XXZB

China Rubber Industry Association Self-discipline Standard

_____________________________________________________XXZB/LT-102-2014

Green Tire Technology Specification

Issue date 2014-03-01 Implementation date 2014-03-01

Issued by China Rubber Industry Association
 Contents

Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………………………I
Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………………...……II
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1 Scope …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
2 Normative references…………………………………………………………………………………………..2
3 Terms and definitions…………………………………………………………………………………………..2
4 Requirement…………………………………………………………………………………………………....2
5 Test method…………………………………………………………………………………………………….6
Annex A (informative) The recommended technology of production process for Green tire..............................7

Ⅰ
 Foreword

This self-discipline standard was compiled according to the conclusion of “development research of green
tires industry” made by MIIT raw material industry department.

This standard was compiled according to GB/T1.1-2009.

This standard was proposed by CRIA.

This standard is under the jurisdiction of Technical Economic Committee of CRIA.

This standard was mainly prepared by: Double Coin Tyre Co. , Ltd. , Aeolus Tyre Co. ,Ltd. , Triangle Tyre
Co. , Ltd. , Shangdong Linglong Co. , Ltd. , Guizhou Tyre Co. , Ltd. , South China Tyre & Rubber Co. ,
Ltd. , Qingdao Double Star Tyre Co. , Ltd. , Xingyuan Tyre Group Co. , Sichuang Haida Rubber Co. , Ltd. ,
Michelin investment (China) Co. , Ltd. , Bridgestone investment (China) Co. , Ltd. , Lanxess Chemical
(China) Co. , Ltd. , Fujian Haineng New Material Co. , Cnooc gas development and utilization Co. , etc.

This standard was mainly prepared by: Qian Ruijin, Jiang Qi, Xu Lianyu, Feng Yaoling, Deng Shitao, Liu
Lianbo, Li Daiqiang, Luo Jiliang, Huang Yigang, Zhang Peng, Zhang Junwei, Xu Shuliang, Fu Guangping,
Zhou Fangying, Hao Li, Luo Ping, Wang Yuhai, Cai Weimin, Zhao Wenquan, etc.

Ⅱ
 Introduction

Tyre is one of important safety part of vehicle, and the tyre industry is one of important field of national
economic development. For a long time, the tyres are produced according to national standard, lead the
industry to the healthy and stable development. Current year, there are some problem for the tyre industry,
such as overinvestment, low- level redundant development, blind to expand capacity. And also, there is no
standard for green tyres.

To reduce the exhaust emission of vehicle becomes one of global focus point, and the tyres is relevant to
the carbon emission of vehicle. The green tyre has lower rolling resistance and less fuel consumption, can
reduce the carbon emission of vehicle. Meanwhile, the green tyre has better handling stability, shorter
braking distance and better durability, also has a positive significance for reduce the traffic accident and
improve the economic and social benefit.

In order to drive the process of green tyre industrialization in China, CRIA organize part of tyres produce
company to take over the research task of “development research of green tires industry”. Research and
complies relevant technical specification, standard and build the indoor and outdoor test proving ground
according to the research results of the study, to drive the process of establish the rule of green tyres
label(non-mandatory classification).

Green tyres is a production that energy conservation, environmental protection and safety radial tyres. The
green tyres have better performance on rolling resistance, fuel consumption, handling stability, shorter
braking distance and abrasive resistance, also can be retread more times.

The production of green tyres should follow the below requirements:

----Use the raw material which meet the REACH standard;
----The production process should reach the standard of low energy consumption, low noise, low dust and
low exhaust gas;
----The product have good performance on fuel prudent, safety, abrasive resistance and can be retreaded,
meet the requirements of rolling resistance, wet grip and rolling noise specified in the rule of the green tyre
label.

1
 Green Tire Technology Specification

1 Scope

This standard specifies the terms and definitions, requirements and test method of green tyres.
This standard is applicable to radial passenger cars, trucks and buses tyres.

2 Normative references

The following normative documents are essential to this national standard. For dated references, only this
edition referred to applies. For undated references, the latest edition (excluding subsequent amendments)
referred to applies.

GB/T 521 Test method of measuring peripheral dimensions for tyres

GB/T 2977 Size designation, dimensions, inflation pressure and load capacity for trucks and buses tyres
GB/T 2978 Size designation, dimensions, inflation pressure and load capacity for passenger car tyres
GB/T 4501 Laboratory test methods for truck and bus tyres capabilities
GB/T 4502 Laboratory test methods for passenger car tyres capabilities
GB/T 6326 Tyre terms and definitions
GB 9743 Passenger car tyres
GB 9744 Truck tyres
GB/T 21910 Method for measuring relative wet grip performance of passenger car tyres
GB/T 22036 Coast-by methods for measurement of tyre-to-road sound emission
GB/T 24001 Environmental management system – Requirements with guidance for use
GB/T 24153 Rubber and elastomer materials – Determination of N-nitrosamines
GB 27632 Emission standard of pollutants for rubber products industry
GB/T 29040 Test methods of rolling resistance for motor vehicle tyres – single point test and correlation of
measurement results
GB/T 29042 Thresholds of rolling resistance for motor vehicle tyres
GB 29449 The norm of energy consumption for per unit product of tyre
HG/T 2177 Appearance quality of tyres
(EC) No 661/2009 Concerning type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their
trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended therefor
ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2013/66 Proposal for Supplement 5 to the 02 series of amendments to Regulation
No. 117 (Tyres, rolling resistance, rolling noise and wet grip)
ISO 21461 Rubber–Determination of the aromaticity of oil in vulcanized rubber compounds

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 6326, GB 29449, (EC) No 661
and the following apply.
3.1 Green tyre
Green tyres is a production that energy conservation, environmental protection and safety radial tyres. The
green tyres have better performance on rolling resistance, fuel consumption, handling stability, shorter
braking distance and abrasive resistance, also can be retread more times.

4 Requirements

4.1 Product performance

4.1.1 The size designation, load index, ply rate, measuring rim, inflated section width and diameter, load
capacity, inflation pressure, the minimum distance of dual-tires and allowing rim should of green tyres
follow relative standards, for passenger car tyre according to GB/T 2978, for truck tyre according to GB/T
2
 2977.
4.1.2 The correlation between speed, inflation pressure and load of green tyres should follow relative
standards, for passenger car tyre according to GB/T 2978, for truck tyre according to GB/T 2977.
4.1.3 The correlation between speed symbol and Max. speed of green tyres should follow relative
standards, for passenger car tyre according to GB/T 2978, for truck tyre according to GB/T 2977.
4.1.4 The correlation between load index and load capacity of green tyres should follow relative
standards, for passenger car tyre according to GB/T 2978, for truck tyre according to GB/T 2977.
4.1.5 The safety performance of green tyres should follow relative standards, for passenger car tyre
according to GB 9743, for truck tyre according to GB 9744.
4.1.6 The thresholds of rolling resistance of green tyres should follow GB/T 29042 that specified in Table
1.
Table 1 Thresholds of rolling resistance of green tyres

Tyres rolling resistance coefficient a /

Tyre type
(N/kN)
Passenger cars 11.5

Single load index ≤121 Speed code ≥ N 10.0

Ultra-light truck (load capacity ≤ 1450kg) Speed code ≤ M 7.5

& light truck
Single load index >121 (load
7.5
capacity >1450kg)
Trucks and buses tyres 7.5
a
the limit value can be more 1 N/kN for Mud & Snow Tyres

4.1.7 Thresholds of wet grip performance of green tyres should follow relative standards, for passenger
car tyres according to (EC) No 661/2009, for truck tyresaccording to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2013/66,
specified in Table 2, 3,4.
Table 2 Thresholds of wet grip performance of passenger car tyres
Tyre Type Wet grip index（G）
Snow tyre with a speed symbol ("Q" or below minus "H") indicating a maximum
≥0.9
permissible speed not greater than 160 km/h
Snow tyre with a speed symbol ("R" and above, plus "H") indicating a maximum
≥1.0
permissible speed greater than 160 km/h
Normal (road type) tyre ≥1.1

Table 3 Thresholds of wet grip performance of Ultra-light truck & light truck tyres
Wet grip index（G）
Tyre type
Other type Traction type
Normal tyre ≥0.95 ≥0.85
≥0.95 ≥0.85
Snow tyre
Used for heavy snow ≥0.85 ≥0.85
Special tyre ≥0.85 ≥0.85

Table 4 Thresholds of wet grip performance of truck tyres

Wet grip index（G）
Tyre type
Other type Traction type
Normal tyre ≥0.65 ≥0.65
≥0.65 ≥0.65
Snow tyre
Used for heavy snow ≥0.65 ≥0.65
Special tyre ≥0.65 ≥0.65

3
4.1.8 Thresholds of rolling noise should follow (EC) No 661/2009, specified in Table 5,6.
Table 5 Thresholds of rolling noise for passenger car tyre
Tyre type Nominal section width（mm） Limit dB(A)
Passenger car tyre A ≤185 70
Passenger car tyre B ＞185 ≤215 71
Passenger car tyre C ＞215 ≤245 71
Passenger car tyre D ＞245 ≤275 72
Passenger car tyre E ＞275 74
Note: the limit value can be more 1 dB(A) for snow tyres, reinforce tyres.

Table 6 Thresholds of rolling noise for truck tyre

Tyre type Service using type Limit dB(A)
Normal tyre 72
Ultra-light truck & light truck Traction Tyre 73
Normal tyre 73
Trucks and buses tyres Traction Tyre 75
Note 1：the limit value can be more 2dB(A) for special type tyre.
Note 2：the limit value can be more 2dB(A) for traction type tyres using for ultra-light truck & light truck.
Note 3：the limit value can be more 2dB(A) for snow tyres using for ultra-light truck & light truck.

4.1.9 The tread wear index (TWI) of green tyre should follow relative standards, for passenger car tyres
according to GB 9743, for truck and bus tyres according to GB 9744.
4.1.10 The appearance quality of tyres should follow HG/T 2177.
4.2 Raw material
4.2.1 The list of raw material that can not be used
From January 2015, the recipe of tyres produced in China and the imported tyres should not include the
below raw material.

a) High aromatic oil

b) Antioxidant D
c) Accelerator NOBS
d) Thiurams ultra accelerator TMTM、TMTD
e) MORPHOLINO sulfur donor DTDM
f) Penta-Chloro Thiophenol peptizer
g) SBR1712/SBR1721

4.2.2 The raw material that should be restricted for use

4.2.2.1 Resorcinol and pre-dispersion type

4.2.3 The raw material that recommend to use

Recommend to use the raw material that include in “The guideline of raw material used for green tyres”
after the guideline issued.
4.3 Cleaner Production
4.3.1 The cleaner production technology and management index should follow the rule that specified in
Table 7, and the energy consumption of unit product should follow GB 29449.

4
 Table 7 Clean production indicator of Green tyre

1 Energy consume
Fresh water consumer（m3/t tyre） ≤6.60
General energy TBR ≤0.285
consumer （ tce/t
tyre） PCR/commercial ≤0.380
Rubber consumer TBR(all steel) ≤0.53
（ t(3 kinds of
rubber)/t tyre） PCR (semi-steel) ≤0.43
2 Quality indicator
Qualified（%） ≥98
3 Resource utilization
Heat and pressure utilization% ≥90
Industrial water recycling rate ≥95
Industrial solid waste comprehensive
≥97
utilization%
4 Pollutants indicators
Wastewater volume (m3 / t tire) ≤4.50
Baseline amount of gas produced
≤2000
(m3/t )
Mixing particles (mg/m3)
12≤

The total non-methane hydrocarbons

(mg/m3) 10≤

5 production process
Mixing Continuous mixing cold
Curing Nitrogen sulfide
6 Clean production management
cleaner production audit system
Cleaner production guideline
Cleaner production departments and
staffing Clear responsibility

Environment certification ISO 14001

Environmental protection of While implementing

construction projects
Energy management Obvious impact
Energy management certification Improvement continuant

4.4 The emission of pollutants

The emission standard of water pollutants and atmospheric pollutants should follow GB 27632, specified in
Table 8, 9.

5
 Table 8 Water Pollutant limits of green tyre production
Unit：mg/ L (except for PH value)

Limits (direct Limits (indirect

Monitor location of
NO pollutant emissions emissions)
pollutant
（mg/ m3） （mg/ m3）
1 PH 6-9 6-9
2 Suspended solids 10 40
3 BOD5 10 20
4 CODCR 50 70
wastewater discharge
Ammonia
5 5 10 port
6 Total Nitrogen 10 15
7 Total phosphorus 0.5 0.5
8 Petroleum 1 1
9 Total Zn - -
Basis of displacement
4 4 As above
（m3/t）

Table 9 Air pollutant emission limits

Basis of
Monitor location of
NO pollutant Production process limits（mg/ m3） displacement（m3/t
pollutant
compound）
Particulate Mixing device
1 12 2000
matter
Mortar preparation,
Toluene
leaching slurry,
2 and xylene 15 -
mortar spraying and
Total
coating equipment
Setting exhaust
Mortar preparation,
leaching slurry,
3 mortar spraying and 10 2000
NMHC
coating equipment

4 100 -

4.5 Production process technology of recommended

The recommended production process technology specified in Table 10, detailed specified in Annex A.

6
 Table 10 The recommended production process technology
Type NO content No Content
Little spice automatic weighing Tread / sidewall continuous
1 10
technology weighing control technology
Semi-rolled steel tire fibers, lined
2 Deodorant mixing technology 11 with laminated steel tire out / rolling
pre electron beam curing technology
Tires automated building and large
Low-temperature continuous
3 12 roll of semi-finished parts
mixing technology
technology
Boiler flue gas desulfurization / Frequency control technology
4 13
dust / denitrification technology
High temperature insulation Cogeneration and the use of
Recommend 5 14
pipes and vulcanizing machine technology
Nitrogen tire semi-steel Partial pressure for steam
6 high-temperature curing 15 technology
technology
Condensed water recycling after
7 Piped carbon technologies 16
vulcanization
Rubber additives granulation Sulfide fumes cancellation
8 17
technology technology
Cooling water recycling Nitrogen steel tire temperature
9 technology 18 curing technology

Phase out Slurry coating the underside of the tread technology

5 Test method

5.1 The measuring method of section width and diameter of green tyres after inflated should follow GB/T
521.
5.2 Safety Performance of Passenger car tyre refer to GB/T 4502, truck and bus tyre refer to GB/T 4501.
5.3 Tesr method of rolling resistance of green tyre should follow to GB/T 29040.
5.4 Test method of wet grip of Passenger car tyre refer to GB/T 21910, truck and bus tyre refer to
ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2013/66.
5.5 Test method of noise performance of green tyre refer to GB/T 22036.
5.6 Raw materials to be forbidden refer to ISO 21461 and GB/T 24153.
5.7 The requirements of cleaner production refer to “The assessment indicator system of tyre industry
cleaner production” after issued.
5.8 Emission standard of pollutants refers to GB 27632.

7
 Annex A
(informative)
The recommended technology of green tyre production process

A．1 Scope

In order to drive the process of green tyre industrialization in China, speed up the quality improvement and

structural adjustment of tyre products, the annex introduce the recommended technology of green tyre

production process.

A．2 The recommended technology project of green tyre production process

A.2.1 Little spice automatic weighing technology

The purpose of little spice automatic weighing technology is implementation of automatic control of scale
the little spice. This technology can improve the weighing accuracy, eliminate the dust pollution, the
environment of site, reduce the labour intensity and improve the production efficiency.
A.2.2 Deodorant mixing technology
The exhaust gas from mixing process contains organic gaseous pollutants, normally, the exhaust gas
discharge into air directly, large impact on the environment. Part of the carbon black can not be completely
collection, also discharged into the air, causing pollution. Currently no special equipment for processing
this issue, most companies simply do collect high-altitude emissions, some companies have adopted
activated carbon adsorption, RTO catalytic combustion or plasma, light catalytic oxygen and other methods
of governance, construction and maintenance costs are larger. Therefore, a further research for exhaust
treatment technology and utilization technology is needed. To seek a better solution is urgent for the
industry.
The exhaust gas contains carbon black particles and odor pollutants, such as R-SH, SO2, toluene,
formaldehyde, H2S and ammonia compound, can use the method of full contact with the gas-liquid
approach, this is a high purification efficiency method.
A.2.3 Mixing process technology

The compound mixing is the bottleneck of rubber processing technology, is a key product performance.

Rubber mixing process consume huge energy, accounting for almost 40% of the total energy consumption

for tire production, usually the power consumption of one ton mixing rubber is about 400 kilowatts. Thus,

in recent years, technological innovation for mixing process aroused great concern, continuous mixing

process to change from batch method is an important technological innovation.

A.2.3.1 Low-temperature continuous mixing technology

The traditional mixing process is high temperature and consecutive multi-step mixing process using the

mixer, each step go through repeatedly heating and cooling, 40 % of the energy consumed in the heating

8
and cooling process, energy consumption , time-consuming and inefficient.

Continuous mixing technology contains low-temperature cold cut the rubber, automatic weighing , one step

mixing technology, generally use the " mixer plus 6-8 sets of open mill " configuration for mixing process,

the compound after high-temperature mixing, go through the first open mill for cooling, and then through

the central delivery system symmetrically distributed to multiple surrounding open mill for a continuous

low-temperature mix, the whole process achieves an automatic control.

Continuous low-temperature mixing process saving mixing time, shorter the time of the raw material

become into mixing compound from 12 hours to 30 minutes, reducing the costs of raw materials, reducing

energy consumption, meanwhile, improve the carbon black dispersion and improve the physical and

mechanical properties of rubber .

A.2.3.2 Double-screw or double-rotor continuous mixing process

In the traditional mixing process, the rubber put into the mixing chamber, then start mixing in the cold state,

requires a large power. Moreover, in the mixing process, the heat generated by shearing the rubber can not

be ruled out, the compound need discharged in a relatively short period of time for cooling, so, a two-step

or three-step mixing is needed according to process requirements.

Double-screw or double-rotor continuous mixing process can save power consumption more than 50%. In

the meanwhile, the temperature control of the mixing process and the continuous production can be

implemented.

A.2.3.3 Wet mixing technology

Wet mixing technology is a process that directly adding carbon black or silica slurry into natural synthetic

rubber latex. This is the modern rubber compounding technology major innovation. Compared with the

conventional dry mixing, wet mixing process can solve the dust flying issue of carbon black or silica

fundamentally. Also reduce the steps of mixing, reduce the process energy consumption, according to

estimates, to produce the same weight (volume) of rubber, wet mixing process can reduce 30 to 40 percent

of energy consumption. And significantly reduce investment of mixing equipment, save the money about

30%. Improve the effect of mixing rubber with carbon black or silica and the uniformity of the mixing

compound. Improve the physical and mechanical properties of rubber, enhance the product life.

A.2.4 Boiler flue gas desulfurization / dust / denitrification technology

Most domestic tire enterprises use the common boiler desulfurization technology, some tire companies use

the double alkaline sodium calcium desulfurization technology, the technology is realized sodium efficient

9
desulfurization and realized with cheap calcium ions to sodium ions in regeneration reduces the cost of

desulfurization, the technology is very advanced, especially suitable for medium and small boiler. The

investment of the technology can effectively reduce boiler emissions of sulfur dioxide and dust atmosphere,

ensure to meet the discharging standard.

A.2.5 High temperature insulation pipes and vulcanizing machine

High temperature pipelines and vulcanizing machine using the adiabatic insulation materials that can

recycle using applied in the pipe outside surface, to reduce heat loss, save energy, improve the environment.

But, the repair pipeline after removal is difficult to recycle using.

A.2.6 Nitrogen tire semi-steel high-temperature curing technology

Traditional tire vulcanization process using the superheated water for tyre vulcanizing heat source and

provide the curing press. After the heating hot water from the boiler softened water power station to

vulcanization workshop, through the power station, oxygen tank deoxidization become high temperature

anaerobic demineralized water, hot water using power station the heat pump to vulcanizing machine. The

process need to consume large amounts of water, fuel and electricity, the overall energy consumption is

huge.

High nitrogen vulcanization technology using the saturated steam as heat source, using the high pressure

nitrogen to provides the internal pressure for tire vulcanization, the application of this technology make the

tire vulcanization had no longer need the superheated water, therefore beneficial to save energy, shorten

curing time, improve production efficiency.

A.2.7 Piped carbon technologies

The technology using the sealing gas tanker for conveying carbon black, some tire enterprises using the

double pipe pneumatic conveying technology, the pipeline is composed of main line and the by-pass pipe,

in the by-pass pipe the compressed air cut material column into small pieces, reduce resistance, to realize

airtight transportation, improve the efficiency of delivery. There is no leakage of overall system.

A.2.8 Rubber additives granulation technology

Rubber additives granulation technology is a technology that after extrusion of chemical materials, rubber

or other premixed materials then granulation and automatic weighing technology, the technology helps to

reduce dust, improve the production environment, to realize automatic weighing, mixing machine and

sulfur, etc. At present, the rubber additives industry has the granulation technology, the tire enterprises just

need to give the requirement when purchasing, but might lead to higher costs.

10
A.2.9 Cooling water recycling technology

Normally every tire enterprises have the cooling water recycling technology based upon the own process

characteristics, most of the tire enterprises using the "closed-circuit circulation cooling, intelligent on-line

automatic monitoring" system, some enterprises using 2 sets of sand filtration (medium filter and activated

carbon filter) to improve the water quality of the circulating water, remove the suspended solids in the

circulating water and organic impurities, and improve the quality of the product.

A.2.10 Tread / sidewall continuous weighing control technology

Tread/sidewall continuous weighing control technology is using the position signal of photoelectric monitor

to select the qualified semi-finished parts according to setting the upper and lower limit of weight, to ensure

the quality of the next process, reduce the operator labor intensity, improve production speed. Due to

real-time monitoring method, greatly improve the accuracy of the parts, also improve the quality of the

final product.

A.2.11 Semi-rolled steel tire fibers, lined with laminated steel tire out / rolling pre electron beam curing

technology

Electron beam precure techniques are activated by high energy electron beam emitted from an electron

accelerator in the rubber matrix of the rubber molecules, free radicals produced rubber macromolecules so

that free radical polymerization occurs as a starting point, and cause a chain reaction, a portion of the

molecule is cleaved with after the conflict other molecules return to the ground state energy is lost, and the

process of generating a three-dimensional network structure formed of carbon-carbon bond restructuring,

the process helps to improve the strength of semi-finished products, so that uniform deformation semi

molding process, to the inner liner layer thinning the thickness of the material thus saving costs and shorten

the curing time, reduces rolling resistance, tire weight reduction, while the density of the molding process

to ensure that the carcass cords of the tire so as to enhance the performance and stability of quality.

Need to focus the electron beam irradiation and environmental impact for operators, in addition may have

the effect on the efficiency of calendaring.

A.2.12 Tires automated building and large roll of semi-finished parts technology

The technology mainly improve machine automation, positioning accuracy, and reduce labor intensity,

improve labor productivity, most of the current domestic tire enterprises are still in the period of

researching, has not been applied successfully in actual case.

For existing plants, whether the technology investment is necessary, should fully consider the layout of the

11
workshop of existing equipment, the cost is higher also.

A.2.13 Frequency control technology

For tire enterprises, frequency conversion control technology is mainly used in utilities in the water supply

system, as well as in the rubber mixing workshop and main building, will be changed to high power dc

motor frequency conversion motor. The technology USES frequency conversion constant pressure control

instead of the original bypass, loop control mode; Replace dc speed control with frequency control of motor

speed. Frequency conversion control technology can improve the control precision, improve equipment

power factor, reduce the harmonic interference, reduce motor repair costs, save power.

A.2.14 Cogeneration and the use of technology

At present domestic tire enterprises to use more of the waste heat power generation and utilization

technology is lithium bromide chiller use sulphur waste heat resources. The application of this technology

needs higher initial investment, about 10 million yuan/set, but can save water, steam, electricity

consumption.

A.2.15 Partial pressure for steam technology

For the tyre produce enterprises that product line is bigger, sulfide required pressure steam have bigger

pressure difference inside and outside can use this technique, namely in different steam pressure supply

meet the technological requirements of corresponding vulcanizing machine, can save fuel power cost.

A.2.16 Condensed water recycling after vulcanization

Condensation water recycling after vulcanization, including condensed water recovery, backwater, waste

heat refrigeration and heating, etc., using the mixture of waste steam after processing, water recycle, used

in the lithium bromide steam refrigeration, boiler feed water heating, etc., to reduce energy losses, achieve

energy reuse again.

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