FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2019

ABPS2103

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

MATRICULATION NO : 921227085528001
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 921227-08-5528
TELEPHONE NO. : 016-5610141
E-MAIL : rkunavathy@yahoo.com.my
LEARNING CENTRE : PERAK LEARNING CENTER

0
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE NUMBER

QUESTION 1:
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2-3
2.0 QUESTION 1(A) 4-5
3.0 QUESTION 1(B) 6-8
4.0 QUESTION 1(C ) 8-9
5.0 CONCLUSION 9
REFERENCES 10

QUESTION 2:
1.0 INTRODUCTION 11
2.0 EVALUATION OF EXTENDED FAMILY’S ROLE IN LIFE 11-12
3.0 EXPLANATION OF OWN PRACTICE 13-15
4.0 CONCLUSION 15
REFERENCES 16

1
QUESTION 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The children analyze fundamental notions about the world in the family and grow
physically and mentally, find out how to speak and eventually their attitudes, moral
and spiritual are shaped, and in other words, they will be socially. Specific approaches
which families follow for upbringing their children is called parenting styles.
Parenting styles can be laid low with many factors, which include: cultural, social,
political, economic, and so on. Attitudes, ideals and behavior of parents, which can be
in parenting style, are very essential component in the improvement of children's
moral individual and stability properties. Each specific educational exercise could
have a primary position in shaping a child's person and identity. Order of parenting
fashion, is the way that parents observe for upbringing their children and an mindset
that they have closer to their children. But it must be admitted that parenting
behaviors due to cultural, ethnic and monetary changes. Parenting styles are consists
of two foremost standards: affection and parental manage. Sadeghi, Z., Abedim M.R.,
and Fatehi-Zadeh, M. (2007). Parental Control include the ones parents behaviors that
serve socialization (social values transition from mother and father to children), the
child is located. These also applies to parental steerage, balance, ability to tolerate
unwanted conduct (Eg, screaming, excuses, crying, and so forth.) and are made by
using use of incentives and strengthening.

Affection is also includes intimacy, love, kindness and affection parents. Parenting
abilities, practices, or processes that are based on their parents to upbringing their
children, inclusive of reputation and rejection, restrict, free and so forth. View that
parents exert in shaping their children, child growth and development in early life and
later personality traits and behavior are many deeply effect. For instance exclusion or
lack of child emotional relationship among mother and child, the child performs an
important function within the emergence of behavioral disturbances (Sadeghi, et al.,
2007).

The purpose of this assignment is to enhance learners’ knowledge about the

effectiveness of different parenting styles in different cultures. The parenting styles
commonly used in psychology today is based on the work of Diana Baumrind, a

2
developmental psychologist at the University of California at Berkeley. In the 1960s,
Baumrind noticed that preschoolers exhibited distinctly specific varieties of behavior.
Each kind of behavior changed into noticeably correlated to a particular type of
parenting. Baumrind, D. (1966). Baumrind’s principle is that there may be a near
dating between parenting styles and youngsters’s conduct, which result in unique
results inside the children’s lives.

Based on considerable commentary, interviews and analyses, Baumrind first of all

recognized three exceptional parenting patterns: authoritative parenting, authoritarian
parenting and permissive parenting. Maccoby and Martin (1983) increased this
parenting style model using a -dimensional framework. They made in addition
distinction by way of expanding Baumrind’s permissive parenting into different
sorts: permissive parenting (also called indulgent parenting) and neglectful parenting
(additionally called uninvolved parenting). These four parenting styles are
sometimes called the Baumrind parenting styles or Maccoby and Martin parenting
styles.

Here are Diana Baumrind’s four parenting styles:

 Authoritative
 Authoritarian
 Permissive
 Neglectful

Definition Of The 4 Parenting Styles:

Parenting styles are categorized based on two dimensions of parenting behavior:

Demandingness refers to the extend parents control their children’s behavior or
demand their maturity. Responsiveness refers to the degree parents are accepting and
sensitive to their children’s emotional and developmental needs. Baumrind, D. (1967)

2.0 QUESTION 1(a)

3
2.1 Authoritative Parenting (High Demandingness. High Responsivenss):

Authoritative parents have excessive expectations for fulfillment and maturity,

however they're additionally warm and responsive. These parents set rules and
implement boundaries through having open discussion and the usage of reasoning.
They are affectionate and supportive and inspire independence.This parenting style is
also known as Democratic Parenting Style.

Authoritative parenting style is the stability of both. It is firm but honest. Parents
punish when youngsters misbehave, however they take some time to explain why.
More importantly, they tend to be greater proactive and effective in all their actions.
Baumrind said that the authoritative parents tries to direct the child's activities but in a
rational, issue-orientated way. Monadi, M. (2005). The parent encourages verbal give
and take, shares with the child the reasoning behind every policy, and solicits his
objections whilst he refuses to conform. The parent enforces his or her very own
perspective as an adult, however recognises the child’s individual interests and special
ways. The authoritative parent affirms the child's present characteristics, however also
sets standards for future conduct.

Based on Baumrind’s research, children of authoritative parents are:

 Appear happy and content.

 Are more independent.
 Achieve higher academic success.
 Develop good self-esteem.
 Interact with peers using competent social skills.
 Have better mental health: less depression, anxiety, suicide attempts,
delinquency, alcohol and drug use.
 Exhibit less violent tendencies.

2.2 Authoritarian Parenting (High Demandingness. Low Reponsiveness):

Although authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles have similar names, they

have several important differences in parenting beliefs. While each parental patterns

4
call for excessive requirements, authoritarian parents call for blind obedience the use
of motives which includes “due to the fact I stated so“. These parents use stern field
and often rent punishment to control children’s behavior. Authoritarian parents are
unresponsive to their children’s wishes and are normally no longer nurturing.
Children of authoritarian parents:

 Tend to have an unhappy disposition.

 Are less independent.
 Appear insecure.
 Possess lower self-esteem.
 Exhibit more behavioral problems.
 Perform worse academically.
 Have poorer social skills.
 Are more prone to mental issues.
 Are more likely to have drug use problems.

According to Baumrind, the authoritarian parent attempts to form, control, and

evaluate the behaviour and attitudes of the child in accordance to a hard and fast
standard of behavior, normally an absolute standard, theologically-prompted and
formulated by way of a higher authority. Such parent values obedience as a
distinctive feature and favours punitive, forceful measures to diminish self-will at
factors in which the child’s movements or ideals conflict with what the parent
thinks is proper behavior. All abusive parents are authoritarians despite the fact
that not all authoritarian parents are abusive.

3.0 QUESTION 1(b)

The authoritative approach to parenting has been shown to lead to the best outcomes

in children, including better emotional health, social skills, more resiliency,

5
and more secure attachments with their parents. While, the authoritarian parenting is a
parenting style characterized by using excessive demands and low responsiveness.
Therefore, based on my observation Authoritative parenting style results in most
successful children while Authoritarian parenting style results in least successful
children.

3.1 Authoritative Parenting:

Out of all of the parenting patterns, children who are raised with an authoritative style
of parenting had been proven to showcase the nice effects. Some of the various
blessings of this method for children consist of the subsequent:

 They grow to be greater accountable, are able to alter themselves, and learn to
make excellent choices on their personal.
 They have respect for adults, different humans, and guidelines.
 They're not annoying or involved approximately who is in rate because they
recognize who's making choices to ensure they're healthful and glad.
 They are more empathetic, kind, and warm.
 They tend to have fewer social issues with friends, get at the side of instructors,
and be extra famous at faculty.
 They have a tendency to have comfy attachments and better relationships with
their parents.
 They may be more resistant to peer pressure.

The authoritative parenting style is an approach to child-rearing that mixes

warmth,sensitivity, and the setting of limits. Parents use high quality
reinforcement and reasoning to guide children. They avoid resorting to threats or
punishments. This technique is common in educated, center class families, and linked
with superior infant results in the course of the world. children raised by way of
authoritative parents are much more likely to become impartial, self-reliant, socially
prevalent, academically a hit, and well-behaved. Steinberg, L., Elman, J. D., &
Mounts, M. S. (1989). They are less likely to report depression and anxiety, and much
less probable to interact in antisocial behavior like delinquency and drug use.
Research shows that having as a minimum one authoritative figure can make a
massive difference (Fletcher et al 1999).

6
3.2 Authoritarian Parenting:
Parents with an authoritarian style have very high expectant of their children, yet offer
little or no within the way of comments and nurturance. Mistakes have a tendency to
be punished harshly. When remarks does arise, it is frequently bad. Authoritarian
parents tend to be very demanding, but not responsive. They have plenty of
guidelines and can even micromanage almost every component in their child's lives
and behaviors. Such regulations practice to almost each element of existence, from
how children are predicted to act inside the domestic to how they should act in public.
Additionally, in addition they have many unwritten policies that children are predicted
to follow, even though those children acquire little to no specific coaching
approximately these "regulations." Instead, children are simply predicted to
understand that these rules exist. They don't express much warmth or
nurturing. .Parents with this style often appear cold and cruel. These type of parents
are more likely to be nagging or yelling at their children in place of imparting
encouragement and reward. They value discipline over fun and tend to expect that
children should simply be seen and not heard.

Authoritarian parents utilize punishments with little or no explanation. Parents

with this style generally have no problem resorting to corporal punishment, which
regularly involves spanking. Rather than counting on tremendous reinforcement, they
react swiftly and harshly when the regulations are broken. They don't give children
choices or options. Authoritarian parents set the policies and have a "my way or the
highway" method to discipline. There is little room for negotiation and they hardly
ever permit their children to make their very own alternatives. They have little to no
patience for misbehavior. Authoritarian parents count on their children to honestly
recognize better than to interact in undesirable behaviors. They lack the persistence
for explaining why their children ought to keep away from certain behaviors and
waste little energy talking about emotions. Authoritarian parents don't trust their
children to make good choices. While parents with this style have excessive
expectations and strict policies, they also do now not give their children much
freedom to demonstrate that they can show excellent conduct and make top selections.
Rather than letting their children make decisions on their very own and face the
natural outcomes for those choices, authoritarian parents hover over their children on
the way to make sure that they don't make errors.

7
4.0 QUESTION 1(c)

There is obvious evidence that parents can and do have an impact on children. There
is equally clear proof that children’s genetic make-up impacts their personal
behavioral characteristics, and additionally affects the way they may be treated by
way of their parents. Monadi, M. (2005). Twin and adoption studies offer a legitimate
foundation for estimating the strength of genetic results, although heritability
estimates for a given trait range broadly across samples, and no person estimate can
be considered definitive. This chapter argues that understanding best the strength of
genetic factors, however, is not a sufficient foundation for estimating environmental
ones and indeed, that tries to do so can systematically underestimate parenting results.
Children’s genetic predispositions and their parent's child rearing regimes are seen to
be closely interwoven, and the ways wherein they characteristic together to affect
children’s improvement are explored.

There are, but, a few crucial obstacles of parenting fashion research that ought to be
mentioned. Links between parenting patterns and conduct are based totally on
correlative studies, which is helpful for finding relationships
among variables however cannot establish definitive reason-and-impact relationships.
While there's proof that a particular parenting style is related to a sure pattern of
conduct, other crucial variables consisting of a baby's temperament also can play a
major role. There is likewise some evidence that a child's behavior can impact
parenting patterns. A study published in 2006 observed that parents of children who
exhibited hard behavior started to showcase much less parental manipulate over the
years. Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. N. V. (2003). Such effects suggest that
children won't misbehave because their parents were too permissive, however that, as
a minimum in a few instances, the parents of tough or competitive children more
likely to surely give up on looking to manipulate their children.

The researchers have also cited that the correlations between parenting styles and
behaviors are sometimes weak at nice. In many cases, the predicted child outcomes do
not materialize; parents with authoritative patterns could have children who are

8
defiant or who have interaction in antisocial conduct, while parents with permissive
styles can have children who're self-confident and academically successful. Parenting
patterns are associated with exclusive child effects and the authoritative style is
typically connected to positive behaviors together with strong self-esteem and self-
competence.

5.0 CONCLUSION

The study of parent cognitions, beliefs, thoughts, and feelings can expand our
knowledge of child development.  Child-rearing cognitions influence parents to act
either positively or negatively towards their children.  These beliefs have been
considered good predictors of parenting behaviour because they indicate the
emotional climate in which children and parents operate and the health of the
relationship. In sum, parents observe their children through a filter of conscious and
unconscious thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes, and these filters direct the way they
perceive their children’s actions. When the thoughts are benign, they direct positive
actions. When the thoughts are accurate they will usually lead to positive actions.
When they are distorted and distressing, however, they distract parents from the task
at hand as well as leading to negative emotions and attributions that ultimately impair
effective parenting. Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. N. V. (2003).

The influence of attitudes on parenting behaviours has been a favourite topic of

investigation, with research suggesting that linkages are generally of a modest
nature. In part, this is because reported attitudes do not always have a direct impact on
parenting actions which are often directed by specific features of the situation. For
example, parents might endorse or value being warm and responsive to children, but
have difficulty expressing those feelings when their child is misbehaving. As a result
of this realization the study of parent cognitions has been widened to include more
specific ways of thinking. 

REFERENCES:

 Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior.

Child Development, 3; 887-907.
 Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool

9
 behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.
 Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Thomas, G., & Giles, L. (1999). Ideals in
intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 72-89.
 Khajehpour, M. and H. Athar. (2005). Comparison of parenting styles and styles
of identity and their relationship in the boy and girl students. Clinical and
Counseling Psychology Research, 8:1.
 Khosrojerdi, Z. (2008). The effect of parenting styles on fostering creativity.
Journal of school counselor, Tehran, 10: 59-58.
 Laali-Faz, A. and A.A. Askari. (2008). The power of predicting perceived
parenting styles and demographic variables on girl student's loneliness feeling.
The Quarterly Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health., 10(37): 71-78.
 Maccoby, E. E., Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family:
Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology
(Vol. 4, pp. 1-101).
 Monadi, M. (2005). Effect of parenting styles on social and cultural personality of
young people. Journal of Family Studies, Tehran., 2: 53-27.
 Sadeghi, Z., Abedim M.R., and Fatehi-Zadeh, M. (2007). Parenting skills and
cognitive therapy. Tehran Journal of New Psychotherapy (hypnosis)., 42: 56-43.
 Steinberg, L., Elman, J. D., & Mounts, M. S. (1989). Authoritative parenting,
psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. Child
Development, 60, 1424-1436.
 Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. N. V. (2003). Perceived parenting styles,
depersonalization, anxiety and coping behavior in adolescents. Personality and
Individual Differences, 34, 521-532.

QUESTION 2:

1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Family is one of the maximum essential affects in someone’s life, specifically due to
the fact individuals research by means of watching the behavior of the own family
members surrounding them (Ackerman et al., 2013). In own family studies, the own

10
family of starting place is emphasized and studied a notable deal, but prolonged
family members are frequently ignored. If family is critical to a person’s improvement
and lifestyles direction trajectory, extra studies on the influences of extended own
family relationships needs to be carried out. Based at the importance anyone places on
interaction with extended circle of relatives, family members have one-of-a-kind
stages of involvement in human’s lives. Although extended own family individuals
may also live in exceptional geographical places, researchers posit that extended
circle of relatives networks maintain to thrive across cultures, and plenty of people
foster sturdy connections with several prolonged relations (Marsh & Cheng-Kuang,
1995). Thus, extended circle of relatives relationships remain applicable and ought to
be studied more in-depth.

2.0 EVALUATION OF EXTENDED FAMILY’S ROLE IN LIFE:

Extended families consist of numerous generations of people and may encompass
biological parents and their children in addition to in-laws, grandparents, aunts,
uncles, and cousins. Extended families are standard of collective cultures wherein all
own family contributors are interdependent and share own family duties inclusive of
child rearing roles (Waites, 2009). Extended family members normally live in the
same residence where they pool resources and undertake familial responsibilities.
Multi-generational bonds and extra sources boost the prolonged
family's resiliency and potential to provide for the children's desires, yet several
chance elements related to prolonged families can lower their nicely-being. Such risk
factors consist of complicated relationships, conflicting loyalties, and generational
warfare (Waites, 2009).

The best memories I have growing up in an extended family consist of my

grandparents looking after me. In the times after I could sleep over, I could get scared
and become sound asleep at the floor of my grandparents room. Even after growing
up, my grandparents have been inclined to have me and my siblings stay with them.
Although those have been hard instances, many benefits came from having extended
family. Those benefits are as follows:

 Developing Strong Family Bonds:

Families who are a part of extended families experience emotional bonding as long as

11
they’re living in the same place. This bonding might not be achieved if they are living
further apart. Living with an extended family encouraged me to spend more time with
them and develop a strong family bond with all my family members.

 Providing Support to Childcare:

I noticed that a lot of my workload had been taken off my shoulders when I have adult
family members around, especially grandparents. Having an extended family saved
on childcare support and also encourages me to spend some quality time with my
grandparents. By growing up with an extended family, I have developed care and
respect for the elders. Similarly, grandparents as well as the adult family members
stayed active while keeping up with my work and other activities.

 Offering Financial Support:

One of the primary benefits of living with an extended family is that it reduced my
family’s financial strain as it’s more affordable option. Usually, adult children move
back in with their parents as soon as they start earning. They additionally assist their
parents save money so that they can buy their personal house. Grandparents,
particularly who’re healthy and inclined, additionally take care of preteens and young
adults and offer babysitting services, saving the parents from the significant fee of
childcare support.

 Providing Companionship:
Another advantage of having an extended family is that, I will get time to spend with
my loved ones. Elderly parents feel lonely once they do not have their closed ones
around them but living closely with their family members could make them feel glad.
Whenever I had problems, I looked for companionship from the other, shared my
worries, concerns, and responsibilities with my extended family. While living with an
extended family, every family members get a chance to witness each other’s daily
lives.
3.0 EXPLANATION OF OWN PRACTICE:

Extended families regularly value the broader relatives institution greater than
individual relationships, that may cause loyalty troubles in the own family and
additionally motive problems in a pair's courting where a close courting among a
husband and spouse may be visible as a chance to the wider kin group. Another aspect

12
which could add to the complexity of relationships in an extended family is the need
to negotiate the expectations and needs of each family member. Complex extended
family relationships can also detract from the parent-child (Langer and Ribarich,
2007). The literature points to various shielding elements associated with prolonged
households which could assist the parents and own family meet the children's
numerous wishes.

Although children in kinship care frequently fare better than children in foster care,
numerous threat elements could have a negative effect on the child's well-being. Risk
elements consist of low socioeconomic fame, incapacity to fulfill child's wishes
properly, unhealthy circle of relatives dynamics, older relatives, much less-educated
kins, and single relatives (Langosch, 2012; Palacios and Jiménez, 2009; Harris and
Skyles, 2008; Winokur et al., 2008).

Kinship care as foster care is regularly characterized by means of complex

relationships and the trauma because of the lack of an able parent The family member
who assumes the role as determine often unearths it difficult to balance his former
relationship along with his new role as the person accountable for the child's well-
being. For example, a grandmother may also have to adapt to the idea of being a strict
parent instead of a loving, indulgent grandmother (Langosch, 2012).

The extended family who steps into the parenting position is frequently overwhelmed

with the strain caused by new parental obligations, attachment problems, and possible
feelings of resentment and anger closer to the organic figure, in addition to having to
deal with disturbing transitions after the lack of an capable discern. The relationship
between the new parent and other family members may experience pressure because
of loyalty issues. Besides complex relationships, changes in the child's environment
call for new routines, the setting of new limits, and sometimes coparenting with the
biological parent, all of which can contribute to a less stable environment (Langosch,
2012).

An extended family who takes on kinship care faces many demanding situations,
although positive studies related to such care can also serve as a defensive thing
buffering the child against the negative effect of traumatic transitions. The new parent

13
might also locate this transition meaningful in the sense that it adds reason to her
existence, and the child might also enjoy a experience of security, consistency,
continuity in own family identification, emotional ties, and familiarity (Langosch,
2012; Harris and Skyles, 2008).

When parents separate, children frequently need their extended families more than
ever. The grandparents and the extended families on both sides of the family can be
an useful resource for the parents and the children. Sometimes, because of strong
feelings approximately a former partner, parents are tempted to exclude the former
‘in-laws’ from their lives and the lives of their children.

Therefore, I will actively include my parents and siblings in my children’s upbringing

as it will always maintain a positive relationships between my children and my
extended family members. Failure to do so can result in a loss for the children. The
benefits for my children in keeping these relationships are as follows:

 Self-esteem: Self-esteem is a measure of how much a child likes the person they
see themselves as. During a separation or divorce, children may question who
they are and whether or not they are lovable and valuable. They may blame
themselves for the loss. Parents, grandparents and extended family members can
reassure children that they are lovable.

 Stability: Parents are separated or divorced, not the children or grandparents or

extended family. If the extended family members were important to the children
before the separation, they will be important after too. Members of the extended
family can provide stability and continuity in the children’s lives. For example, if
the family always gathered at grandmother’s house for Sunday dinners, the
children still can at times (even without one of the parents).

 Cultural identity: Extended family members, especially grandparents, can assist

in passing on cultural teachings and traditions, including language. For example,
grandparents can share stories, skills and teachings during their time with the
grandchildren. This is also connected to the children’s healthy self-esteem.

14
 Sense of belonging: After separation, children will wonder where they belong.
They will need assurance that they still belong in both families, whatever the
cause of the separation and even if one of the parents is not currently in the
picture.

4.0 CONCLUSION:

In a nutshell, extended families commonly have extra sources at their disposal that
may be used to make sure the well-being of the children. Also, when the circle of
relatives features as a collaborative group, has sturdy kinship bonds, is flexible in its
roles, and is based on cultural values to sustain the circle of relatives, the family itself
serves as a lifelong buffer in opposition to demanding transitions. (Waites, 2009).

Kinship care as a cultural value in extended families is associated with positive child
outcomes, yet this will not be the case when such families need to take responsibility
for a child since his parents are unable to do so. In such instances, kinship care
becomes similar to foster care. Situations like the latter usually arise from substance
abuse, incarceration, abuse, homelessness, family violence, infection, death, or navy
deployment (Langosch, 2012).

REFERENCES:

 Ackerman, R., Leiser, D., & Shpigelman, M. (2013). Is comprehension of

problem solutions resistant against misleading heuristic cues? Acta Psychologica,
143(1), 105-112.
 Harris, M. S., & Skyles, A. (2008). Kinship care for African American children:

15
 Disproportionate and disadvantageous. Journal of Family Issues, 29(8), 1013–
1030. Retrieved from http://doi. org/10.1177/0192513X08316543.
 Langer, N., & Ribarich, M. (2007). Aunts, uncles--nieces, nephews: Kinship
relations over the lifespan. Educational Gerontology, 33(1), 75-83.
 Langosch, D. (2012). Grandparents parenting again: Challenges, strengths, and
implications for practice. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32(2), 163-170.
 Littlewood, K. L., Strozier, A., & Whittington, D. (2014). Kin as Teachers: An
early childhood education and support intervention for kinship families. Children
& Youth Services Review, 381–389. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.11.026.
 Marsh, Robert and Cheng-Kuang Hsu. (1995). Changes in Norms and Behavior
Concerning Extended Kin in Taipei, Taiwan, 1963-1991. Journal of Comparative
Family Studies. 26(3):349-369
 Palacios J., & Jiménez J. M. (2009). Kinship foster care: Protection or risk?
Adoption & Fostering, 33, 64–75.
 Waites, C., MacGowan, M., Pennell, J., Carlton- LaNey, I., & Weil, (in press).
Increasing the cultural responsiveness of family group. Social Work
Conferencing: Advancing child welfare practice. Social Work
 Winokur, M. A., Crawford, G. A., Longobardi, R. C., Valentine, D. P.
(2008). Matched comparison of children in kinship care and foster care on child
welfare outcomes. Families in Society, 89, 338–346.

16