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no objectives activity activity
Define about AMPUTATION

1 4 min pamphlets Explaining Listening What is the
amputation DEFINITION:
Definition of
Amputation is the removal of a limb
amputation
by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a
surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a
disease process in the affected limb, such
as malignancy or gangrene.
“ Lewis”
Amputation removal of part or all of a body part

that is enclosed by skin. Amputation can occur at an
accident site, the scene of an animal attack, or a
battlefield.
“Brunner & suddarth”
Amputation it is a performed as a surgical

procedure. it is typically performed to prevent
the spread of gangrene as a complication of

frostbite, injury, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, or any
other illness that impairs blood circulation.
“Joyce.m.black”
Surgical removal of all or part of
a limb, an organ, or projecting part or process of the
body. or traumatic
“ S.n.chungh”
INCIDENCE:
3 min  The age of the amputees ranged from below

Enumerate What is the
2 20 years to above 70 years. The most Leaflets Explaining Listening
about incidence incidence of
common age group for amputation was 21–
of amputation amputation
30 years of age. Accounting for 32.0% of all
amputees.
.
 The 31–40-year age group was second,
accounting for 23.2% of all amputees, and
the 20 years and below age group was third
(14.2%). there were more male amputees
than female ones, with 86% of all amputees
being men.
Classification:
3 Explain about 4 min Traumatic amputation Charts Explaining Listening What are the
classification of types of all
amputation  accidents involving machinery, often in the amputees
workplace
 road traffic accidents

 explosions or other blast injuries
 electric shocks
 becoming trapped in building or car doors
Surgical amputation
A surgical amputation can be necessary after a
Person has suffered from a traumatic injury, and they can be

carried out as part of the immediate emergency treatment to
save the person’s life or because their bones, tissues or both
have been so badly damaged that they cannot later be
reconstructed.
Upper-limb amputation
refers to the arms, hands or fingers and can be categorized as

follows:
 shoulder disarticulation
 forequarter amputation
 trans-humeral amputation (above the elbow)
 elbow disarticulation
 trans radial amputation (below the elbow)
ETIOLOGY:
leaflets Explaining Listening What are the
 congenital
4 List out about 4 min causes of
o congenial limb deficiency
etiology of amputation
amputation o phocomelia: "a congenital deformity in
which the limbs are extremely shortened
so that the feet and hands arise close to
the trunk".
 acquired
 vascular
o ischemia
o diabetes
o frostbite
o arterial insufficiency leading to
death or decay of body tissue
(gangrene)
o to septicemia
 infection e.g. bone infection
(osteomyelitis)
 malignant tumours e.g. sarcoma (cancer
of the connective tissue)
 trauma (limb buried under crushed by
heavy object, limb damaged by car
accident, stabbing, gunshot, animal bite
Enumerate etc.); in some cases leading to What are the

5 4 min RISK FACTORS: charts Explaining Listening
about risk risk factors of
factors of  Charcot foot amputation
amputation  impaired vision
 poor glycemic control
 older age
 male sex
 ethnicity
 peripheral arterial disease
Sl Specific Time content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation
 infection
history of prior foot ulcer or
amputation
 structural foot deformity
 trauma Can you explain
Explain about 4 min PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: charts Explaining Listening about
6 pathophysiology  amputation of the lower extremity is often pathophysiology
of amputation the treatment of choice for an un of amputation
reconstructable or a functionally
unsatisfactory limb
 the higher the level of a lower limb
amputation, the greater the energy
expenditure that is required for walking
 as the level of the amputation moves
proximally, the walking speed of the
individual decreases, and the oxygen
consumption increase
List out about 3 min CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: leaflets Explaining Listening What are the
7 clinical  severe injury or trauma clinical
manifestations  cancerous tumor manifestations of
of amputation  infection amputation
 neuroma or thickening of nerve tissue

 intense pain or numbness in the limb while
not moving
 sores or wounds unable to heal or heal very
slowly
 gangrene
 shiny, smooth, dry skin on the limb
 thickening of toenails or nails
 absent or weakened pulse in the limb

Describe about 3 min DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION: Pamphlets Explaining Listening What are the
8 diagnostic  CBC diagnostic
evaluation of  chemistry and electrolyte profile investigations for
amputation  coagulation testing amputation
 x-rays (or a pet-ct scan)

MANAGEMENT:
Explain about  Perform basic activities, including functional

9 6 min charts Explaining Listening How to manage
management of transfers.
the amputation
amputation  Maintain range of motion to prevent
contractures at hip and/or knee.
 Learn proper wheelchair positioning and how to
conserve energy.
 Achieve independence with home exercise,
edema control, skin management and
desensitization techniques
Pharmacological management:
 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) – such as ibuprofen
 anticonvulsants –such as carbamazepine
or gabapentin
 antidepressants –such as amitriptyline or
nortriptyline (these medications work directly
on the nerves in your leg)
 opioids – such as codeine or morphine
 corticosteroid or local anaesthetic injections
Nutritional management:
 Choose smaller portions.

 Cut back on packaged and
processed
 foods to decrease overall intake
 Eat rich protein diet.
 drink milk, leafy vegetables
 don’t drink sugary drinks
 Eat frequently, small portions of food.
Nursing management:
 minimizing altered sensory perceptions
 promoting wound healing
 enhancing body image
 resolve grieving
 reliving pain
 promoting independent self-care
 helping the patient to achieve
 physical mobility
 monitoring and managing complications
Nursing diagnosis:
Actual:
acute pain related to amputation as evidenced by
verbalization
Goal:
to reduce pain
Interventions:
 assess the pain
 monitor the vital signs
 monitor the effectiveness of oxygen
therapy
 administer analgesics
 provide psychological support
impaired physical mobility related to loss of

extremity as evidenced by inability to perform
activities
Goal:
to improve the activity level
Interventions:
 asses the patient condition
 determine patients readiness to engage in
activity
 apply splints to achieve the stability of
proximal joints

 encourage the patient to exercises
potential:
imbalanced nutritional status related to amputation
as evidenced by weakness
Goal:
to reduce weakness
Interventions:
 Asses the patient condition.
 Provide the recommended diet.
 Serve food in small portions but frequently.
 Monitor body weight per day.
Risk:
impaired skin integrity related to surgical
amputation

Goal:
to reduce infection
Interventions:
 asses the patient condition

 frequently changing positions
 teach about importance of changing positions
 perform hygienic measures like regular bath
Psychological:
disturbed body image related to amputation of body

part
ineffective coping, related to failure to accept loss

of body part

10 4 min COMPLICATIONS:
List out about What are the
Leaflets Explaining Listening
complications  edema complications of
of amputation  wounds and infection amputation
 pain (phantom limb)

 muscle weakness and contractures
 joint instability
 autonomic dysfunction
5 min PREVENTION:
Enumerate  Limb-sparing techniques, depend on the Pamphlets Explaining Listening What are the
11 about problems that might cause amputations to preventive
prevention of be necessary. measures of
amputation  Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes amputation
or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients,
are common causes of infections that lead to
gangrene, which would then necessitate
amputation.

 Find patients have impaired circulation in
their extremities, and second, they have
difficulty curing infections in limbs with
poor vasculation (blood circulation).
 Crush injuries where there is extensive

tissue damage and poor circulation also
benefits from hyperbaric oxygen therapy .
The high level of oxygenation and
revascularization speed up recovery times
and prevent infections.
 The boot checks the heart rhythm and

compresses the limb between heartbeats; the
compression helps cure the wounds in the
walls of veins and arteries, and helps to
push the blood back to the heart.

4min CONGESTIVE HEART
Define about
1 FAILURE Pamphlets Explaining Listening What is the
congestive heart
definition of
failure DEFINITION:
congestive heart
Congestive heart failure known as heart
failure
failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't
pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions,
such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary
artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually
leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump
efficiently.
“Lewis”
Congestive heart failure is a chronic condition
in which your heart muscle weakens and can't pump
enough blood through your body.
“Brunner and suddarth”

Congestive heart failure is an inability of
the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with
failure of the heart to pump blood with normal
efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable to
provide adequate blood flow to other organs, such
as the brain, liver, and kidneys.
“S.n.chungh”
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic
progressive condition that affects the pumping
power of your heart muscles. While often referred
to simply as “heart failure.
“Joyce,m.black”
Enumerate What are the
2 5 min
about incidence incidence of
INCIDENCE RATE: Leaf lets Explaining Listening
of congestive congestive heart
 1 in 100 older adults
heart failure failure
 The incidence of similar in men, women

 The hospitality mortality of this patient is
4.1%, with the men length of hospital stay
of 6.5 days
 Hospital readmission rates for patients with
HR for 20% at 30 days and 50% at 6 to 12
months
 Hospital readmission, mortality increases to
10% at 30 days and up to 20% to 40% at 12
months
CAUSES:
List out about 4 min Pamphlets Explaining Listening What are the
 Coronary artery disease and heart attack
3 etiology of causes of
congestive heart  High blood pressure congestive heart
failure failure
 Heart valve problems
 Heart muscle damage
(called cardiomyopathy)
 A heart defect you were born with

Abnormal heart rhythms
 Myocarditis (inflammation of your heart
muscle)
 Other diseases, such as:
o HIV
o The use of toxic substances
o alcohol or drugs
o diabetis
RISK FACTORS:
4 Enumerate 4 min  cardiomyopathy (inflammation of the heart charts Explaining Listening What are the
about risk muscle) risk factors of
factors of  diseases of the heart valves congestive heart
congestive  abnormal heartbeats or arrhythmias failure
heart failure  congenital heart disease (a heart defect or
problem you are born with)
 Treatments for cancer, such as radiation and
certain chemotherapy drugs.
 thyroid disorders, having either too much or
too little thyroid hormone in the body
(hyper/hypo thyroidism)
 alcohol abuse
 cocaine and other illegal drug use
4min PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Charts Explaining Listening
Explain about Can you Explain
5 As the heart begins to fail, a number of
pathophysiology about
of congestive compensatory mechanisms are activated. These pathophysiology
heart failure include increased heart rate, the frank-starling of congestive
mechanism, increased catecholamines, activation of heart failure
the renin-angiotensin system, and release of atrial
natriuretic peptides. This increase in resistance,
however, acts as a load on the left ventricle and
further reduces cardiac output. The best evidence
for the existence of this vicious cycle is the
beneficial change in hemodynamics produced by
vasodilator drugs and the ACE inhibitor then
attack heart failure.
6 List out about 4 min CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: Pamphlets Explaining Listening What are the
clinical  shortness of breath clinical
manifestations  tiredness, weakness swelling in your feet, manifestations of
of congestive ankles, legs, or abdomen congestive heart
heart failure  lasting cough or wheezing failure
 fast or irregular heartbeat
 dizziness, confusion
 having to go to pee more often at night
 nausea, lack of appetite
7 Describe about What are the
diagnostic 5 min DIAGNOSIS: Leaflets Explaining Listening diagnostic
evaluation of Blood tests: abnormal levels of important substances investigations
congestive heart can show strain to organs due to heart failure. for congestive
failure Electrocardiogram (EKG): this records the heart failure
electrical activity of your heart.
Chest x-ray: if you have an enlarged heart. It can
also show congestion
Echocardiogram: this uses sound waves to make a
video image of your heart.
Exercise test: you may hear this called a stress test. It
measures how your heart responds when it has to
work hard.
Heart catheterization: in this test, you get dye
injected through a small tube into a blood vessel. it
will show any blockages or weakened arteries.
Radionuclide ventriculography: radioactive
materials go into your bloodstream. then a device
called a gamma camera takes pictures of your heart to
8 Explain about show how well it's working
management of 7 min MANAGEMENT: Charts Explaining Listening How to manage
congestive heart  Provide o2 to maintain normal tissue perfusion congestive heart
failure  Follow a heart-healthy diet failure

 Exercise regularly
 Maintain the healthy weight
 Quit smoking
 Take adequate rest
Phrmacological managment:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors work by relaxing and
opening up your blood vessels, which makes
it easier for your heart to pump blood around
the body.
Examples of ACE inhibitors include ramipril,
captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and perindopril
.
Angiotensin receptor blockers
(ARBs) work in a similar way to ACE
inhibitors by relaxing blood vessels and
reducing blood pressure.
Examples of ARBs
include candesartan, losartan, telmisartan
and valsartan.
Beta blockers work by slowing heart
down and protecting heart from the effects
of adrenaline and noradrenaline, "fight or
flight" chemicals produced by the body.
Example of bisoprolol, carvedilol and
nebivolol.
. Diuretics (water pills) make you pass
more urine and help relieve ankle swelling
and breathlessness caused by heart failure.
Ivabradine is a medicine that can help
slow your heart down.
Sacubitril valsartan is a single tablet
that combines an ARB and a medication
called a neprilysin inhibitor.
Hydralazine in combination with
nitrate can help relax and open up the blood
vessels.
Digoxin can improve your symptoms
by strengthening your heart muscle
contractions and slowing down your heart
rate.
Surgical management:
 heart valve surgery
 a coronary angioplasty or bypass
 left ventricular assist devices
 heart transplant
Heart valve surgery
There are 2 types of valve surgery:
valve replacement and valve repair.
An aortic valve replacement involves
removing a faulty or damaged valve and
replacing it with a new valve made
from synthetic materials or animal tissue.
coronary angioplasty – where a tiny balloon
is used to stretch open a narrowed or blocked
artery.

coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG) – where a blood vessel from
another part of the body is used to divert
blood around narrowed or clogged parts of
an artery
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are
mechanical pumps that can help if your left
ventricle isn't working properly and
medication alone isn't helping.
Heart transplant is an operation to
replace a damaged or failing heart with a
healthy heart from a donor who's recently
died
Nursing management:
 Monitor heart rhythm get a 12 lead ECG

 Restrict sodium intake
o Try to stay between 300-600

mg of salt in a serving.

 Monitor BNP normal range: <100 pg/ml
o Brain natriuretic peptide
(BNP): is a hormone made by
the heart. When the heart is
stressed working hard to
pump blood, it releases BNP.
 Assess respiratory function: listen to
breath sounds monitor o2 saturation
 Administer diuretics
 Strict intake and output
o These patients should have

around 8 cups of fluid or just
slightly under 2 liters of fluid
per day.
 Monitor swelling/edema

Nursing diagnosis:
Actual
Decreased cardiac output related to cardiac
problem as evidenced by abnormal heart
murmurs;
Goal:
To maintain normal cardiac out put
Interventions:
 Asses the patient condition
 Monitor vital signs
 Monitor cardiac respiratory response
to activity
 Encourage alternate rest and activity
periods
 Provide psychological support
Activity intolerance related to weakness as
evidenced by unable to do self activities
Goal:
To improve the activity level
Interventions:
 Determine patients readiness to
engage in activity
 Apply splints to achieve the stability
of proximal joints
 Encourage the patient to exercise
Potential
Fluid volume excess related to disease
condition as evidenced by edema
Goal:
To maintain normal fluid volume
Interventions:
 Monitor input and output closely
 Assess weight
 Note for presence of edema by
palpating over the tibia, ankles, feet.
 Assess urine output in response to

diuretic therapy
Risk
Risk for infection related to impaired skin
integrity as evidenced by skin infection
Goal:
To reduce skin infection
Interventions:
 Provide regular bath
 Limit the number of visitors.
 Teach ROM exercises
 (passive, active)
Psychological
 Impaired verbal communication,

related to cerebral injury as evidenced
by inability to speak
Goal:
To improve the communication
Interventions:
 Asses the patient condition
 Listen alternatively and convey the
patient thoughts
 Provide positive reinforcement
 use simple words and sentences
9 4 min PREVENTION: Pamphlet Explaining Listening
s
about Avoid or quit smoking preventive
prevention of measures of
Second hand smoke is also a health
congestive congestive heart
hazard
heart failure failure
Maintain a well-balanced diet
A heart-healthy diet is rich in vegetables,
fruits, and whole grains. Dairy products
should be low-fat or fat-free. You also need
protein in your diet. Things to avoid include
salt (sodium), added sugars, solid fats, and
refined grains.
Exercise
As little as one hour of moderate
aerobic exercise per week can improve your
heart health. Walking, bicycling, and
swimming are good forms of exercise.
Watch your weight
If you aren’t at a healthy weight, talk to
your doctor about how to move forward. You
can also consult with a dietitian or
nutritionist.
Consumption of alcoholism
Drink alcohol only in moderation and
stay away from illegal drugs. When taking
prescription medications, follow instructions
carefully and never increase your dose
without doctor supervision.

COMPLICATIONS:
10 4 min Abnormal heart rhythm: If ticker is weak, Leaflets Explaining Listening
complications of complications of
these chambers might not squeeze at the right
congestive heart congestive heart
time. Heart might beat too slowly, too quickly,
failure failure
or in an irregular pattern.
Atrial fibrillation (AFIB) is one type of
abnormal heart rhythm that heart failure can
cause. It causes your heart to quiver and skip
instead of beating.
Pulmonary problems: The clot can break free
and travel to your lungs. Then it's
called pulmonary embolism. Or a clot can
travel to your brain. If it blocks a blood vessel
there, you could have a stroke.
Heart valve problems: As the damage gets
worse and your heart has to work r to pump out
blood, it gets bigger. The change in size can
damage the valves.
Kidney damage or failure: without the

amount of blood they need, they won’t be able

to remove enough wastes from your blood.
This is called kidney failure.
Liver damage: Heart failure lead to

hepatomagaly
Lung problems: a damaged heart can't pump
blood as effectively to lungs.
Define RETINAL DETACHMENT What is the

1 3 min Pamphlets Explaining Listening
about retinal Definition of
detachment DEFINITION: retinal
detachment
Retinal detachment (RD) is typically a
progressive condition in which the neuroretina
separates (detaches) from the retinal pigment
epithelium. Sub retinal fluid accumulates, and
the retina temporarily loses its function.
“Lewis”
Retinal detachment occurs when the
retina separates from the back of your eye. This
causes loss of vision that can be partial or total,
depending on how much of the retina is
detached.
“Brunner and siddharth”

Retinal detachment is an eye condition

involving separation of the retina from its
attachments to the underlying tissue within the
eye. Most retinal detachments are a result of a
retinal break, hole, or tear. Retinal detachments
of this type are known as rhegmatogenous retinal
detachment.
“Joyce,m.black”
2
the incidence incidence of
2 min INCIDENCE: Leaf lets Explaining Listening
of retinal retinal detachment
detachment
 5 new cases in 100,000npersons per year
 Detachment is more frequent in middle
aged or elderly populations, with rates of around
20 in 100,000 per year.

The life time risk in normal individuals is about

1 in 300.
Explain the CLASSIFICATION: What are the

3 classification of 2 min Charts Explaining Listening classification of
retinal  Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is a retinal
detachment break, tear, or hole in the retina. This hole detachment
allows liquid to pass from the vitreous space

into the subretinal space between the
sensory retina and the retinal pigment
epithelium. The pigment epithelium is the
pigmented cell layer just outside the
neurosensory retina.
 Secondary retinal detachment is also

known as exudative retinal detachment or
serous retinal detachment. It happens
Sl Specific objectives Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

no activity activity
when inflammation, vascular abnormalities,

or injury cause fluid to build up under the
retina. There is no
hole, break, or tear.
 Tractional retinal detachment is

when an injury, inflammation, or
neovascularization causes the
fibrovascular tissue to pull the sensory
retina from the retinal pigment
List out about 2 min What are the
etiology of retinal epithelium causes of retinal
4 Leaflets Explaining Listening
detachment CAUSES: detachment
 Retinal breaks
 Retinal holes
5 Enumerate about 2 min RISK FACTORS:
risk factors of retinal
detachment  posterior vitreous detachment, which Pamphlets Explaining What are the risk
is common in older adults factors of retinal
detachment

 extreme nearsightedness, which
causes more strain on the eye
 a family history of retinal detachment
trauma to your eye
 being over 50 years old
 prior history of retinal detachment
 complications from cataract removal

surgery
 diabetes mellitus

Explain about PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Can you

6 2 min Charts Explaining Listening
pathophysiology Explain about
of retinal Riskfactors, peripheralrentenal degenerations, pathophysiology
detachment aphakia, trauma of retinal
detachment
Retinal break
Degenerated vitreous fluid
through retinal break in to sub retinal space
List out about

clinical What are the
7 2 min Retinal detachment Leaflets Explaining Listening
manifestations of clinical
retinal CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: manifestations of
detachment  blurred vision retinal
detachment
 partial vision loss, which makes it seem as
if as

curtain has been pulled across your field of
vision, with a dark shadowing effect.
 sudden flashes of light that appear when

looking to the side suddenly seeing many
floaters, which are small bits of debris that
appear as black flecks or strings floating
Describe about
before eye.
8 diagnostic
Listening
evaluation of 2 min DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION: Pamphlets Explaining What are the
retinal diagnostic
detachment  History and physical examination investigations
for retinal
 Visual acuity measurement
detachment
 Opthalmoscopy
 Slit lamp microscopy

 Ultrasound
2 min
How to Manage
8 Explain about Charts Explaining Listening
The retinal
detachment
management of MANAGEMENT:
retinal
detachment Treatment of retinal detachment has two
objectives. The first is to seal any retinal breaks,
and the second is to relive inward traction on the
retina
Surgical management:
Photocoagulation
The laser burns around the tear site, and the

resulting scarring affixes your retina to the back of
your eye.
Cryopexy
Another option is cryopexy, which is freezing with

intense cold. For this treatment, apply a freezing
probe outside of eye in the area over the

retinal tear site, and the resulting scarring
will help hold retina in place.
Retinopexy
A third option is pneumatic retinopexy to

repair minor detachments. For this
procedure, put a gas bubble in your eye to
help your retina move back into place up
against the wall of eye. Once retina is back in
place, doctor will use a laser or freezing
probe to seal the holes.
Scleral buckling
For This involves placing a band around the

outside of your eye to push the wall of your
eye into your retina, getting it back into place
for proper healing. Scleral buckling may be.

done in combination with a vitrectromy
Cryopexy or retinopexy is performed during
the scleral buckle procedure
Vitrectomy
Use small tools to remove abnormal
vascular.or scar tissue and vitreous, a gel-
like fluid from your retina. Then they’ll put
your retina back into its proper place,
commonly with a gas bubble. Cryopexy or
retinopexy is performed during the
vitrectomy procedure
Nursing management:
 Assess visual status and functional

vision

 In the unaffected eye to determine self

care needs.
 Prepare the client for surgery by
explaining possible surgical interventions
and technique to alleviate some of the
client's anxiety
 Discourage straining during
 Defecation, bending down and hard
coughing, sneezing or vomiting to avoid
activities that increase intraocular
pressure.
 Assist with ambulation, as needed, to
help the client remain independent.
 Approach the clients from the unaffected
side to avoid startling him.

 Provide assistance with activities of
daily living to minimize frustration
and strain.
 Orient the client to his environment to
reduce the risk of injury.
 Postoperatively instruct the client to
lie on his back or on his un operated
side to reduce intraocular pressure in
the affected area.
PREVENTION:
2 min Pamphle Explainin Listening

 Avoid retinal detachment that results
9 ts g
from an injury by wearing protective
Explain about What are the
prevention of eyewear when playing sports or using preventive
retinal tools. If have diabetes, control blood measures for
detachment retinal
sugar and see your doctor regularly.
detachment

 Get yearly eye exams, especially if you

have risks for retinal detachment
 It’s important to know the symptoms of

retinal detachment.
 Recognizing when you may have a
retinal problem and seeking medical
care immediately can save your vision
COMPLICATIONS:
 Blurred vision
List out about  double vision(diplopia)

10 complications of 2 min Leaflets Explainin Listening
retinal What are the
 glaucoma g
detachment complications
of retinal
 eye lid (ptosis)
detachment

Introduce the INTRODUCTON: What is the
1 2 min Black Explaining Listening
comfort devices comfort devices
Patient position of comfort is often the board
position of greatest contracture risk. Attention
to correct positioning is relevant to every
treatment setting. Positioning and draping are
techniques which maximize patient comfort
and dignity, and which minimize the injury to
tissue. Is the absence of irritating stimuli that
distract one’s attention from the task at hand.
Define about DEFINITION:

2 2 min OHP Explaining Listening What is the
comfort devices Comfort devices are the articles which definition of
would add to the comfort of the patient when comfort devices
used, by relieving discomfort and helping to

maintain correct posture.
“NEIL. AMPL”
Comfort devices are the mechanical

devices planned to provide optimal comfort to
an individual.
“NANCY”
Comfort devices are invented articles which
would add comfort to the patient when used in
appropriate manner
“CRISS STROKS”
PURPOSE: Handouts Explaining Listening
List out the What are the
3 purpose of 2 min 1. To relive discomfort purpose of
comfort devices 2. To immobilize body part. comfort devices
3. To relieve pressure on parts of body.

4. To prevent falls and accidents.
5.To maintain correct posture
4 Enlist the causes 2 min CAUSES OF DISCOMFORT: Pamphlets Explaining Listening What are the
of discomfort causes of
 Pain
discomfort
 Restriction of movement
 Lack of exercises
 Extreme temperature
 Inadequate ventilation
 Wrinkled, soiled and wet bed sheets
 Uncomfortable position
 Lack of sleep What are the list
LIST OF COMFORT DEVICES: PPT Explaining Listening of comfort
Explain the list of devices
5 7 min 1. PILLOWS
comfort devices
2. BACK REST
3. BED CRADLE
4. CARDIAC TABLE
5. MATTRESSES
6. TRAPEZE BAR
7. FOOTBOARD
8.TROCHANTERROLLS
9.SANDBAGS
10.SIDE RAILS
11. WEDGE/
ABDUCTOR PILLOW
12.KNEE RE
13.BED BLOCKS
14. AIR CUSHION
15. RUBBER &COTTON RINGS
16. Hand rolls
1. PILLOWS
Pillows are used to give comfortable position
to the patient. These are mostly used to support
various body parts.
PURPOSE :
1. To maintain proper body alignment.
2. To support body parts in good alignment
3. Help to reduce pressure
4. It can be folded, rolled or tucked firmly
against the body to maintain position.
5. It is used to support head, neck arms, legs
and parts of the back.
2. BACK REST
 Support patient’s back at an angle, so
Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation
objectives activity activity
 that he may maintain a sitting position.
 Can be adjusted to desired angle.
 Extra pillows are needed.
 Arms of patient are well supported
 Used for pts suffering with cardiac
&pulmonary distress.
PURPOSES:
 To relieve dyspnoea.
 To promote drainage from abdominal
cavity.
 To provide a comfortable change of
 position.
3. BED CRADLE
• It is a frame used to hold the bed linen
from touching the patient.
• Cradle is a semicircular / rectangular
frame of metal.
• May be made of wood or bamboo
.
PURPOSES:
• To prevent pressure from the weight of
linen.
• To allow air to circulate around lower
limbs.
4. CARDIAC TABLE
• Bed table placed in front with a pillow on it,
patient can lean forward & take rest.
• Table without pillow is used for writing &
meals.
• Used for pts with cardiac conditions &
asthma.
• Position should be changed to relieve
fatigue.
PURPOSES:
• Patient can rest over the table with the help of
pillow
5. MATTRESSES
MAINLY TWO TYPES:
1. AIR MATTRESS
2. WATER MATTRESS
PURPOSES:
• To provide comfort
• Used for very thin and very obese
patients and those who are prone to pressure
sores.
6. TRAPEZE BAR
Bar is suspended from an overhead frame to
head of bed
PURPOSES:
Patient can grasp the bar to raise the trunk off
the bed surface or to move up in bed.
7. FOOTBOARD
• Device that is placed towards the foot of
patients bed to serve as support for his feet
• Usually made up of wood/plastic/heavy
canvas
PURPOSES:
• To support patients feet
• To prevent foot drop.
8. TROCHANTER ROLLS
• A cotton bath blanket/sheet is folded
lengthwise to width extending from
greater trochanter of femur to lower
border of popliteal space
PURPOSES:
Prevent external rotation of legs when
patient is in supine position
9. SANDBAGS
• They are sand filled plastic bags that can be
shaped to body contours
• Can be used in place of or in addition
to trochanter rolls
PURPOSES:
• Provide support & shape to body
• Immobilize extremities & maintain
specific body alignment
10. SIDE RAILS
• Side rails are the bars positioned along the
sides of the length of the bed
PURPOSES:
• Ensure patient’s safety & are useful
for increasing mobility
• Provide assistance in rolling from side to
side or sitting up in bed
11. WEDGE/ABDUCTOR
PILLOW
• It is a triangular shaped pillow made of
heavy foam
PURPOSES:
• Used to maintain legs in abduction
following Total Hip Replacement Surgery
12. KNEE REST
• This is a device placed under the knees to
provide comfort.
PURPOSES:
• This gives relaxation and thus relieves pain
on tendons beneath the knees.
13. BED BLOCKS
• Made up of wood or metal.
PURPOSES:
• These are used to raise the foot end
or head end of the bed
14. AIR CUSHION
Air cushions are made up of rubber and it can
be inflated with air
PURPOSES:
• Used to take off the weight of the body and to
relieve pressure on certain parts of the body.
15. RUBBER & COTTON RINGS
These are circular rings made of
rubber or cotton.
PURPOSES:
• These are used to relieve pressure on
certain parts of the body like elbow
and heels.
16. HAND ROLLS
• Made by folding a washcloth in half ,
rolling in lengthwise & securing roll with
tape.
• Roll is placed against palmar surface of
hand.
Purposes:
• Maintain thumb in slightly adducted & in
Opposition to fingers.
• Maintain fingers in slightly flexed
Position.
INTRODUCTION
Introduce the What is the
1 2 min Unconsciousness, temporary: A Pamphlets Explainin Listening
unconsciousness unconsciousness
partial or complete loss of consciousness g
with interruption of awareness of oneself
and ones surroundings. When the loss of
consciousness is temporary and there is
spontaneous recovery, it is referred to as
syncope or, in nonmedical quarters, fainting.
Syncope accounts for nearly one in every 30
visits to an emergency room.
Syncope is due to a temporary reduction
in blood flow and therefore a shortage of
oxygen to the brain. This leads to
lightheadedness or a "black out" episode, a
loss of consciousness. Temporary
impairment of the blood supply to the brain
can be caused by heart conditions and by

conditions that do not directly involve the
heart:
2 Define the 2 min DEFINITION: Leaflets Explainin Listening What is the
unconsciousness Definition of
Loss of Consciousness is apparent in g
unconsciousness
patient who is not oriented, does not follow
commands, or needs persistent stimuli to
achieve a state of alertness.
“ LEWIS”
Unconsciousness is a lack of
awareness of one’s environment and the
inability to respond to external stimuli.
“BRUNNER AND SUDDARTH”
Unconsciousness is an abnormal state
resulting from disturbance of sensory
perception to the extent that the patient is not
aware of what is happening around him.
“ JOYCE M. BLACK”

LEVELS OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
Explain about What are the
5 5 min 1. Alert : Charts Explainin Listening
levels of levels of
unconsciousness  Normal consciousness g unconsciousness
2. Automatism :
 Aware of surroundings
 May be unable to remember actions
later
 Possible abnormal mood, may show
defects of memory and judgment
3. Confusion :
 Loss of ability to speak and think in a
logical coherent fashion
 Responds to simple orders
 May be disorientated for time and
space
4. Delirium/Acute confusion
with agitation :
 Characterized by restlessness
 possible violence
 Not capable to rational thought
 May be troublesome and not comply
with simple orders
5. Stupor :
 Quite and uncommunicative
 Remains conscious but sits or lies with
a glazed expression
 Does not respond to orders
 Bladder and rectal incontinence occur
 More serious than the previous wild
stage
6. Semi-coma :
 A twilight stage
 Patients often pass fitfully into
unconsciousness
 May be aroused to the stuporosed state
 by vigorous stimulation
7. Coma :
 Patient deeply unconscious
 Can not be roused and does not wake
up with vigorous stimulation
List out the What are the
5 min CAUSES: Leaflets Explainin Listening
causes of causes of
6 unconsciousness HEAD INJURY g unconsciousness
 Skull fracture
 Fainting
 Concussion
 Compression
 Asphyxia
 Hypoxia
 Extremes body temperature
 Endocrine causes
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
 Epileptic fits
 Hysteria
 Hypoglycemia
 Alcohol use
 CNS infection
 Hyperglycemia
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
 Cardiac arrest
 Blood loss
 Substance abuse
 Drug overdose
 Hypothermia
 Hypotension
 Hypertensive crisis
OTHER CAUSES
 Asphyxia
 Fainting
 Extremes of Body Temperature
 Cardiac Arrest
 Blood Loss
5 min PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Charts Explainin Listening
Explain about Altered level of consciousness is not a Can you
7 g
pathophysiology explain about
disordered itself it result from multiple
of pathophysiology
unconsciousness pathopsyologic. of
unconsciousness
It causes of neurologic dysfunction is

description in the cell of neurons system,
neutron or brain anatomy
Cellular oedema and other mechanism.
Increased or decreased in the circulation of

blood or cerebrospinal fluid.
Unconsciousness

Discuss about INCIDENCE What are the
3 2 min Leaflets Explainin Listening
incidence of incidence of
unconsciousness The incidence number of new cases of g unconsciousness
unconscious patient worldwide is 300 per
100,000 per year 0.3% of the population, with
a mortality of 25 per 100,000 in India. Head
trauma is a common cause of unconscious.
RISK FACTORS
Enumerate about 3 min
risk factors of  Stress(vasodepressor syncope)
4 Charts Explaining Listening What are the risk
unconsciousness  Impaired physical status due to
physiological, psychological stress. factors of
unconsciousness
 Administration or ingestion of drugs
 Analgesics
 Antianxiety agents
 CNS depressents
 antibiotics

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
8 3 min  Drowsiness pamphlets Explaining Listening
clinical clinical
manifestations of  Confusion manifestations
unconsciousness  Disorientation of
unconsciousness
 Stroke respiration
 Convulsion
 Rigidity of extremities
 Rapid heart beat
 Light –headedness
 Stupor
 Increased intra cranial pressure
 Cerebral spinal pressure
 Inability to speak
 Loss of bowel or bladder
 Dizziness and light headedness
 Sudden inability to respond
 Very pale skin

no objectives Activity activity
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS:
Discuss about What are the
9 3 min  Neurological examination Leaflets Explaining Listening
diagnostic diagnostic
investigations of  Mental status examination investigations of
unconsciousness  Common diagnostic procedure unconsciousness
 Computer tomography
 Magnetic reasoning imaging
 Electric encephalogram
 Pet
 Laboratory test
 Blood glucose
 Liver function test
 Blood urea nitrogen
 Blood electrolyte
Explain about
10 assessment of  Serum ammonia
unconscious What are the
6 min ASSESSMENT OF UNCONSCIOUS pamphlets Explaining Listening
patients assessment of
PATIENTS: unconscious
 History patients
 Physical assessment
 Glasgow coma scale
Eye opening
spontaneous -4
to speech -3
to pain -2
no response -1
Verbal response
oriented -5
confused -4
inappropriate words -3
incomprehensible sounds-2
no response -1
Motor response
Obeys commands -6
Localizes -5
Withdraws -4
Flexes -3
Extends -2
No response -1
TOTAL SCORE: 3-15
Assessment of LOC
 Evaluation of mental status.
 Cranial nerve functioning.
 Reflexes.
 Motor and sensory functioning.
 Scanning, imaging, tomography, EEG.

Describe about
11  Glasgow coma scale.
management of
7 min MANAGEMENT How to manage
unconsciousness
1. Maintaining patent airway Charts Explaining Listening the
unconsciousness
 Elevating the head end of the bed to 30
degree prevents aspiration.
 Positioning the patient in lateral or
semi prone position.
 Suctioning.
 Chest physiotherapy.
 Auscultate in every 8 hours.
 Endo tracheal tube or tracheostomy.
2. Protecting the client

 Padded side rails
 Restrains.
 Take care to avoid any injury.
 Talk with the client in-between the
Procedures.
 Speak positively to enhance the self

esteem and confidence of the patient.
3.Maintaining fluid balance and
managing nutritional needs
 Assess the hydration status.
 More amount of liquid.
 Start IV line.
 Liquid diet.
 NG tube.
4.Maintaining skin integrity
 Regular changing in position.
 Passive exercises.
 Back massage.
 Use splints or foam boots to prevent

foot drop.
 Special beds to prevent pressure on

bony prominences.
5.Preventing urinary retention
 Palpate for a full bladder.
 Insert an indwelling catheter.
 Condom catheter for male and

absorbent pads for females in case of
incontinence.
 Inducing stimulation to urinate.
6. Providing sensory stimulation

 Provided at proper time to avoid
 Sensory deprivation.
 Efforts are made to maintain the

sense of daily rhythm by keeping the
usual day and night patterns for
activity and sleep.
 Maintain the same schedule each day.
 Orient the client to the day, date, and
time accordingly.
 Touch and talk.
 Proper communication.
 Always address the client by name,

and explain the procedure each time
Nursing Diagnosis:
 Ineffective airway clearance
related to altered level of
unconscious.

Goal:
Maintain the normal airway pattern
Interventions:
 Promote airway clearance and
pulmunarate by the patient position.
 Assess the respiratory rate, rhythm,
effort, oxygen level and breathe
sound.
 Give the frequent oral care every 2-
4 hrs.
 Maintain the position such as
upright position or semi fowler
position.
 Administer the oxygen as per DR
order.
 Risk for injury related to decreased
level of conscious.

Goal:
To reduce the injury
Interventions:
 Keep the side rails up on the bed and
bed in the lowest position.
 Give adequate support to the limbs and
hard when moving or turning the
unconscious patient.
 Protect an unconscious patient from
external source of heat.
 Avoid over sedation because it may
after respiration which increase the
intracranial pressure in patient level of
consciousness.
 Fluid volume deficit related to
inability to take fluid by mouth

Goal:
To maintain normal fluid volume
Interventions:
 monitor the intake and output
 Monitor and record vital sign, skin
color and temperature.
 Avoid the over hydration in patient
receiving IV fluids because of risk of
cerebral oedema.
 Observe and measure the abdominal
girth.
 Risk for impaired skin integrity related to
prolonged immobility
Goal:
To reduce the skin integrity
Interventions:
 provide the nursing intervention for

all self-care needs including bathing care of
hair, skin & nail.
 change the position at least for every 2
hrs
 Apply the solution in high fatty acid.
 Provide the special or water bed to the
patient.
 Perennial care should be performed at
least every 8 hrs and after every
episode of incontinence.
List out about
COMPLICATIONS: Leaflets Explaining Listening What are the
complications of
12 2 min  Acute renal failure complications of
unconsciousness
 Intracranial embolism unconsciousness
 Alcoholism
 Shock
 Lead poisoning
 Heat stroke

NEPHRITIS
Introduction
Immunological process involving the
urinary tract predominantly affect the renal
glomerulus. The disease process results in
glomerulonephritis, which affects both kidneys
equally. Although the glomerulus is the
primary site of inflammation, tubular,
interstitial, vascular changes also occur.
Definition What is the
Define the
1 1 min Nephritis is a condition in which the OHP Explaining Listening Definition of
nephritis
nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, nephritis?
become inflamed. This inflammation, which is
also known as glomerulonephritis, can
adversely affect kidney function.
“ LEWIS”

Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys
and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or
interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli
“WWW.GOOGLE.COM ”
Nephritis is a inflammation of the
kidney, which causes impaired kidney
function. Nephritis can be due to variety of
causes, including kidney disease, auto
immune disease and infection.
“ JOYCE M. BLACK”
INCIDENCE
 Most common in preschool and early
OHP Explaining Learning What is the
Enlist the school age children with a peak age of
2 incidence of
incidence of onset of 6-7 years
nephritis?
nephritis  0.2/100.000/year detected in patients
 on average responsible for 2 to 4% of
admission in india

 Accounts for about 90% of renal
diseases
3 Explain the types 2 min TYPES Flower Explaining listening What are the
types
of nephritis  Acute glomerulonephritis chart
 Chronic glomerulonephritis of nephritis?
Acute glomerulonephritis: This form of
nephritis can develop suddenly after a severe
infection, such as strep throat, hepatitis,
or HIV. Lupus and rarer disorders, such as
vasculitides and granulomatosis with
polyangiitis (GPA)
Chronic glomerulonephritis: it is most
commonly caused by high blood pressure,
polysystic kidney disease, obstruction of
urinary tract high blood calcium deposit in
kidney, toxic disorders

.

RISK FACTORS
List out the risk What are the risk
4 2 min  family history of kidney disease Flower Explaining Listening
factors of factors of
nephritis  smoking chart nephritis?
 lack of exercise
 obesity
 Consumption of alcoholism
 an age of 60 years or more
CAUSES What are the
Enlist the causes
5 1 min  Some infections, such as HIV Phamplet Explaining Listening causes of
of nephritis
and hepatitis B or C nephritis?
 Using antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or
diuretic pill
 Low potassium in blood
 Bacterial infections
 Pylonephritis
 Lupus nephritis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Antibodies react with circulating non

glomerular antigens(bacterial, viral, chemical,
Discuss about Can you explain
6 1 min drugs) pull Explaining listening
pathophysiology about
of nephritis chart pathophysiology
Deposited as immune complexes along of nephritis?
with glomerular basement membrane
Accumulation of antibody, antigen
Leukocyte infiltration of the

glomerulus
Thickening of the glomerular

filtration membrane

Scarring and loss of glomerular filtration
membrane
Decreased glomerular filtration rate

glomerulus and tubulus become scarred
renal artery thickend
severe glomerular damage
What are the the

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
clinical
manifestations of
Acute nephritis
Pull Explaining Listening
Enumerate the Nephritis?
7 2 min  Hematuria chart
clinical
manifestations of  Edema
 Azotemia
nephritis
 Urine may be appear cola coloured
because blood

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
8 Enumerate the What are the

 Urine test. A urinalysis might show red
diagnostic 1 min Flash Explaining listening diagnostic
blood cells and red cell casts in urine, an
evaluation of cards evaluation of
nephritis indicator of possible damage to the nephritis?
glomeruli. Urinalysis results might also
show white blood cells, a common
indicator of infection or inflammation,
and increased protein, which can indicate
nephron damage.
 Blood tests. These can provide

information about kidney damage and
impairment of the glomeruli by
measuring levels of waste products, such
as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

 Imaging tests. It detects evidence of
damage, he or she may recommend
diagnostic studies that allow visualization
of your kidneys, such as a kidney X-ray,
an ultrasound examination or a CT scan.
 Kidney biopsy. This procedure

involves using a special needle to extract
small pieces of kidney tissue for
microscopic examination to help
determine the cause of the inflammation
Explain the MANAGEMENT

9 2 min
management of MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
nephritis PPT Explaining Listening What is the
Acute nephritis management for
 If residual streptococcal infection is nephritis?
suspected, pencillin is prescribed

 Bed rest is encouraged during acute
 Phase
 Dietary protein restricted when renal
insufficiency and nitrogen retention
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
antibiotics
ampicillin 500 mg, oral
ciprofloxacin 500mg, IM
Antihypertensive drugs
Angiotension converting enzymes
 Captopril 25 mg, oral
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Chronic nephritis
Glomerulonephritis often leads to high blood
pressure, which can cause further kidney
damage and other health problems.
 blood pressure will be carefully
monitored

Plasma exchange
 Plasma is a fluid that is part of the
blood. It contains proteins, such as
antibodies that can cause your kidneys
to become inflamed.
 Plasma exchange involves removing
some of the plasma from your blood.
 During the procedure, you're connected
to a machine that gradually removes
some of your blood.
 The plasma is separated from the blood
cells and removed. A plasma substitute
is then added to the blood before it's
put back into body
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
Immunosuppressants
Severe cases of glomerulonephritis, caused by
problems with the immune system, are
Sometimes treated with types of medicine
known as immune suppressants. These
medicines suppress immune system
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are used to reduce swelling and
suppress your immune system
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclophosphamide is an
immunosuppressant used in very high doses to
treat some cancers. It's also an established
treatment, in much lower doses, for
glomerulonephritis.
Other immunosuppressants
Other medicines to help control immune
system include:
 Ciclosporin 10-15 mg/kg
 Prednisoline 50-60 mg/kg

Other medication
 captopril 25 mg, oral
 levo statin 5 mg, oral
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Dialysis – a treatment that takes over part of
the kidney's job and removes waste products
from body
Kidney transplant – where a healthy kidney
from a donor is surgically implanted to replace
own kidney
Explain the NURSING MANAGEMENT OHP Explaining Listening What are the
10 nursing 2 min nursing
 Nurse observe the patient for common
management of
management of fluid and electrolyte disturbances nephritis?
nephritis  Allow the patient to heard the running
water to promote the dieresis
 Inspect the flank area for asymmetry,
which indicates the presence of renal
mass
No objectives Activity activity
 Inspect the male urethra for stenosis,
injury, phimosis
 Ask about vomiting, nausea, abdominal
fullness
 Assess the urine specimen for blood,
protein, colour, amount
 Provide comfort devices
 Administer medication
 Educating the patient about self care
Provide diversional therapy
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
 Excess fluid volume related to
decreased urine out put as evidenced by
oedema
 Hyperkalemia related to decreased
potassium excretion as evidenced by
lab reports
 anemia related to decrease
No objectives Activity activity
 erythropiosis as evidenced by pallor
skin
 knowledge deficit related to treatment
regimen as evidenced by asking more
questions
Discuss the PREVENTION What is the
11 prevention of 2 min Hand Explaining listening prevention of
Avoid or quit smoking
nephritis nephritis?
Second hand smoke is also a health hazard out
Maintain a well-balanced diet
 A heart-healthy diet is rich in
vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
Dairy products should be low-fat or fat-
free. Also need protein in diet. Things
to avoid include
 Salt (sodium), added sugars, solid fats,
and refined grains.

Exercise
As little as one hour of moderate
aerobic exercise per week can improve heart
health. Walking, bicycling, and swimming are
good forms of exercise.
Watch weight
Maintain the normal weight.
Consumption of alcoholism
Drink alcohol only in moderation and stay
away from illegal drugs. When taking
prescription medications. What are the
12 Describe the COMPLICATIONS Leaflet Explaining Listening complications of
complications of nephritis?
1 min  acute kidney failure
nephritis
 nephritic syndromme
 chronic kidney disease
 electrolyte imbalances, such as high
levels of sodium or potassium
 chronic urinary tract infections
 Protenuria
 Hypo albuminemia
 Hyperlipedimia
 Headache
 Malaise
 Flank pain
Chronic nephritis
 Elevated BUN, serum creatinine
 Weight loss
 Increasing irritability
 Nocturia
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Papilledema
 Cardiomegaly

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Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

no objectives activity activity

Define about AMPUTATION

Amputation removal of part or all of a body part

Amputation it is a performed as a surgical

the spread of gangrene as a complication of

3 min  The age of the amputees ranged from below

 road traffic accidents

A surgical amputation can be necessary after a

Person has suffered from a traumatic injury, and they can be

refers to the arms, hands or fingers and can be categorized as

Enumerate etc.); in some cases leading to What are the

 neuroma or thickening of nerve tissue

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 x-rays (or a pet-ct scan)

Explain about  Perform basic activities, including functional

 opioids – such as codeine or morphine

 Choose smaller portions.

impaired physical mobility related to loss of

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 asses the patient condition

disturbed body image related to amputation of body

ineffective coping, related to failure to accept loss

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 pain (phantom limb)

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 Crush injuries where there is extensive

 The boot checks the heart rhythm and

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

“Brunner and suddarth”

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 Monitor heart rhythm get a 12 lead ECG

o Try to stay between 300-600

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o These patients should have

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 Assess urine output in response to

 Impaired verbal communication,

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

amount of blood they need, they won’t be able

Liver damage: Heart failure lead to

Define RETINAL DETACHMENT What is the

“Brunner and siddharth”

Retinal detachment is an eye condition

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The life time risk in normal individuals is about

Explain the CLASSIFICATION: What are the

allows liquid to pass from the vitreous space

 Secondary retinal detachment is also

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when inflammation, vascular abnormalities,

 Tractional retinal detachment is

Sl Specific Time Content Av aids Teaching Learning Evaluation

 a family history of retinal detachment

trauma to your eye

 being over 50 years old