No. 3, 701-708
http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/EEMJ/

“Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania

NOISE SOURCES CHARACTERIZATION INSIDE

AND OUTSIDE A FACTORY

Claudia Tomozei1, Arianna Astolfi2, Valentin Nedeff1, Gabriel Lazar1

1
“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Romania
2
Politecnico di Torino, Department of Energetics, Turin, Italy

Abstract

This work deals with noise pollution inside and outside a factory. Measurement of noise power level emitted by two sources
located inside an industrial plant was carried out according to EN ISO 3746 and the transmission of noise coming from inside to
outside was investigated by measurements and calculations according to EN 12354-4.
SPL measurements were performed around the machines in a factory and the sound power level calculated after the influence of
background noise and reverberation was excluded. The problems encountered in the application of the EN ISO 3746 measurement
protocol and the calculation of the correction coefficient for undesired reflections was described.
Noise was emitted from a source located inside the main building and SPL measurements were carried out near the noise source
and outside the building at 3 m, 6 m, 12 m and 24 m. The measurement results were compared with the ones calculated, according
to the EN 12354-4 Standard, showing a good correspondence. The maximum difference between measured and calculated data is
1.8 dB, at 3 m from the factory wall.

Key words: industrial noise, noise level measurement, noise propagation, sound insulation, sound power level

Received: December, 2010; Revised final: February, 2012; Accepted: March, 2012

1. Introduction building, the machinery shells and also on the

The development of industry in the last
decades has increased the number and the power of
noise and vibration sources which increase the grade
of pollution for many work places and even for some
large adjacent areas (Chatillon, 2007; Mbuligwe,
2004).
Scientific investigations have shown that noise
and vibration that are beyond certain limits adversely
affect the safety in industrial activities and reduce the
products’ quality. Noise in industry highly influences
the human body: it affects the ability to work with
technical, economical, medical, social implications
(Bies and Hansen, 2009; Chatillon, 2007; Lan and
Chiu, 2008).
This presupposes to work on the equipment
characteristics, the sound absorbing treatment of the
factory walls and ceiling, the sound-insulation of the
personal protective devices (Bies and Hansen, 2009;
Beranek and Ver, 1992; Mbuligwe, 2004).
The reduction of the sound pressure level
inside the factory can be efficiently achieved by
reducing the sound power emitted by the sound
source and/or acting on sound absorption and
insulation. In most cases, changing the sound source
is not advisable because the amendment may
adversely affect the machine and its operation,
leading to low efficiency, longer processing time and
consequently to low productivity (Bies and Hansen,
2009; Mbuligwe, 2004).
The Standard ISO 3746 (2009) describes a
method for the calculation of the sound power level
produced by a source in a factory. It is a survey
method to be applied indoor using an enveloping
measurement surface over a reflecting plane, which
brings to an accuracy class 3, with a standard


Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: claudia.tomozei@ub.ro
 Tomozei et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11 (2012), 3, 701-708
deviation of reproducibility of the A-weighted sound
power level R4 dB. Not many studies have dealt
with the application of the measurement protocol
described in the Standard and the problems
encountered in the calculation of the correction
coefficients for background noise and undesired
reflections. The first part of the present study
concerns the application of the Standard to two case
studies, a numerical control drilling machine and a
riveting machine, which were different with respect to
the dimensions and the test environments.
Industrial activities are mainly conducted in
noisy zones, where the level of external noise is due
to the propagation of sound energy of long-term
operation equipment, machines and installations
through the buildings’ structure towards the
surrounding areas (Bies and Hansen, 2009; Gafitanu
et al., 1980; Lan and Chiu, 2008). The noise level in
the free field outside the factory depends on the
distance between the source and the receiver and is
influenced by the sound spectrum and by the
geometrical characteristics of the source (Barron,
2003, Beranek and Ver, 1992; Gafitanu et al., 1980).
The second part of the study deals with the
application of the model of radiated sound power
level of airborne noise from a building envelope due
to the noise inside the building described in the
Standard ISO 12354-4 (2003). For simple conditions
of propagation a simplified method for the prevision
of the sound pressure level outside the building is
described in Annex F of the Standard. Calculations
have been compared with the measurement results in
order to validate the method.
2. Determination of the sound power level of a
noise source in a factory
Standard ISO 3746 (2009) describes a method
for the calculation of the sound power level produced
by a noise source inside a factory starting from the
sound pressure levels measured over an area that
surrounds the source. The standard explains the
conditions for the measurements, the equipment and
the procedures in order to obtain the sound pressure
levels around the source starting from source
dimensions and location.
The calculation of the A-weighted sound
power level, LWA, in decibel, is performed using Eq.
(1):
S type 2250 which allows data storage on memory
LWA  L pfA  10 lg [dB]
S0
where:
L pfA is A-weighted surface sound pressure level
averaged over the measurement surface with the
background noise correction, K1A, and the
environmental correction, K2A, in decibel; S is the area
of the measurement surface in square meters; S0 is the
reference area of 1 m2.
702
If the difference between and the A-weighted
sound pressure level averaged over the measurement
surface and the A-weighted sound pressure level of
the background noise is higher than 10 dB no
correction for the background noise is made. The
environmental correction term, K2A, shall be
numerically less than or equal to 7 dB. If the
requirement cannot be satisfied the particular
environment cannot be used for measurements on the
surface under test in accordance with the Standard.
2.1. Case study
The sound power level of two typical
mechanical units was measured according to the
Standard EN ISO 3746 in a medium-size factory
located in Asti, in the Piedmont region, Italy. The
factory, manufacturing car parts (clutch plates), has a
rectangular plant with dimensions of 80 per 85 meters
and a mean height of 8.5 meters. The building is
made of bricks with a shed roof and is full of
machines and goods uniformly distributed over the
whole floor area.
Among the main sources of noise in the
factory, a numerically controlled drilling machine and
a riveting machine were chosen for the
measurements. Numerical Control Drilling Machine
adopts advanced intelligent PLC control platform.
The process can be programmed by inputting data
into PLC system, positioning the drill bits and drilling
automatically. The riveting machine is used to
automatically set (squeeze) rivets in order to join
materials together.
Most of the machines in the factory were
located inside the cabins, whose doors were closed
during the operation. In areas with high noise levels,
the workers were equipped with individual ear
protection devices. The drilling machine was located
in a lateral part of the factory surrounded by a cabin
4.65 m wide, 7.77 m long and 3.40 m high, built of
metal, glass and plexiglass. The riveting machine was
located in the lateral part of the factory, an area with
less human traffic.
Fig. 1 shows the equipment dislocation in the
factory where the drilling machine and the vertical
turning robot are identified with the numbers 1 and 7,
respectively. During the measurements, the factory
stopped their activity in order to measure each source
individually. The measurements in the factory were
carried out with a sound-level meter Brüel & Kjaer
(1)
cards, a 1st class instrument. In order to obtain the
sound power level of the numerical control drilling
machine, showed in Fig. 2a, 7 points were chosen
around the source, as schematized in Fig. 3.
Since the distance from two of the adjacent
walls was about 1 m, the measurement surface around
the machine was a parallelepiped with the
microphone positions set for floor-standing
appliances placed against two walls. The
measurement distance from the machine was 0.5 m.
 Noise sources characterization inside and outside a factory

In order to choose the correct measurement
surface around the source the topic of the correct
distance from the microphone positions relative to
reflecting surface was investigated.
According to the Standard ISO 1996-2 (2007)
the distance from the microphone to any sound-
reflecting surface apart from the ground shall be at
least twice the distance from the microphone to the
dominating part of the sound source. In the case of the
drilling machine the distance from the two adjacent
walls was about 1 m and the measurement distance
was 0.5 m, hence the condition indicated by the
Standard wasn’t satisfied. The microphone array on
the parallelepiped measurement surface consisted in 7
positions, instead of 18 positions that could have been
if the source had been placed in the center of the
room.
As far as the riveting machine is concerned, it
was a smaller machine positioned in the middle of the
factory. The measurement points all around the
source were 5 with a measurement distance of 1 m, as
shown in Fig. 4.
2.2. Results
For the seven points around the first source,
the five points of the second source and the
background noise levels measured in correspondence
of the two machines, data were processed by the
Bruel & Kjaer software which handles data transfer,
data archiving and data export.
For each measurement point the recording
time was 2 minutes while the SPL sample time was
one second (Leq1s). Fig. 5 shows the time history of
the A-weighted sound pressure level and the C-
weighted peak sound pressure level during the
measurement time in the reception point no.1 of the
numerical control drilling machine. The numerical
control drilling machine shows a periodicity of about
10 seconds.

Fig. 1. The equipment dislocation in the factory (1 – Drilling Machine, 2 – Vertical turning robot, 3 – Machine tool Benelli TB
100, 4 – Maintenance place, 5 – Broaching machine, 6 – CNC Machine, Trumatic 2020R, 7 – Riveting machines, 8 – Assembly
line, 9 – Packaging Line, 10 – Store, 11 – Shop, 12 – Offices) and location of the loudspeaker (S) inside the factory for inside-
outside sound propagation analysis and outdoor measurement points at 3, 6, 12 and 24 m from the external wall

a b
Fig. 2. The image of the numerical control drilling machine (a) and the riveting machine (b)

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 Tomozei et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11 (2012), 3, 701-708

a b

Fig. 3. Location of the measurement points for the numerical control drilling machine: top view (a), front view (b)

a b

Fig. 4. Location of the measurement points for the riveting machine: top view (a), front view (b)

Table 1. LAeq and LC,peak for the numerical control drilling machine and the riveting machine

Machine/ Numerical Control Drilling Machine Riveting machine

Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
LAeq (dB) 86.4 89.0 85.9 86.4 87.8 87.9 87.2 74.5 76.7 76.5 73.8 76.3
LCpeak (dB) 113.2 116.4 112.7 114.3 114.2 115.5 116.0 98.5 104.4 112.9 98.8 103.1

The LCpeak value is important for the safety of
the workers, as stated by the Italian Legislative
Decree n. 81, of April 9th, 2008. According to the
Decree, the daily noise exposure limit value of the
daily noise exposure, LEX,8h, standardized to an 8h
working period is 87 dB(A) and the peak level is
140 dB(C).
The measurement results for each point are
given in Table 1. The A-weighted equivalent noise
levels recorded for the numerical control drilling
machine were over 85 dB and for the riveting
machine of approximately 75 dB.
As far as the drilling machine is concerned, the
LAeq values have a maximum difference of 3.1 dB,
typical of that machine typology. The lowest recorded
level was 85.9 dB, the highest was 89.0 dB. The
recorded levels for the riveting machine were lower
than the drilling machine. The recorded levels were
quite similar on the different sides, with the lowest
and highest level of 73.8 dB and 76.7 dB,
respectively. The A-weighted equivalent noise level
of the background noise was 64.3 dB and 63.7 dB for
the two sources, respectively.
With the aim of comparison the noise levels of
the two investigated sources with others in the
factory, Table 2 shows the LAeq and the LCpeak values
related to other noisy machines inside the factory.
The measurements were carried out during a previous

704
 Noise sources characterization inside and outside a factory

survey with the receiver point placed only at the
worker position.
The octave band reverberation time inside the
factory hall was obtained with an impulsive source
(blank pistol), while the interrupted noise method was
used for measuring the reverberation time in the cabin
which contains the numerical control drilling
machine, using the 4205 B&K sound power source.
The measurement methods are described in the ISO
3382 Standard (1997). The average reverberation
time value on the octave bands with center frequency
of 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz was 2.19 s and 0.77 s,
respectively.
From the sound pressure levels and the
reverberation time, the A-weighted sound power level
of the numerical control drilling and the riveting
machine was calculated following the method
reported in the Standard EN ISO 3746.

Table 2. LAeq and LC,peak for the other machines inside the factory

Machine LAeq (dB) LCpeak (dB)

Pneumatic riveting machine 1 head 81.5 98.9
Balconi Press 100 t 84.9 121.1
Broaching hubs BR 25 78.3 114.2
Broaching hubs Varinelli 82.8 116.3
Laser marking and packaging 73.0 87.0
Hydraulic press 1865 84.2 105.3

=Project 007 in Calcoli

dB
140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40
10.27.00 10.27.10 10.27.20 10.27.30 10.27.40 10.27.50 10.28.00 10.28.10 10.28.20 10.28.30 10.28.40 10.28.50
LAIeq peak
LCpicco
Legend peak
Cursore: 15/04/2010 10.28.03 - 10.28.04 LAIeq=100,2 dB LCpicco=113,2 dB

Fig. 5. Sound pressure level LA (lower values) and LCpeak (higher values) relative to the measurement point no. 1 of the numerical
control drilling machine

Table 3. A-weighted sound power level of the numerical control drilling machine and the riveting machines and values of the
acoustical parameters calculated according to the method reported in the Standard ISO 3746 (2009)

Calculated values
Parameter
Numerical control drilling machine Riveting machine
LWA 94.3 dB 90.3 dB
S 24.5 m2 29.5 m2
LpfA 80.4 dB 75.6 dB
K2A 7.0 dB 0.1 dB

The values of the acoustical parameters
indicated in the Standard are reported in Table 3. The
calculations reveal that the correction terms due to
background noise are negligible since the background
noise levels were more than 10 dB lower than the A-
weighted sound pressure level averaged over the
measurement surface. K2A value is at the limit value
admitted by the Standard in the case of the numerical
control drilling machine, which was placed in a cabin,
while it is negligible in the case of riveting machine.
The obtained sound power levels of the
sources are typical for these types of machines
(Fernandez et al., 2008).
2.3. Considerations and recommendations
From the comparison of the SPL values among
the sources the noisiest machine resulted the numeric
control drilling machine since it works with sheet
metal of different thickness. Drilling action implies

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 Tomozei et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11 (2012), 3, 701-708
penetrating the metal; at high speed, one can perceive
the high noise made by the action of steel against the
metal, while at a lower speed, although the noise
reduces, it takes too long to make the hole.
The numerical control drilling machine should
be placed inside a cabin with high sound insulation
properties; sealing is recommended together with the
use of sound-absorbing material on the walls, ceiling
and floor.
The other two noisy sources, Balconi Press
100 and Hydraulic press 1865 are covered by a sound
absorption shell which reduces the emitted sound
power levels. The sound absorbing treatment is
mandatory.
As far as the LCpeak values are concerned, no
values exceed the limit of 140 dB(C). The highest
LCpeak value was 121.1 dB for the Balconi Press 100 t
and the lowest was 98.5 dB for the pneumatic riveting
machine.
3. Transmission of noise from inside to outside
The standard ISO 12354-4 (2003) describes a
model for calculating the radiated sound power level
from a building envelope due to the airborne noise
inside the building. The calculations are based on
sound pressure levels measured inside the building
and the parameters which characterize the acoustic
transmission of the elements and the openings of the
building envelope.
The sound irradiation from the building
envelope to the outside can be represented by the
irradiation of one or more equivalent point sources.
Each equivalent point source represent the
contribution of one segment of the building envelope.
The number of equivalent point sources required for a
building depends on the distance of the reception
point from the building and on the variation in the
propagation effects. Some rules can be applied for the
segmentation in function of the typology of the
envelope surfaces and the distance from the closest
reception point.
The determination of sound power level, LW,
for an equivalent point source is obtained using the
Eq. (2):
S [dB] (2)
LW  Lp ,in  Cd  R ' 10 lg
S0
where: Lp,in is the sound pressure level from 1 m to 2
m inside the segment, in decibel; Cd is the diffusivity
term for the internal sound field at the segment level,
in decibel; R’ is the apparent sound reduction index
for the segment, in decibel; S is the segment area, in
square meters, and S0 is the reference area, equal to 1
m2. In the case of an industrial environment and non-
absorbent elements on the internal side, the
appropriate value of the diffusivity term is –5 dB.
The apparent sound reduction index for a
segment is obtained by the Eq. (3):
706
m S mn
A  D /10 
R '  10 lg   i 10 Ri /10   0 10 n .e ,i  [dB](3)
 i 1 S i  m 1 S 
where: Ri is the sound reduction index of the element
i (wall, door, window, etc.), in decibel; Si is the area
of the element i, in square meters; Dn,e,i is the
normalized sound insulation for a small element i, in
decibel; A0 is the reference absorption area, equal to
10 m2; m is the number of the large elements of the
segment; n is the number of small elements of the
segment.
The sound power level calculation should be
done in band of frequencies (one-third octave bands
or octave bands), but for an approximate estimation,
the model could be applied to the A-weighted values
and to the evaluation index of the sound insulation
parameters of the building elements according to the
standard ISO 717-1 (1996).
The sound pressure level in a reception point
outside the building is determined by the contribution
of each equivalent point source. Each contribution is
calculated using the Eq. (4):
L p  LW  Dc  Atot [dB] (4)
where: LW is the sound power level of the equivalent
point source, in decibel; Dc is the directivity
correction of the equivalent point source, in the
direction of the reception point, in decibel; Atot is the
total attenuation that occurs during sound propagation
from the equivalent point source to the reception
point, in decibel.
Plane constructions of large dimensions
radiate sound only in a hemisphere, which lead to a
directivity correction of +3 dB. In practice, a
directivity correction value of 0 dB for irradiation
angles from 0° to 90° relative to the normal plane can
be assumed.
The Standard ISO 12354-4 (2003) includes in
Annex F a simplified model for the outdoor sound
pressure level prevision, applicable when the
following conditions occur:
- the indoor sound pressure level is the same for the
same side of the building;
- the distance from the reception point is less than
100 m;
- the sight line from the factory side and the
reception point is free from barriers;
- any individual sound sources are present;
- the ground surface is rigid.
In these conditions the considered side of the
factory is presumed to irradiate uniformly on the area
in front of it, offering a total sound pressure level.
The sound pressure level resulting outside, in a
reception point in front of the building side, derives
from the Eq. (5):
L p  10 lg 10   A 'tot [dB]
Lw ,e /10 Lw ,o
 10 (5)

 Noise sources characterization inside and outside a factory

where: Lw,e is the sound power level for assembly
building side, in decibel; Lw,o is the sound power level
for the apertures on the side of the building, in
decibel; A’tot is the total attenuation of the simplified
propagation from the side of the building, due to
geometric divergence, directivity and changes
resulting from soil, in decibel.
The sound power level for the considered
whole side of the factory building envelope and for
the considered total group of openings is determined
according to the Eq. (2). The total attenuation that
occurs during sound propagation from the equivalent
point source to the reception point is obtained through
a simplified formula (formula E.2 in Annex E) and is
called “estimate total attenuation”.
In the case of a reception point at a very short
distance from the factory side, the Standard reports a
relationship that can be used for estimating the
apparent sound reduction index of that part of the
building from the in-field measurements, using the
Eq. (6):
R '  L p ,in  L p ,d 1m  Cd  4 [dB]
where Lp,d≈1m is the sound pressure level at a reception
point outside the building, at a very short distance
from wall, for example 1 m, in decibel.
3.1. Case study
In order to determine the sound pressure level
transmitted from indoor the factory to outdoor, a pink
noise was emitted by a loudspeaker used as noise
source, located inside the industrial building. The
loudspeaker was placed indoor, near the main exit, on
the loading and unloading ramp, at 3.5 m from the
main door. Measurements were made inside the
building, at 1.5 m from the main door, and outside the
building, on the same axis, at 1m, 3 m, 6 m, 12 m and
24 m.
Fig. 1 shows the location of the loudspeaker
inside the factory and the outdoor measurement
points.
3.2. Results
Data processing was carried out with the
software modules of the Brüel & Kjær 2250 sound
level meter, the instruments used for the
measurements. Table 4 reports the overall A-
weighted SPL values for a comparison and the A-
weighted SPL of the outdoor background noise.
Background noise was based on a five minutes
measurement.
The measured sound pressure level outside the
building decreases from by 3.0 dB, 3.4 dB and 3.9 dB
per distance doubling from 3 m to 24 m. The ideal
point source decrease is 6 dB per distance doubling
(Barron, 2003).
The simplified method described in the
Standard EN 12354-4 was used for the calculation of
the SPL outside the factory, at 3, 6, 12 and 24 m from
(6) the main side, applying Eq. (5).
Octave band values of the sound power level,
LW, radiated from the main side of the factory, in
front of the loudspeaker used as a noise source, were
calculated according to Eq. (2), assuming a diffusivity
term equal to –5 dB. The octave band values of the
apparent sound reduction index, R’, of the building
side were obtained from the octave band SPL values
measured 1 m from the door, outside the building
according to Eq. (6). The estimate total attenuation
was calculated according to the formula E.2 reported
in the Annex E of the Standard. Table 5 shows the
octave band calculated data; the estimate total
attenuation is a single value for each distance, equal
to 23.5 dB, 25.6 dB, 28.8 dB ad 33.4 dB, for 3, 6, 12
and 24 m respectively. Table 6 reports a comparison
between measured and calculated outdoor A-
weighted SPL values at the different distances from
the factory side.

Table 4. Overall A-weighted SPL for the measurement points inside and outside the factory and for outdoor background noise

Measuring point Noise level – LAeq (dB)

Inside, 1.5 m from the closed door 103.4
Outside, 1 m from the closed door 78.8
Outside, 3 m from the closed door 75.4
Outside, 6 m from the closed door 72.4
Outside, 12 m from the closed door 68.9
Outside, 24 m from the closed door 65.1
Outside, background noise 45.8

Table 5. Octave band apparent sound reduction index and sound power level of the considered factory side and outdoor SPL at
the different distances

Parameter 63 Hz 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1 kHz 2 kHz 4 kHz 8 kHz

R’(dB) 15.7 17.3 14.2 21.2 22.0 23.9 25.8 24.0
Lw (dB) 76.0 84.9 94.1 90.4 88.0 92.3 87.9 88.8
Lp,3m (dB) 52.5 61.4 70.6 66.9 64.5 68.8 64.4 65.3
Lp,6m (dB) 50.4 59.4 68.5 64.8 62.4 66.7 62.3 63.2
Lp,12m (dB) 47.2 56.1 65.3 61.5 59.2 63.5 59.1 59.9
Lp,24m (dB) 42.6 51.6 60.7 57.0 54.6 58.9 54.5 55.4

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 Tomozei et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11 (2012), 3, 701-708
Table 6. Measured and calculated outdoor A-weighted SPL values at different distance from the factory side
Parameter
LpA,3m (dB)
LpA,6m (dB)
LpA,12m (dB)
LpA,24m (dB)
The maximum difference between measured
and calculated data is 1.8 dB, at 3 m from the factory
wall. According to the EN 12354-4 calculation model
the SPL outside the building, starting from a distance
of 3 m from the factory wall, decreases of 2.1 dB,
3.3 dB and 4.5 dB per distance doubling. About the
measured values, the SPL decrease is quite constant
from 3 to 24 m, and equal to 3.0, 3.4 and 3.9 dB,
respectively. A good correspondence between
measured and calculated data has shown.
4. Conclusions
This work deals with noise pollution inside
and outside a factory. Measurement of the noise
power levels emitted by two sources located inside an
industrial plant were carried out according to EN ISO
3746 Standard and the transmission of noise going
from inside to outside was investigated by
measurements and by calculations according to EN
12354-4 Standard.
As far as the first topic is concerned, SPL
measurements were performed around a medium size
numerical control drilling machine placed adjacent to
two walls in a cabin and around a smaller riveting
machine positioned in the middle of the factory. The
A-weighted sound power levels were calculated after
the influence of background noise and reverberation
was excluded. From the case studies the main
problems encountered in the application of the
Standard, which could bring uncertainty in results, are
the correct definition of the measurement surface, the
identification of the microphone positions with
respect to the proximity to other reflecting surfaces
and the evaluation of the correction coefficient due to
reverberation. As far as the correction term due to
undesired reflections it should be carefully considered
before starting the measurements, since it could easily
invalidate the experimental session. The second topic
concerned the noise transmission from indoor to
outdoor and the noise propagation outside the factory.
Noise was emitted from a source located inside the
production building. SPL measurements were carried
out near the noise source and outside the building at
3 m, 6 m, 12 m and 24 m. The measurement results
were compared with the ones calculated, according to
the EN 12354-4 Standard, showing a good
correspondence. The maximum difference between
measured and calculated data is 1.8 dB, at 3 m from
the factory wall.
708
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Calculated values Measured values
73.6 75.4
71.5 72.4
68.3 68.9
63.7 65.1
Acknowledgements
This paper was performed with the support of the “Doctoral
Scholarships - an Investment in Intelligence (BRAIN),
Strategic Project “Invest in People” funded during 2008 -
2011” by European Social Found and Romanian
Government. Many thanks are due to Eng. Fabrizio
Bronuzzi, of the Politecnico di Torino, DENER, and to Dr.
Alessandro Schiavi, of INRiM (National Institute of
Metrological Research), for their considerable help in
carrying out the measurements, and to Eng. M. Sassone, the
manager of the E. Sassone S.R.L., for his permission to
carry out the measurement.
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