Siddhartha et al. [1] presented a comprehensive deliberation of powder based FGMs.

Various
metal/ceramic combinations used for FGM synthesis and fundamentals of significant
manufacturing methods are discussed in this paper.
Dave et al. [2] investigated the effect of infill density and infill parameters on the 3D printed
PLA filament in different orientations. Experiments were carried out on the tensile test specimen
and the results were studied.
Maximum tensile strength was observed for the specimen with 100% infill percentage and flat
orientation. SEM test was conducted and the images shows the higher inter-bed porosity for the
part printed with 60% infill density which is the main reason for a lower strength.
Aloyay di et al. [3] investigated the influence of infill density(ID) on flexural behaviour and
microstructure of PLA manufactured using 3D printer by conducting three point bend test.
From the results it was observed that 80% infill density specimens have more strength and
toughness. Surface morphology and fracture topography are also investigated in this paper.
Egorov et al. [4] analyzed the effect of infill density on strength characteristics of specimens
made of Nylon by Filament Fused Fabrication.
Results are analyzed and the relationship between the internal structure and the strength
properties are established. From the results it was concluded that as the volume fraction of infill
structure increases above 60%, strength of the specimen increases because of the formation of
continuous layers.
samykano et al. [5] studied the properties of ABS material by considered three process
parameters infill density, layer height and raster angle which effect the mechanical properties of
the material.
Response surface methodology is used for validation of experimental data and to develop a
mathematical model. From the results it was found that 0.5mm layer thickness 65 0 raster angle
and 80% infill are the optimum conditions.
Zhang et al. [6] reviewed the current status on important issues such as processing, modelling,
microstructure and mechanical properties of FGMs to provide insight information for future
research. This paper concentrated on Additive Manufacturing methods for FGM preparation as it
offers local control of the parts in multiple dimensions.
panes et al. [7] studied the influence of process parameters like infill percentage, part
orientation, layer height on mechanical behaviour of the specimens prepared with ABS and PLA
by Fused Deposition Modelling.
From the results it was observed that the specimens prepared with PLA has more strength and
rigidity than with ABS material. The results with ABS show lower variability than PLA.
Li et al. [8] reviewed the current status of FGMs. Different preparation methods of FGMs based
on physical combination chemical combination and both are discussed in this paper. Due to
reduction in manufacturing cost, FGMs have wide range of applications in various fields which
are discussed in this paper.
kokanee [9] has presented a review on FGM. They stated that materials, energy and modern
sciences are the three pillars of modern technology. Study has been conducted on various
investigations, properties, classifications and applications of FGMs. Various theories used for
analysis of FGM are also presented in this paper.
Parmar et al. [10] explained different processes of making FGMs and application in many
areas. Different manufacturing methods for FGM, advantages and application in various areas
are highlighted in this paper.
Bhavar et al. [11] presented the current status, evaluation and challenges of FGMs. Though
there are several methods available for manufacturing FGMs, additive based metal deposition
(by laser, electron beam, plasma etc.) technologies are reaping particular interest owing to their
recent developments. Applications of FGMs in various fields including aerospace, defense,
mining, power and tools manufacturing sectors are discussed in detail in this paper.
Edwin et al. [12] presented the recent developments in research carried out on FGMs. The use of
structures like beams, plates and shells, which are made from FG materials, is increasing because
of smooth variation of material properties along preferred directions. This variation provides
continuous stress distribution in the FG structures. Therefore, an FGM can be effectively used in
avoiding corrosion, fatigue, fracture and stress corrosion cracking.
 Hari Krishnan et al., [13] reviewed various methods and theories for modelling and analysis of
FGMs. From the literature it was observed that the material properties gradation in FGM follows
power law and exponential law. The effective properties of the plates are determined by various
methods like rule of mixtures, Mori-Tanaka scheme, voigt model, selfconsistent schemes.
Applications and advantages of FGMs are also described in this paper.
Harish Kumar et al. [14] studied and compared the wear and friction of parts made of Nylon 6-
Fe and ABS prepared by Fused Deposition Modelling. They conducted experiments on pin on
disc apparatus at 200 and 300 rpm and by varying the load(5,10,15,20N). From the results it was
concluded that Nylon 6-Fe composite has high wear resistance compared to ABS. The
coefficient of friction is higher for ABS compared to Nylon 6-Fe.
Makwana et al. [15] investigated the effect of stress concentration in FGM plate with cut-out by
varying loading conditions, radius of circular cut-out and materials. The paper also stated various
types of FGMs and their applications in various fields.
Kapil et al. [16] developed a multi-layer functionally graded cast aluminium alloy using Hybrid
Layered Manufacturing (HLM). The system hardware is composed of a 3-axis CNC machine
integrated with a metal arc welding (MAW) deposition unit. Microstructure analysis, Tensile
strength, hardness tests are conducted at various layers and variation in the properties observed.

Rasheedat et al. [17] studied the fabrication process of most prominent FGMs. FGMs have
unique properties. Various processing techniques of FGMs and their wide range of applications
in various fields are discussed in this paper. This paper focused more on the advantage of solid
free form fabrication and areas of application enhanced by bringing down the fabrication cost.
Zhang et al. [18] reviewed the fabrication techniques and properties evaluation available for
FGMs. The development of functionally gradient materials (FGMs) has provided the research of
scientists a wider space and more new thoughts and FGMs have a brilliant future in application.
Emphasis was set on description and analysis of material designing.
Kieback et al. [19] reviewed the processing techniques and recent developments in the field of
graded polymers. Numerical simulation for the processing of FGMs is given in this review.
Modelling, sintering and drying for the production of defect free parts with predictable gradient
in microstructure are explained in this paper.
HU et al. [20] conducted experiments and determined wear resistance and toughness of laser
sintered FGMs. From the results it was observed that the volume losses decrease with increasing
wt.% of C, Sn and MoS2. Toughness after sintering decreases with increasing C contents.

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