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Chapter 5:
1. What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?
Inventory: hobbies/interest; clustering; internet
2. What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?
Inform: goal to communicate info clearly
Persuade: goal to win listeners to your pov
3. Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation? Why is it important to
include the audience in the specific purpose statement?
Indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve;
Helps to keep audience at center of your attention as you prepare your speech
4. What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?
1. full infinitive phrase (see here for what an infinitive is:
2. statement, not question
3. avoid figurative language
4. limit to one distinct idea
5. avoid being vague
5. What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?
1. meet assignment?
2. time from okay?
3. relevant to audience?
4. too trivial for audience?
5. too technical for audience?
6. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an
effective central idea?
Central idea is a one sentence statement that SUMS UP or encapsulates the major IDEAS of a
speech, sometimes called the thesis statement.
The Specific Purpose is a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to
accomplish in his or her speech; their GOAL.
1. one sentence statement
2. includes all major ideas in speech
3. express as full sentence
4. don't express as question
Chapter 6:
1. Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?
to gain the desired response from the listener, common bods don’t say something ignorant,
2. What does it mean to say that people are egocentric? What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for you
as a public speaker?
they pay more attention to messages that affect their own values, beliefs, and well being people
will hear and judge what you say on the basis of what they already know and believe.
They mean you must show how the message relates and pertains to them.
they might not give the response expected because they have prejudgments and do not
consider what the speaker is trying to convey
 3. What are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience
analysis?
1. age, 2. gender, 3. religion, 4. sexual orientation, 5. racial, ethnic, and cultural background, 6.
group membership, they all affect the listeners frame of reference
4. What is situational audience analysis? What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?
audience factors that focus on situational factors, size, physical setting,
disposition towards the topic: interest, knowledge, attitude, disposition towards the speaker,
disposition towards the occasion
5. How can you get information about an audience?
observation
converstation
formal audience-analysis questionnaire
6. What are the three kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience
analysis?
fixed-alternative, scale, open-ended
elicited specific information about the audience, 2. probed more deeply into their attitudes
toward the speech topic
7. What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?
before: 1. assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech 2.
adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing and possible.
during: modify; Look for audience size, adjust to visual aids, look out for audience feedback
during speech

Chapter 7:
1. Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?
We speak best about subjects with which we are familiar. Supplementing speeches with
personal touch can really bring the speech to life.
2. What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?
1. Librarians
2. The Catalogue
3. Reference Works
4. Newspapers and Periodical Databases
5. Academic Databases
3. What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?
1. Authorship
2. Sponsorship
3. Recency
4. What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful
interview?
1. Before the interview
-Figure out your purpose
-Decide who to interview
-Arrange the interview
-Decide to record the interview
-Prepare questions
2. During the interview
-Dress appropriately and be on time
-Repeat the purpose on the interview
-Set up the recorder, if used
-Keep the interview on track
-Listen carefully
 -Don't overstay your welcome
3. After the interview
-Review your notes ASAP
-Transcribe your notes
5. Why is it important to start your speech research early?
1. Ensures time to find resources.
2. Gives time to think about what you find.
3. More time you have more all pieces fit.
6. What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?
Preliminary bibliography- a list complied early in the research process of works that look as if
they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
It's helpful because it keeps track of everything.
7. What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?
1. take plenty of notes
2. Record notes in a consistant format
3. Make a separate entry for each note
4. Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases and your own ideas

Chapter 8:
1. Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?
1. Build an audience Interest: must motivate your audience to focus through appealing
supporting materials
2. Enhance Audience Understanding: if information is new make sure to have supporting info
that will help audience to understand material presented
3. Strengthening Audience Memory: Give audience hooks from supporting materials, help them
remember!!
4. Winning Audience Agreement: Provide supporting data to show audience claim is true
5. Evoking Audience Emotion: touch on their emotions = humor to break up slum of statistics
2. What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?
Brief- specific instances
Extended- tell a story vividly and dramatically, they pull listeners into the speech
Hypothetical- describes an imaginary situations and are examples that are brief stories used to
relate to a general principle
3. What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?
1. Use examples to clarify your ideas
2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas
3. Use examples to personalize your ideas
4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured
5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
4. Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?
They are easily manipulated and distorted
Are the statistics representative?
are statistical measures used correctly?
Are the statistics from a reliable source?
5. What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?
quantify your ideas
use them sparingly
identify their sources
explain them
 round of complicated statistics
use visual aids to clarify trends
6. What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.
a quotation or paraphrase used to support a point
expert- people who are respected and knowledgeable in their respected field; credible
peer- opinions from common people who have firsthand experience of the matter; valuable to
give first hand insight of the topic
7. What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?
quote or paraphrase correctly
use testimony from a qualified source
use testimony from a unbiased source
identify the people you quote or paraphrase
8. What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech
1. The book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing
2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document
3. The author's qualifications with regard to the topic
4. The date on which the document as published, poster, or updated.

Chapter 9:
1. Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?
1) enhances your credibility
2) it's easier for the audience to understand your message
2. How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in
your speeches?
A. Most speeches will contain 2-5 main points. 3 main points is considered normal.
B. You do not have time in classroom speeches to develop more than five points, and the
audience will have trouble sorting them out.
3. What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative
speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?
Chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, and topical. All are appropriate for informative
speeches. Problem-solution is most appropriate for persuasive speeches. Topical is used most
often.
4. What are three tips for preparing your main points?
A. Keep main points separate and distinct.
B. Use parallel wording in your main points.
C. Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point.
5. What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?
Supporting materials must be well organized because misplaced supporting materials are
confusing to listeners, and details and evidence need to be directly relevant to the main points
they support.
6. What are the four kinds of speech connectives? What role does each play in a speech?
A. Transitions, Internal Previews, Internal Summaries, and Sign Posts.
B. Transitions signal that the speaker has ended one thought and moved on to another.
Internal Previews are used to let the audience know what point will be covered next.
Internal Summaries are used to summarize the preceding point, and Sign Posts are used to
indicate where a speaker is at in a speech, or to bring attention to a key idea.
Chapter 11:
1. Why is it important to outline your speeches?
An outline helps a speaker see the full scope and content of the speech at a glance, judge
whether each part of the speech is fully developed, and helps create a coherent structure for
the speech.
2. What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?
A preparation outline is a detailed outline used to plan a speech. The eight guidelines are that
the preparation outline should include the speaker's specific purpose statement, include the
central idea, clearly label the introduction, body, and conclusion, have a consistent pattern of
symbolization and indentation, state the main points and sub points in complete sentences,
label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews, include a bibliography, and may
also include a title for the speech.
3. What is a speaking outline? What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?
A speaking outline is a brief outline used to deliver a speech; while speaking to jog memory.
Follow the same visual framework used in the preparation outline, make the outline plainly
legible, make the outline as brief as possible, include cues for delivering the speech.

Chapter 12:
1. How does language help create our sense of reality?
It gives meaning to events. Words used to label a event makes a difference on how we respond
to it.;
describes concepts, object, institution, etc. putting things in perspective with how words are
used.
2. What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning? How might you use each to convey your message
most effectively?
Denotative means precise, literal, and objective. Describes the object, person, place or event
word refers to.
Connotative means variable, figurative, and subjective. Gives words what they suggest or imply
giving them intensity and emotional power.
Denotative for inform; connotative to persuade
3. What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?
1. Accurately
2. Clearly
3. Vividly
4. Appropriately
4. What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?
1. Use familiar words
2. Choose concrete words
3. Eliminate clutter
5. What are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language?
1. Imagery
2. Rhythm/parallelism
6. What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speeches?
Language should be appropriate to occasion, audience, and topic, and to speaker
7. Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What four usages of inclusive language have
become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?
Does not demean, stereotype, or patronize, Because audiences expect public speakers to be
mindful of different groups that make up our american society.
1. Avoid the generic "He"
2. Avoid the use of "Man" when describing Men and Woman
 3. Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
4. Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Chapter 15:
1. What are the four types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? Give an example of a good specific purpose
statement for each type.
Speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts.
Objects: To inform my audience about three major kinds of service dogs.
Processes: To inform my audience how flash floods develop
Events: To inform my audience about the major types of therapeutic massages
Concepts: To inform my audience about the pilosophy of Net Neutrality
2. Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you
do to make sure your ideas don’t pass over the heads of your listeners?
In most cases, the audience will only be vaguely knowledgeable about the topic and the speaker
cannot assume the audience will know what he or she means. To make sure ideas don't pass
over the head of listeners, explain ideas thoroughly and clearly, and consider whether the
speech will be clear to someone who is hearing about the topic for the first time
3. What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?
You should tie it in with their interests and concerns. Find ways to talk about your topic in terms
of your listeners, and use personal terms such as "you" and "your".
4. What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?
A speech may be too technical because the subject is too specialized or because of the speaker's
use of jargon or obscure language.
5. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?
Description, comparison, and contrast
6. What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?
They need to enlighten their audience and entertain. Dramatize into human words.
7. Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?
Keep in mind that a good informative speech is not an oral encyclopedia article; creatively
construct your information

Chapter 16:
1. What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech? Why is speaking to persuade more
challenging than speaking to inform?
1a. an informative speech is designed to convey knowledge and understanding, whereas
persuasive speeches often deal with controversial topics that involved basic attitudes, values,
and beliefs.
1b. some listeners are so committed to their own ideas that they cannot be persuaded to the
speaker's point of view.
2. What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech? What
implications does this mental give-and-take hold for effective persuasive speaking?
2a. as they listen, audience members assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting
materials, and language. They may argue, inside their own minds, with the speaker.
2b. when preparing the speech, speakers try to put themselves in the place of the audience and
imagine how they will respond.
3. What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?
part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his or her message.
4. What are questions of fact? How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech?
Give an example of a specific purpose state-ment for a persuasive speech on a question of fact.
4a. a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
4b. The aim of an informative speech is to give information as impartially as possible, not to
 argue a particular point of view.
4c. TO PERSUADE MY AUDIENCE THAT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE DID NOT WRITE THE PLAYS
ATTRIBUTED TO HIM.
5. What are questions of value? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of
value.
5a. A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea of action.
5b. TO PERSUADE MY AUDIENCE THAT BICYCLE RIDING IS THE IDEAL FORM OF LAND
TRANSPORTATION.
6. What are questions of policy? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of
policy.
6a. A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
6b.TO PERSUADE MY AUDIENCE THAT THERE SHOULD BE STRICTER SAFETY STANDARDS ON
AMUSEMENT-PARK RIDES.
7. Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions
of policy.
7A. The goal of passive agreement is to convince the audience without encouraging the
audience to take action.
7B. The goal of immediate action is convince the audience to take action in support of a given
policy.
8. What are the three basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy? What will determine the
amount of attention you give to each of these issues in any particular speech?
8A. The 3 basic issues you must address on questions of policy are need, plan, and practicality.
8B. The amount of attention you give to each of these issues will depend on the topic and
audience.
9. What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
The 4 methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on question of policy
are: problem-solution order, problem-cause-solution order, comparative advantages order, and
Monroe's motivated sequence.
10. What are the five steps of Monroe’s motivated sequence? Why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches
that seek immediate action from listeners?
10A. The 5 steps of Monroe's motivated sequence are: GAIN THE ATTENTION OF THE AUDIENCE.
SHOW THE NEED FOR A CHANGE. SATISFY THE SENSE OF NEED BY PRESENTING A PLAN THAT
WILL REMEDY THE NEED. VISUALIZE THE BENEFITS AND PRACTICALITY OF THE PLAN. URGE THE
AUDIENCE TO TAKE ACTION IN SUPPORT OF THE PLAN.
10B. it is useful because it is psychologically based.

Chapter 17:
1. What is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audience’s perception of a speaker’s credibility?
1a. Credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speaker.
1b. A speakers credibility is affected by two primary factors COMPETENCE and CHARACTER.
2. What are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?
Initial Credibility is the audience's perception of a speaker before the speech begins.
Derived Credibility is produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech.
Terminal Credibility is the audience's perception of the speaker at the end of the speech.
3. What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?
Explaining Their Competence, Establishing Common Ground with the Audience, and Delivering
Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction.
4. What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?
a. Evidence consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something.
4a. careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is
 particularly important when the speaker is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when
the target audience opposes the speaker's point of view.
5. What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?
Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and
make clear the point of the evidence.
6. What is reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with
testimony or statistics?
6a. Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a
general conclusion.
6b. because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion
irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistics.
7. What is reasoning from principle? How is it different from reasoning from specific instances?
7a. reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
7b. it is the exact opposite of reasoning from specific instances.
8. What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?
8a. Causal Reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects.
8b. The fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of
the second.
9. What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of
policy?
9a. Analogical reasoning compares two similar cases to draw the conclusion that what is
true in once case will also be true in the other.
9b. When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried
elsewhere. You may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in
like circumstances.
10. What are the ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?
Hasty Generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-
or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty.
11. What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional
appeal in your speeches.
11a. Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverent or
the like.
11b. 3 ways to generate emotional appeal are to use emotionally charged language, vivid
examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction.