ENERGY HARVESTING FROM PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS FULLY

INTEGRATED IN FOOTWEAR

CONTENTS

CHAPTER No TITLE PAGENO

1 ABSTRACT 3
2 INTRODUCTION 4
HARDWARE
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5
4 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 6
4.1 ABOUT MICROCONTROLER 6
4.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 31
4.3 PIEZOELECTRIC PLATE 33
5 OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 36
6 OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 37
6.1 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT 38
6.2 MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT 41
6.3 BOOST CONVERTER 42
6.4 BATTERY 49
7 PCB DESIGN 54
7.1 INTRODUCTION 54
7.2 SOFTWARE 54
7.3 MANUFACTURING 54
7.4 PANELISATION 55
7.5 PLATING 55
7.6 ETCHING 55
7.7 SOLDER MASK 56
7.8 HOT AIR LEVELING 56

1
 SOFTWARE

8 SOFTWARE TOOLS
8.1 PIC SOFTWARE TOOL 57
8.2 SIMULATOR 58

9 ADVANTAGES 60

10 APPLICATIONS 60

11 CONCLUSION 61
12 REFERENCES 62

1. ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
2
 The Objective of this project is to generate energy using piezoelectric materials using
footwear.

SCOPE:

In the last few years, there has been an increasing demand for low-power and
portable-energy sources due to the development and mass consumption of portable electronic
devices. Furthermore, the portable-energy sources must be associated with environmental
issues and imposed regulations. These demands support research in the areas of portable-
energy generation methods. In this project using piezoelectric materials we used to generate
energy in footwear.

BRIEF METHODOLOGY:

This project contains

 PIC Microcontroller
 Piezoelectric Materials
 DC to DC Converter
 Battery
 Inverter
 Footwear

In this project in footwear we are using piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric material

produce an electric field when exposed to a change in dimension caused by an imposed
mechanical force (piezoelectric or generator effect). Conversely, an applied electric field will
produce a mechanical stress.

When we walk there will be pressure given to the piezoelectric material hence it is
sentenced to mechanical stress and due to this it is converted to the electrical signal and it is

3
given to the DC-DC converter and the Dc signal is given to the battery and using inverter
section we converting DC-AC and it is connected to the load.

The Pulse for the DC-DC converter is given using PIC microcontroller and for the
inverter section we are given pulse from controller and it the DC is converted to the Ac and it
is given to the load. Hence it is use to produce some amount of energy which is connected to
the load and can use.

Here the Controller is PIC microcontroller because PWM can be generated. Using this
SPWM signal we are able to convert to AC using inverter function.

2. INTRODUCTION

4
AS LOW-POWER and wearable electronic devices are more and more present in our
everyday life, there is a growing need for the delivery of power to different points of the
human body. Table I shows the approximate energy consumption for 1 h of operation of
some portable devices that can be considered as possible applications of the energy generated
by our system. Another interesting application is a posture monitoring system of the human
body presented by Silva et al. [1]. The posture monitoring system is composed of five sensing
modules,
i.e., two located on upper members, two on lower members, and one on the spine, as shown
in Fig. 1. The detection algorithm uses the gravitational force to detect inclination and the
earth magnetic field to measure the rotation of the body about the axis perpendicular to the
gravity field. The total energy consumption of the suit is near 20 J per operating hour.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

5
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

MICROCONTROLLER:

6
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important role in revolutionizing

various industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly than one can imagine.

Since its emergence in the early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a general

purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is finding using diverse area, starting

from simple children's toys to highly complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many

advantages, the application domain has spread in all conceivable directions, making it

ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a great deal of interest and enthusiasm among

students, teachers and practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for imparting

the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and development. It identifies the vital

features responsible for their tremendous impact, the acute educational need created by them

and provides a glimpse of the major application area.

MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single IC.

Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for microprocessors to be put into low cost

products. Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces

the cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's power to implement

their function, because the microprocessor is a natural way to implement many products. This

means the idea of using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up often. But the

typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80 and 8085 is expensive.

Both 8085 and Z80 system need some additional circuits to make a microprocessor system.

Each part carries costs of money. Even though a product design may requires only very

simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a low cost product.

7
 To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip

microcontroller. This could be called microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC.

Most frequently they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used to

perform control functions.

The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also SERIAL PORTS.

Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or "single chip microprocessor system" or

"computer on a chip".

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a single-chip

computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the device'

might be used to control objects, processes, or events. Another term to describe a

microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits

are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent

products. For example most personal computers keyboards and implemented with a

microcontroller. It replaces Scanning, Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial transmission

circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills, Microwave Ovens, VCR and

a host of other consumer and industrial products are based on microcontrollers.

EVOLUTION OF MICROCONTROROLLER

Markets for microcontrollers can run into millions of units per application. At these

volumes of the microcontrollers is a commodity items and must be optimized so that cost is at
8
a minimum. .Semiconductor manufacturers have produced a mind-numbing array of designs

that would seem to meet almost any need. Some of the chips listed in this section are no

longer regular production, most are current, and a few are best termed as "smoke ware": the

dreams of an aggressive marketing department.

Sl.No
Manufacturer Chip Year No. No RAM ROM Other
Designation of of Features
Pins I/O
4 Bit MC
1. Texas Instruments TMS 1000 Mid 28 23 64 1K LED
1970 Display
2. Hitachi HMCS 40 - 28 10 32 512 10 bit ROM
3. Toshiba TLCS 47 - 42 35 128 2K Serial bit I/O
8 bit MC
1. Intel 8048 1976 40 27 64 1K External
Memory 8K
2 Intel 8051 1980 40 32 128 4K External
Memory 128
K
3. Motorola 6081 1977 - 31 128 2K
4. Motorola 68HC11 1985 52 40 256 8K Serial Port,
ADC,
5. Zilog Z8 - 40 32 128 2K External
Memory
128K,
16 Bit MC
1. Intel 80C196 - 68 40 232 8K External
Memory
64K, Serial
Port, ADC,
WDT, PWM
9
2. Hitachi H8/532 - 84 65 1K 32K External
Memory
1M, Serial
Port, ADC,
PWM
3. National HPC16164 - 68 52 512 16K External
Memory
64K, ADC,
WDT, PWM
32 Bit MC
1. Intel 80960 - 132 20 MHz clock, 32 bit bus, 512 byte
instruction cache

10
PIC

The microcontroller that has been used for this project is from PIC series. PIC
microcontroller is the first RISC based microcontroller fabricated in CMOS (complimentary
metal oxide semiconductor) that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing
simultaneous access of program and data memory.

The main advantage of CMOS and RISC combination is low power consumption resulting in
a very small chip size with a small pin count. The main advantage of CMOS is that it has
immunity to noise than other fabrication techniques.

Various microcontrollers offer different kinds of memories. EEPROM, EPROM,

FLASH etc. are some of the memories of which FLASH is the most recently developed.
Technology that is used in pic16F877 is flash technology, so that data is retained even when
the power is switched off. Easy Programming and Erasing are other features of PIC 16F877.

CORE FEATURES:

• High-performance RISC CPU

• Only 35 single word instructions to learn

• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle

• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input

DC - 200 ns instruction cycle

• Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,

Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory

• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73/74/76/77

11
• Interrupt capability (up to 14 internal/external

• Eight level deep hardware stack

• Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes

• Power-on Reset (POR)

• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code-protection

• Power saving SLEEP mode

• Selectable oscillator options

• Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology

• Fully static design

• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins

• Only single 5V source needed for programming capability

• In-Circuit Debugging via two pins

• Processor read/write access to program memory

• Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V

• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA

• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges

• Low-power consumption:

< 2mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz

20mA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz

< 1mA typical standby current

12
PERIPHERAL FEATURES:

• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during sleep

Via external crystal/clock

• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler

• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

Capture is 16-bit, max resolution is 12.5 ns,

Compare is 16-bit, max resolution is 200 ns,

PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit

• 10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter

• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI. (Master Mode) and I2C. (Master/Slave)

• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with

9- Bit addresses detection.

• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 16F877:

13
 The complete architecture of PIC 16F877 is shown in the fig 2.1. Table 2.1 gives
details about the specifications of PIC 16F877. Fig 2.2 shows the complete pin diagram of the
IC PIC 16F877.

TABLE SPECIFICATIONS

14DATA DATA EEPROM

DEVICE PROGRAM FLASH
MEMORY
PIC 16F877 8K 368 Bytes 256 Bytes
PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877

PIN OUT DESCRIPTION

15
16
 Legend: I = input O = output I/O = input/output P = power

= Not used TTL = TTL input ST = Schmitt Trigger input

Note :

1. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as an external interrupt.

2. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode.

3. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured as general purpose I/O and a TTL
input when used in the Parallel Slave Port mode (for interfacing to a microprocessor bus).
17
4. This buffer is a Schmitt Trigger input when configured in RC oscillator mode and a

CMOS input otherwise.

I/O PORTS:

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the
peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not
be used as a general purpose I/O pin.

Additional Information on I/O ports may be found in the IC micro™ Mid-Range

Reference Manual,

PORTA AND THE TRISA REGISTER:

PORTA is a 6-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input, i.e., put
the corresponding output driver in a Hi-impedance mode. Clearing a TRISA bit (=0) will
make the corresponding PORTA pin an output, i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the
selected pin.

PORTB AND TRISB REGISTER:

PORTB is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register
is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input, i.e.,
put the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode. Clearing a TRISB bit (=0) will
make the corresponding PORTB pin an output, i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the
selected pin. Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming
function; RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. The alternate functions of these pins are
18
described in the Special Features Section. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-
up. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups.

This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG<7>). The weak pull-up is

automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are
disabled on a Power-on Reset.

PORTC AND THE TRISC REGISTER:

PORTC is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register
is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an input, i.e.,
put the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode. Clearing a TRISC bit (=0) will
make the corresponding PORTC pin an output, i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the
selected pin. PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions. PORTC pins have
Schmitt Trigger input buffers.

PORTD AND TRISD REGISTERS:

This section is not applicable to the 28-pin devices. PORTD is an 8-bit port with
Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or output.
PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor Port (parallel slave port) by
setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.

PORTE AND TRISE REGISTER:

PORTE has three pins RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and RE2/CS/AN7, which are
individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers.
19
 The PORTE pins become control inputs for the microprocessor port when bit
PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. In this mode, the user must make sure that the TRISE<2:0>
bits are set (pins are configured as digital inputs). Ensure ADCON1 is configured for digital
I/O. In this mode the input buffers are TTL.

PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs. When selected as an analog input,
these pins will read as '0's. TRISE controls the direction of the RE pins, even when they are
being used as analog inputs. The user must make sure to keep the pins configured as inputs
when using them as analog inputs.

MEMORY ORGANISATION:

There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16F877 MUC’s. The program
memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur.

PROGRAM MEMORY ORGANISATION:

The PIC16f877 devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing 8K *14
words of FLASH program memory. Accessing a location above the physically implemented
address will cause a wraparound.

The RESET vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h.

DATA MEMORY ORGANISTION:

The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain the General
Purpose Registers and the special functions Registers. Bits RP1 (STATUS<6) and RP0
(STATUS<5>) are the bank selected bits.

RP1:RP0 Banks
00 0
01 1

20
 10 2
11 3

Each bank extends up to 7Fh (1238 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are
reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are
General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM. All implemented banks contain
special function registers. Some frequently used special function registers from one bank
may be mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker access.

EEPROM:

EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable read only memory) technology supplies

Nonvolatile storage of variables to a PIC-controlled device or instrument. That is variables

stored in an EEPROM will remain there even after power has been turned off and then on
again. Some instruments use an EEPROM to store calibration data during manufacture. In
this way, each instrument is actually custom built, with customization that can be easily
automated. Other instruments use and EEPROM to allow a user to store several sets of
setup information. For an instrument requiring a complicated setup procedure, this permits
a user to retrieve the setup required for any one of several very

Different measurements. Still other devices use an EEPROM in a way that is transparent

To a user, providing backup of setup parameters and thereby bridging over power outages

The data EEPROM and flash program memory are readable and writable during
normal operation over the entire VDD range. A bulk erase operation may not be issued from
user code (which includes removing code protection. The data memory is not directly
mapped in the register file space. Instead it is indirectly addressed through the special
function registers (SFR).

There are six SFRS used to read and write the program and data EEPROM memory.

These registers are:

21
 EECON1

EECON2

EEDATA

EEDATH

EEADR

EEADRH

EEDATA holds the 8-bit data for read/write and EEADRR holds the address of the EEPROM
location being accessed. The 8-bit EEADR register can access up to 256 locations of data
EEPROM. The EEADR register can be thought of as the indirect addressing register of the
data EEPROM. EEcon1 contains the control bits, while eecon2 is the register used to initiate
the read/write. The EEPROM data memory allows bytes read and write. A byte write
automatically erases the location and writes the new data. The write time is controlled by
timer in-built.

TIMERS

There are three timers used Timer 0, Timer1 and Timer2

Timer 0

8-bit timer/counter

Software programmable prescaler

Internal or external clock select

Readable writable

Interrupt on overflow

Edge selects for external clock

22
Timer 1

Timer 1 can be used as timer or counter

It is 16-bit register

Software programmable prescaler

Interrupt on overflow

Readable and writable

The timer-1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting two 8-bit register (TMR1H) and

TMR1L), which are readable and writable. The TMR1 register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L)

Increments from 0000h to FFFFH and rolls over to 0000h. The tmr1 interrupt, if enabled, is
generated on overflow, which is latched in interrupt flag bit tmr1IF. This interrupt can be
enabled/disabled by setting/clearing tmr1 interrupt enable bit tmr1IE.

Timer-2

Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. IT can be used as the PWM

Time-base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s). The TMR2 register is readable and
writable, and is cleared on any device reset.

The input clock (Fosc/4) has a prescale option of 1:1, 1:4 OR 1:16, selected by control
bits.

The timer2 module has an 8-bit period register PR2. Timer2 increments from 00h
until it match PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and
writable register. The PR2 register is initialized to FFh upon reset.

23
The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling
inclusive) to generate a tmr2 interrupt

Timer 2 can be shut off by clearing control bit tmr2on to minimize power consumption.

The prescaler and postscaler counters are cleared when any of the following occurs:

A write to the tmr2 register

A write to the t2con register

An any device reset

Tmr2 is not cleared when t2con is written

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)

There are two types of analog to digital converter is present in this IC. We use 10-bit
ADC. The ADC module can have up to eight analog inputs for a device. The analog input
charges a sample and hold capacitor. The output of sample and hold capacitor is the input
into the converter. The converter then generates a digital result of this analog level via
successive approximation. The A/D conversion of the analog input signal results in a

Corresponding10-bit digital number. The A/D module has high and low voltage reference
input that is software selectable to some combination of VDD, VSS, and RA2

Or RA3.

The A/D module has four registers. These registers are

A/D result high register (ADRESH)

24
A/D RESULT LOW REGISTER (ADRESL)

A/D CONTROL REGISTER 0 (ADCON0)

A/D CONTROL REGISTER 1 (ADCON1)

25
INTERRUPTS

The PIC16F87X FAMILY HAS UPTO 14 SOURCES OF INTERRUPT. The interrupt

control register (INTCON) records individual interrupt requests in flag bits. IT also has
individual interrupt requests in flag bits. IT also has individual and global interrupt enables
bits.

Though some modules may generate multiple interrupts such as (USART) They have 14
sources. There is a minimum of one register used in the control and status of the interrupts.

INTCON

Additionally if the device has peripheral interrupts, then it will have registers to
enable the peripheral interrupts and registers to hold the interrupt flag bits

PIE1

PIE2

PIR1

PIR2

26
ADDRESSING MODES:

DIRECT ADDRESSING:

In direct addressing, the operand specified by an 8-bit address field in the instruction.

Only internal data RAM and SFR’s can be directly addressed.

INDIRECT ADDRESSING:

In Indirect addressing, the instruction specifies a register that contains the address of

the operand. Both internal and external RAM can indirectly address.

The address register for 8-bit addresses can be either the Stack Pointer or R0 or R1 of

the selected register Bank. The address register for 16-bit addresses can be only the 16-bit

data pointer register, DPTR.

INDEXED ADDRESSING:

Program memory can only be accessed via indexed addressing this addressing mode

is intended for reading look-up tables in program memory. A 16 bit base register (Either

DPTR or the Program Counter) points to the base of the table, and the accumulator is set up

with the table entry number. Adding the Accumulator data to the base pointer forms the

address of the table entry in program memory.

Another type of indexed addressing is used in the“ case jump ” instructions. In this

case the destination address of a jump instruction is computed as the sum of the base pointer

and the Accumulator data.

REGISTER INSTRUCTION:

27
 The register banks, which contains registers R0 through R7, can be accessed by

instructions whose opcodes carry a 3-bit register specification. Instructions that access the

registers this way make efficient use of code, since this mode eliminates an address byte.

When the instruction is executed, one of four banks is selected at execution time by the row

bank select bits in PSW.

REGISTER - SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION:

Some Instructions are specific to a certain register. For example some instruction

always operates on the Accumulator, so no address byte is needed to point OT ir. In these

cases, the opcode itself points to the correct register. Instruction that register to Accumulator

as A assemble as Accumulator - specific Opcodes.

IMMEDIATE CONSTANTS:

The value of a constant can follow the opcode in program memory For example.

MOV A, #100 loads the Accumulator with the decimal number 100. The same number could

be specified in hex digit as 64h.

OSCILLATOR AND CLOCK CIRCUIT:

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output respectively of an inverting amplifier

which is intended for use as a crystal oscillator in the pioerce configuration, in the frequency

range of 1.2 Mhz to 12 Mhz. XTAL2 also the input to the internal clock generator.

To drive the chip with an internal oscillator, one would ground XTAL1 and XTAL2.

Since the input to the clock generator is divide by two filip flop there are no requirements on

28
the duty cycle of the external oscillator signal. However, minimum high and low times must

be observed.

The clock generator divides the oscillator frequency by 2 and provides a tow phase

clock signal to the chip. The phase 1 signal is active during the first half to each clock period

and the phase 2 signals are active during the second half of each clock period.

CPU TIMING:

A machine cycle consists of 6 states. Each stare is divided into a phase / half, during

which the phase 1 clock is active and phase 2 half. Arithmetic and Logical operations take

place during phase1 and internal register - to register transfer take place during phase 2

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN MICRO CONTROLLER

The manner in which the use of micro controllers is shaping our lives is breathtaking.

Today, this versatile device can be found in a variety of control applications. CVTs,

VCRs, CD players, microwave ovens, and automotive engine systems are some of these.

A micro controller unit (MCU) uses the microprocessor as its central processing unit

(CPU) and incorporates memory, timing reference, I/O peripherals, etc on the same chip.

Limited computational capabilities and enhanced I/O are special features.

The micro controller is the most essential IC for continuous process- based applications

in industries like chemical, refinery, pharmaceutical automobile, steel, and electrical,

employing programmable logic systems (DCS). PLC and DCS thrive on the

programmability of an MCU.

There are many MCU manufacturers. To understand and apply general concepts, it is

necessary to study one type in detail. This specific knowledge can be used to understand

similar features of other MCUs.

29
Micro controller devices have many similarities. When you look at the differences, they

are not so great either. Most common and popular MCUs are considered to be mature and

well-established products, which have their individual adherents and devotees. There are

a number of variants within each family to satisfy most memory, I/O, data conversion,

and timing needs of enduser applications.

The MCU is designed to operate on application-oriented sensor data-for example,

temperature and pressure of a blast furnace in an industrial process that is fed through its

serial or operated on under the control of software and stored in ROM. Appropriate

signals are fed via output ports to control external devices and systems.

30
APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLERS

Microcontrollers are designed for use in sophisticated real time applications such as

1. Industrial Control

2. Instrumentation and

3. Intelligent computer peripherals

They are used in industrial applications to control

 Motor

 Robotics

 Discrete and continuous process control

 In missile guidance and control

 In medical instrumentation

 Oscilloscopes

 Telecommunication

 Automobiles

 For Scanning a keyboard

 Driving an LCD

 For Frequency measurements

 Period Measurements

31
 4.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both
liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within
which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped
together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes
which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present
in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to
maintain a defined orientation angle.

One each polarizes are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarizes would
rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction. When
the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizes and the liquid crystal,
such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD
appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules
would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be
rotated by the polarizes, which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.
The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s consume
less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered for
long durations.

The LCD does not generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using
backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating
temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which
makes the LCD’s more customers friendly.

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are the
simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent
advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying
capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs being extensively

32
used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started
replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in
small TV applications.

Crystalonics dot–matrix (alphanumeric) liquid crystal displays are available in TN,

STN types, with or without backlight. The use of C-MOS LCD controller and driver ICs
result in low power consumption. These modules can be interfaced with a 4-bit or 8-bit
microprocessor /Micro controller.

 The built-in controller IC has the following features:

 Correspond to high speed MPU interface (2MHz)
 80 x 8 bit display RAM (80 Characters max)
 9,920-bit character generator ROM for a total of 240 character fonts. 208 character fonts
(5 x 8 dots) 32 character fonts (5 x 10 dots)
 64 x 8 bit character generator RAM 8 character generator RAM 8 character fonts (5 x 8
dots) 4 characters fonts (5 x 10 dots)
 Programmable duty cycles
 1/8 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor
 1/11 – for one line of 5 x 10 dots with cursor
 1/16 – for one line of 5 x 8 dots with cursor
 Wide range of instruction functions display clear, cursor home, display on/off, cursor
on/off, display character blink, cursor shift, display shift.
 Automatic reset circuit, which initializes the controller / driver ICs after power on.

33
4.3 PIEZOELECTRIC PLATE:

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure,
acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal.

A piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed (change in shape is greatly

exaggerated)

Sensing materials

Two main groups of materials are used for piezoelectric sensors: piezoelectric ceramics and
single crystal materials. The ceramic materials (such as PZT ceramic) have a piezoelectric
constant / sensitivity that is roughly two orders of magnitude higher than those of single
crystal materials and can be produced by inexpensive sintering processes. The piezoeffect in
piezoceramics is "trained", so unfortunately their high sensitivity degrades over time. The
degradation is highly correlated with temperature. The less sensitive crystal materials
(gallium phosphate, quartz, tourmaline) have a much higher – when carefully handled, almost
infinite – long term stability.

Piezoelectric Transducers

The conversion of electrical pulses to

mechanical vibrations and the conversion of
34
returned mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy is the basis for ultrasonic testing.
The active element is the heart of the transducer as it converts the electrical energy to
acoustic energy, and vice versa. The active element is basically a piece of polarized material
(i.e. some parts of the molecule are positively charged, while other parts of the molecule are
negatively charged) with electrodes attached to two of its opposite faces. When an electric
field is applied across the material, the polarized molecules will align themselves with the
electric field, resulting in induced dipoles within the molecular or crystal structure of the
material. This alignment of molecules will cause the material to change dimensions. This
phenomenon is known as electrostriction. In addition, a permanently-polarized material such
as quartz (SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) will produce an electric field when the material
changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical force. This phenomenon is known
as the piezoelectric effect. Additional information on why certain materials produce this
effect can be found in the linked presentation material, which was produced by the Valpey
Fisher Corporation.

Piezoelectric Effect (PPT, 89kb)   Piezoelectric Elements (PPT, 178kb)

The active element of most acoustic transducers used today is a piezoelectric ceramic, which
can be cut in various ways to produce different wave modes. A large piezoelectric ceramic
element can be seen in the image of a sectioned low frequency transducer. Preceding the
advent of piezoelectric ceramics in the early 1950's, piezoelectric crystals made from quartz
crystals and magnetostrictive materials were primarily used. The active element is still
sometimes referred to as the crystal by old timers in the NDT field. When piezoelectric
ceramics were introduced, they soon became the dominant material for transducers due to
their good piezoelectric properties and their ease of manufacture into a variety of shapes and
sizes. They also operate at low voltage and are usable up to about 300oC.

The first piezoceramic in general use was barium titanate, and that was followed during the
1960's by lead zirconate titanate compositions, which are now the most commonly employed
ceramic for making transducers. New materials such as piezo-polymers and composites are
also being used in some applications.

35
5.OVER ALL CIRCUIT

36
OVER ALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

6.1Power supply

37
 Block diagram

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac
voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave
rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the
input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage
regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

IC REGULATOR
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER LOAD

Block diagram (Power supply)

Working principle

Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-
6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision
rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using precision
rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS
output.

Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network,
and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will
forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
38
 The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time
D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2
are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3,
through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid
arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,
forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from
point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to
point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed
across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing
through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since
current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge
rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with
a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of
the conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A
and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed
between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit
shown—in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since
only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any
instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never
exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier
shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage,
which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000
volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a
higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

IC voltage regulators
39
 Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units
contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload
protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a
fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for
operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes,
corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.

Circuit diagram (Power supply)

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,

applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with
the third terminal connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
volts.
40
  For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts
 For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts

6.2MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT:

41
6.3BOOST CONVERTER

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC voltage

greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply (SMPS)
42
containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least one
energy storage element. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors)
are normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage ripple.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist
changes in current. When being charged it acts as a load and absorbs energy (somewhat like a
resistor), when being discharged, it acts as an energy source (somewhat like a battery). The
voltage it produces during the discharge phase is related to the rate of change of current, and
not to the original charging voltage, thus allowing different input and output voltages.

43
 Fig. 1:Boost converter schematic

Fig. 2: The two configurations of a boost converter, depending on the state of the switch S.

The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states (see figure 2):

 in the On-state, the switch S (see figure 1) is closed, resulting in an increase in the
inductor current;
 in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is
through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This results in
transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor.

 The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure 2. So it is
not discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are
relaxed compared to a buck converter.

44
Continuous mode

Fig. 3:Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in continuous mode.

When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor (IL)
never falls to zero. Figure 3 shows the typical waveforms of currents and voltages in a
converter operating in this mode. The output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case
of an ideal converter (i.e. using components with an ideal behaviour) operating in steady
conditions:

During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which makes the input voltage (Vi) appear across
the inductor, which causes a change in current (IL) flowing through the inductor during a time
period (t) by the formula:

At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:

45
D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the
switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).

During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If
we consider zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to
remain constant, the evolution of IL is:

Therefore, the variation of IL during the Off-period is:

As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of energy
stored in each of its components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a
commutation cycle. In particular, the energy stored in the inductor is given by:

So, the inductor current has to be the same at the start and end of the commutation cycle. This
means the overall change in the current (the sum of the changes) is zero:

Substituting and by their expressions yields:

46
This can be written as:

Which in turns reveals the duty cycle to be:

From the above expression it can be seen that the output voltage is always higher than the
input voltage (as the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that it increases with D, theoretically to
infinity as D approaches 1. This is why this converter is sometimes referred to as a step-up
converter.

Discontinuous mode

47
Fig. 4:Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in discontinuous
mode.

In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is small enough to be transferred in
a time smaller than the whole commutation period. In this case, the current through the
inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only difference in the principle described
above is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation cycle (see
waveforms in figure 4). Although slight, the difference has a strong effect on the output
voltage equation. It can be calculated as follows:

As the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle is zero, its maximum value (at t =
DT) is

During the off-period, IL falls to zero after δT:

Using the two previous equations, δ is:

48
The load current Io is equal to the average diode current (ID). As can be seen on figure 4, the
diode current is equal to the inductor current during the off-state. Therefore the output current
can be written as:

Replacing ILmax and δ by their respective expressions yields:

Therefore, the output voltage gain can be written as flow:

Compared to the expression of the output voltage for the continuous mode, this expression is
much more complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation, the output voltage gain not
only depends on the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage, the
switching frequency, and the output current.

6.4BATTERY:
49
Various cells and batteries (top-left to bottom-right): two AA, one D, one handheld ham radio
battery, two 9-volt PP3, two AAA, one C, one camcorder battery, one cordless phone battery.

An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy.[1] Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in
1800 by Alessandro Volta, batteries have become a common power source for many
household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery
industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year,[2] with 6% annual growth.[3]

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed
to be used once and discarded when they are exhausted, and secondary batteries
(rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times.
Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger
batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

History

50
The symbol for a battery in a circuit diagram. It originated as a schematic drawing of the
earliest type of battery, a voltaic pile.

Strictly, a battery is a collection of multiple electrochemical cells, but in popular usage

battery often refers to a single cell. [1] The first electrochemical cell was developed by the
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1792, and in 1800 he invented the first battery—for him,
a "pile" of cells.[4]

The usage of "battery" to describe electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, who in 1748
described multiple Leyden jars (early electrical capacitors) by analogy to a battery of
cannons.[5] Thus Franklin's usage to describe multiple Leyden jars predated Volta's use of
multiple galvanic cells.[6]. It is speculated, but not established, that several ancient artifacts
consisting of copper sheets and iron bars, and known as Baghdad batteries may have been
galvanic cells.[7]

Volta's work was stimulated by the Italian anatomist and physiologist Luigi Galvani, who in
1780 noticed that dissected frog's legs would twitch when struck by a spark from a Leyden
jar, an external source of electricity.[8] In 1786 he noticed that twitching would occur during
lightning storms.[9] After many years Galvani learned how to produce twitching without using
any external source of electricity. In 1791 he published a report on "animal electricity." [10] He
created an electric circuit consisting of the frog's leg (FL) and two different metals A and B,
each metal touching the frog's leg and each other, thus producing the circuit A-FL-B-A-FL-
B...etc. In modern terms, the frog's leg served as both the electrolyte and the sensor, and the
metals served as electrodes. He noticed that even though the frog was dead, its legs would
twitch when he touched them with the metals.

Within a year, Volta realized the frog's moist tissues could be replaced by cardboard soaked
in salt water, and the frog's muscular response could be replaced by another form of electrical
51
detection. He already had studied the electrostatic phenomenon of capacitance, which
required measurements of electric charge and of electrical potential ("tension"). Building on
this experience, Volta was able to detect electric current through his system, also called a
Galvanic cell. The terminal voltage of a cell that is not discharging is called its electromotive
force (emf), and has the same unit as electrical potential, named (voltage) and measured in
volts, in honor of Volta. In 1800, Volta invented the battery by placing many voltaic cells in
series, literally piling them one above the other. This voltaic pile gave a greatly enhanced net
emf for the combination,[11] with a voltage of about 50 volts for a 32-cell pile.[12] In many
parts of Europe batteries continue to be called piles.[13][14]

Volta did not appreciate that the voltage was due to chemical reactions. He thought that his
cells were an inexhaustible source of energy,[15] and that the associated chemical effects (e.g.
corrosion) were a mere nuisance, rather than an unavoidable consequence of their operation,
as Michael Faraday showed in 1834.[16] According to Faraday, cations (positively charged
ions) are attracted to the cathode,[17] and anions (negatively charged ions) are attracted to the
anode.[18]

Although early batteries were of great value for experimental purposes, in practice their
voltages fluctuated and they could not provide a large current for a sustained period. Later,
starting with the Daniell cell in 1836, batteries provided more reliable currents and were
adopted by industry for use in stationary devices, particularly in telegraph networks where
they were the only practical source of electricity, since electrical distribution networks did not
exist at the time.[19] These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and
spillage if not handled correctly. Many used glass jars to hold their components, which made
them fragile. These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances. Near the
end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid
electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.[20]

Since then, batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for a variety
of purposes.[21]

How batteries work

52
A voltaic cell for demonstration purposes. In this example the two half-cells are linked by a
salt bridge separator that permits the transfer of ions, but not water molecules.

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.[22] It consists
of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by
a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and
the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative
electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations
(positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction
that powers the battery, reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode,
while oxidation (removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode.[23] The electrodes do not
touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Many cells use two half-
cells with different electrolytes. In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a
separator that is porous to ions, but not the bulk of the electrolytes, prevents mixing.

Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric
current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference
between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. [12] Therefore, if the electrodes

have emfs and , then the net emf is ; in other words, the net emf is the
difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.[24]

The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal
voltage (difference) and is measured in volts.[25] The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither
charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell.
Because of internal resistance[26], the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in
magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging
53
exceeds the open-circuit voltage.[27] An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it
would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If
such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one coulomb then on complete
discharge it would perform 1.5 joule of work.[25] In actual cells, the internal resistance
increases under discharge,[26] and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If
the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve;
the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.
[28]

As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release
of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have
different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH
cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. [29] On the other
hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give
lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.[30]

7. PCB DESIGN

Design and Fabrication of Printed circuit boards

7.1 INTRODUCTION:

54
 Printed circuit boards, or PCBs, form the core of electronic equipment domestic and
industrial. Some of the areas where PCBs are intensively used are computers, process control,
telecommunications and instrumentation.

7.2 MANUFATCURING:

The manufacturing process consists of two methods; print and etch, and print, plate
and etch. The single sided PCBs are usually made using the print and etch method. The
double sided plate through – hole (PTH) boards are made by the print plate and etch method.

The production of multi layer boards uses both the methods. The inner layers are
printed and etch while the outer layers are produced by print, plate and etch after pressing the
inner layers.

7.3 SOFTWARE:

The software used in our project to obtain the schematic layout is MICROSIM.

7.4 PANELISATION:

Here the schematic transformed in to the working positive/negative films. The circuit is
repeated conveniently to accommodate economically as many circuits as possible in a
panel, which can be operated in every sequence of subsequent steps in the PCB process.
This is called penalization. For the PTH boards, the next operation is drilling.

55
7.5 DRILLING:

PCB drilling is a state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with high
speed CNC drilling machines, giving a wall finish with less or no smear or epoxy, required
for void free through hole plating.

7.6 PLATING:

The heart of the PCB manufacturing process. The holes drilled in the board are treated
both mechanically and chemically before depositing the copper by the electro less copper
platting process.

7.7 ETCHING:

Once a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper deposited, the image
available in the form of a film is transferred on to the out side by photo printing using a dry
film printing process. The boards are then electrolytic plated on to the circuit pattern with
copper and tin. The tin-plated deposit serves an etch resist when copper in the unwanted area
is removed by the conveyor’s spray etching machines with chemical etch ants. The etching
machines are attached to an automatic dosing equipment, which analyses and controls etch
ants concentrations

56
7.8 SOLDERMASK:

Since a PCB design may call for very close spacing between conductors, a solder
mask has to be applied on the both sides of the circuitry to avoid the bridging of conductors.
The solder mask ink is applied by screening. The ink is dried, exposed to UV, developed in a
mild alkaline solution and finally cured by both UV and thermal energy.

7.9 HOT AIR LEVELLING:

After applying the solder mask, the circuit pads are soldered using the hot air leveling
process. The bare bodies fluxed and dipped in to a molten solder bath. While removing the
board from the solder bath, hot air is blown on both sides of the board through air knives in
the machines, leaving the board soldered and leveled. This is one of the common finishes
given to the boards. Thus the double sided plated through whole printed circuit board is
manufactured and is now ready for the components to be soldered.

57
8 SOFTWARE TOOLS

8.1 MPLAB

MPLAB IDE is an integrated development environment that provides development

engineers with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware for various Microchip devices

MPLAB IDE is a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment for the Microchip

Technology Incorporated PICmicrocontroller (MCU) and dsPIC digital signal controller
(DSC) families. In the MPLAB IDE, you can:

 Create source code using the built-in editor.

 Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An assembler,
linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are available from
Microchip and other third party vendors.

 Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator, such as
MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE. Third party
emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available.

 Make timing measurements.

 View variables in Watch windows.

 Program firmware into devices with programmers such as PICSTART Plus or PRO
MATE II.

 Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line Help.

8.2 MPLAB SIMULATOR

MPLAB SIM is a discrete-event simulator for the PIC microcontroller (MCU) families.  It is
integrated into MPLAB IDE integrated development environment. The MPLAB SIM
debugging tool is designed to model operation of Microchip Technology's PIC
microcontrollers to assist users in debugging software for these devices
58
8.3 IC PROG

The PRO MATE II is a Microchip microcontroller device programmer. Through

interchangeable programming socket modules, PRO MATE II enables you to quickly and
easily program the entire line of Microchip PICmicro microcontroller devices and many of
the Microchip memory parts.

PRO MATE II may be used with MPLAB IDE running under supported Windows OS's (see
Read me for PRO MATE II.txt for support list), with the command-line controller PROCMD
or as a stand-alone programmer

8.4 COMPILER-HIGH TECH C

A program written in the high level language called C; which will be converted into
PICmicro MCU machine code by a compiler. Machine code is suitable for use by a PICmicro
MCU or Microchip development system product like MPLAB IDE.

8.5 PIC START PLUS PROGRAMMER:

The PIC start plus development system from microchip technology provides the
product development engineer with a highly flexible low cost microcontroller design tool set
for all microchip PIC micro devices. The pic start plus development system includes PIC
start plus development programmer and MPLAB IDE.

The PIC start plus programmer gives the product developer ability to program user
software in to any of the supported microcontrollers. The PIC start plus software running
under MPLAB provides for full interactive control over the programmer.

59
Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL, with
a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to be
charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger, [41] and low self-discharge (LSD) mix
chemistries such as Hybrio,[42] ReCyko,[43] and Eneloop,[44] where cells are precharged prior to
shipping.

60
10.ADVANTAGES:

 Low cost.

 Low power consumption.

 No manual work.
 Reliability.
 Compatible size.
 Easy to implement.

11.APPLICATIONS

This project is very useful in industry we can get the efficient voltage from the solar panel.

12.CONCLUSION:
61
From the several methods available to integrate energygenerating elements harvesting human
energy, piezoelectric materials associated with electrostatic generators seem to be one of the
most promising elements. In particular, electroactive polymers are particularly interesting
due to their low cost, flexibility, and easy integration into elements such as clothes and shoes.
In this paper, electroactive polymers based on β-PVDF have been used in order to fabricate
an energy-harvesting system fully integrated into the sole of a shoe. Conventional methods
were used in order to fabricate the sole, with no modification of the industrial production
process. Through the simple configuration and electronics, energy harvesting is possible. In
order to get energy values suitable for the functioning of electronic appliances, improvements
in the material, in order to improve electromechanical conversion, and in the readout
electronics, in order to optimize the energy transfer, and the precise determination of the
geometry and number of the piezoelectric generators should be performed.

13 REFERENCES

62
MILL MAN J and HAWKIES C.C. “INTEGRATED

ELECTRONICS” MCGRAW HILL, 1972

ROY CHOUDHURY D, SHAIL JAIN, “ LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT”, New

Age International Publishers, New Delhi,2000

“DESIGN WITH PIC MICROCONTROLLER” by John Bheat Man.

WEBSITES:

http://www.microchip.com/

www.8052.com

http://www.beyondlogic.org

http://www.ctv.es/pckits/home.html

http://www.aimglobal.org/

63