Pope Francis Biography

(1936–)

Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected the 266th pope of the Roman
Catholic Church in March 2013, becoming Pope Francis. He is the first
pope from the Americas.
Who Is Pope Francis?

Jorge Mario Bergoglio became Pope Francis on March 13, 2013, when he was named the 266th
pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Bergoglio, the first pope from the Americas, took his papal
title after St. Francis of Assisi of Italy. Prior to his election as pope, Bergoglio served as
archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1998 to 2013 (succeeding Antonio Quarracino), as cardinal of
the Roman Catholic Church of Argentina from 2001 to 2013, and as president of the Bishops'
Conference of Argentina from 2005 to 2011. Named Person of the Year by Time magazine in
2013, Pope Francis has embarked on a tenure characterized by humility and outspoken support
of the world's poor and marginalized people and has been involved actively in areas of political
diplomacy and environmental advocacy.

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Early Life and Education

Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on December 17, 1936, to Italian
immigrants. As a young man, Bergoglio underwent surgery to remove part of one of his lungs
due to serious infection. He graduated from a technical school as a chemical technician before
beginning training at the Diocesan Seminary of Villa Devoto. In March 1958, he entered the
novitiate of the Society of Jesus.

Bergoglio taught literature and psychology at Immaculate Conception College in Santa Fé in

1964 and 1965 and also taught the same subjects at the Colegio del Salvatore in Buenos Aires in
1966. He studied theology and received a degree from the Colegio of San José from 1967 to
1970, and finished his doctoral thesis in theology in Freiburg, Germany in 1986.

Entering Priesthood

Ordained as a priest in December 1969, Bergoglio began serving as Jesuit provincial of

Argentina in 1973. He has said that initially, his mother did not support his decision to enter the
priesthood, despite the fact that she was a devout Catholic. By the time he was ordained,
however, she accepted his calling and asked for his blessing at the end of his ordination
ceremony. He later returned to his alma mater, the Colegio of San José, where he served as rector
(1980-86) as well as a professor of theology.

On May 20, 1992, Bergoglio was named titular bishop of Auca and auxiliary of Buenos Aires; he
was ordained into that post a week later. In February 1998, he became archbishop of Buenos
Aires, succeeding Antonio Quarracino. Three years later, in February 2001, he was elevated to
cardinal by Pope John Paul II, named the cardinal-priest of Saint Robert Bellarmino. In 2005, he
was named president of the Bishops' Conference of Argentina, serving in that position until
2011.

After Pope John Paul II's death in April 2005, Bergoglio reportedly received the second-most
votes in the 2005 papal conclave; Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger) was chosen as Pope
John Paul's successor.

Becoming Pope

On March 13, 2013, at the age of 76, Jorge Bergoglio was named the 266th pope of the Roman
Catholic Church—becoming the first citizen from the Americas, the first non-European and first
Jesuit priest to be named pope, and adopting the name Pope Francis (he took the title after St.
Francis of Assisi of Italy). Prior to the 2013 papal conclave, Pope Francis had served as both
archbishop and cardinal for more than 12 years.
The tone of his papacy, which has become admired globally, was established long before his
elevation to the church's highest position; however, when he was named to that post, the media
quickly picked up on stories of his humility. News circulated about the fact that he returned to
the boarding house where he had been staying to pay his bill personally, rather than send an
assistant, and that he would choose to live in a simple two-room apartment rather than the
luxurious papal accommodations in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace. In choosing to live more
simply, Pope Francis broke a tradition that had been upheld by popes for more than a century.

Addressing a crowd of tens of thousands in St. Peter's Square, in the Vatican City in Rome, Italy,
after his selection by the conclave, Pope Francis stated, "As you know, the duty of the conclave
was to appoint a bishop of Rome. It seems to me that my brother cardinals have chosen one who
is from faraway. . . . Here I am. I would like to thank you for your embrace."

After the results of the 2013 papal conclave were announced, U.S. President Barack
Obama issued a statement about the new pope: "As the first pope from the Americas, his
selection also speaks to the strength and vitality of a region that is increasingly shaping our
world, and alongside millions of Hispanic Americans, those of us in the United States share the
joy of this historic day."

It was not long after assuming the papacy that Pope Francis began offering more nuanced views
and interpretations on key social issues about which the church holds pronounced doctrinal
views. He has not shied away from elaborating on those views, and sound bytes such as “Who
am I to judge?”, a comment he made referring to homosexuality, have served to portray him as a
compassionate conservative whose views are often considered progressive compared to those of
his predecessors.

First International Visit as Pope

Pope Francis made his first international visit on July 22, 2013, when he arrived at the Galeão-
Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There, he was greeted by
Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in a welcome ceremony and later circulated in downtown
Rio in order to be "close to the people."

While in Rio, Pope Francis was on hand to celebrate World Youth Day. More than three million
people attended the pontiff's closing mass at the event. On his way back to Rome, Pope Francis
surprised reporters traveling with him regarding his seemingly open stance on gay Catholics.
According to The New York Times, he told the press: "If someone is gay and he searches for the
Lord and has good will, who am I to judge?" His remarks were heralded by several gay and
lesbian groups as a welcoming gesture by the Roman Catholic Church.

Pope as Spiritual and World Leader

In September 2013, Pope Francis called for others to join him in praying for peace in Syria. The
pontiff held a special vigil in St. Peter's Square on September 7, which was attended by an
estimated 100,000 people. According to the Catholic News Service, Francis told the crowd that
"When man thinks only of himself...[and] permits himself to be captivated by the idols of
dominion and power..., [t]hen the door opens to violence, indifference, and conflict."

The pope implored those involved in the conflict to find a peaceful solution. "Leave behind the
self-interest that hardens your heart, overcome the indifference that makes your heart insensitive
towards others, conquer your deadly reasoning, and open yourself to dialogue and
reconciliation."

Later that month, Pope Francis gave a revealing interview to an Italian Jesuit publication
called La Civiltà Cattolica. He explained that religious dialogue must be broader in scope, not
simply focused on such issues as homosexuality and abortion. "We have to find a new balance;
otherwise, even the moral edifice of the church is likely to fall like a house of cards, losing the
freshness and fragrance of the Gospel," the pope said. "The proposal of the Gospel must be more
simple, profound, radiant. It is from this proposition that the moral consequences then flow."

While he does not believe women should be ordained as priests, Francis considers women an
essential part of the church. "The feminine genius is needed wherever we make important
decisions," he said. He also continued to present a more accepting attitude toward homosexuality
than previous pontiffs, saying that "God in creation has set us free: it is not possible to interfere
spiritually in the life of a person," according to The Guardian.

In early December 2013, Pope Francis gave an "apostolic exhortation," an address calling for big
changes in the Catholic Church, including rethinking long-held but antiquated customs. "I prefer
a Church which is bruised, hurting, and dirty because it has been out on the streets, rather than a
Church which is unhealthy from being confined and from clinging to its own security," he stated.
"I do not want a Church concerned with being at the center and then ends by being caught up in a
web of obsessions and procedures."

Also in December 2013, Pope Francis was named Person of the Year by Time magazine. Pope
Francis — having joined the ranks of Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII, the only other
popes to be awarded the title in 1994 and 1963, respectively—was a contender against other
prominent figures of the year, including Edward Snowden, Senator Ted Cruz, Syrian
President Bashar al-Assad and Edith Windsor. In the article, it was revealed that the deciding
factor that led to Pope Francis landing at the top of the list, was his ability to alter the minds of so
many people who had given up on the Catholic church in such a short period of time

The following March, it was announced that Pope Francis had been nominated for the 2014
Nobel Peace Prize. He did not receive this honor, but he continued to devote his time to reach out
to Catholics around the world. During that summer, Pope Francis went on his first visit to Asia.
He spent five days in South Korea in August.
On his return trip from South Korea, Pope Francis discussed his own mortality with the press.
"Two or three years and then I'll be off to my Father's house," he said, according to a report
in The Guardian. He also suffered a personal loss around that same time after several members
of his family were killed in a car accident in Argentina.

Progressive Stances

That fall, Pope Francis showed himself to be progressive on several scientific issues. He told the
members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences that he supported the Big Bang theory and
evolution. According to The Independent newspaper, Pope Francis said that "The Big Bang,
which today we hold to be the origin of the world, does not contradict the intervention of the
divine creator but, rather, requires it." He also said that evolution "is not inconsistent with the
notion of creation."

Throughout late 2014 and into 2015, Pope Francis continued his pattern of deep engagement
with both political and environmental conflicts around the world. He spoke out against global
abuses and the misuse of political and economic power, lamenting the disappearances and
suspected murders of 43 students in Mexico; the dangers and losses of life caused by
immigration; financial mismanagement within the church itself; and sexual abuse. His decision
to crack down on church corruption and excommunicate members of the Mafia were hailed by
Catholics and non-Catholics alike, though they also caused him to receive death threats.

The Pope tackled other political blockades too, bringing together Presidents Raul Castro, of
Cuba, and President Barack Obama, of the United States, in a historic meeting that precipitated
significant foreign policy changes. Finally, his ambitious schedule of travel continued, with visits
to Paraguay, Bolivia, and Ecuador, as have beatifications. To date, he has beatified more than
three dozen people, including Óscar Romero, a priest from El Salvador who was assassinated in
1980 because of his espousal of liberation theology and his activism to protect marginalized
people.

In September 2015, Pope Francis continued to stir up the status quo in the Catholic Church when
he announced that priests around the world will be allowed to forgive the “sin of abortion”
during a “year of mercy,” which starts December 8, 2015 and ends November 20, 2016. The
Pope wrote about this act of compassion in a letter, stating: “I think in particular of all the
women who have resorted to abortion. I am well aware of the pressure that has led them to this
decision. I know that it is an existential and moral ordeal. I have met so many women who bear
in their heart the scar of this agonizing and painful decision. What has happened is profoundly
unjust; yet only understanding the truth of it can enable one not to lose hope."

He added: "The forgiveness of God cannot be denied to one who has repented, especially when
that person approaches the Sacrament of Confession with a sincere heart in order to obtain
reconciliation with the Father. For this reason too, I have decided, notwithstanding anything to
the contrary, to concede to all priests for the Jubilee Year the discretion to absolve of the sin of
abortion those who have procured it and who, with contrite heart, seek forgiveness for it."

On November 21, 2016, as the Jubilee Year of Mercy ended, the Vatican announced that the
Pope had extended the dispensation to all priests to absolve "the grave sin" of abortion. The
policy was documented in an apostolic letter written by the Pope, which stated: " . . .I henceforth
grant to all priests, in virtue of their ministry, the faculty to absolve those who have committed
the sin of procured abortion. The provision I had made in this regard, limited to the duration of
the Extraordinary Holy Year, is hereby extended, notwithstanding anything to the contrary. I
wish to restate as firmly as I can that abortion is a grave sin, since it puts an end to an innocent
life. In the same way, however, I can and must state that there is no sin that God’s mercy cannot
reach and wipe away when it finds a repentant heart seeking to be reconciled with the Father.
May every priest, therefore, be a guide, support and comfort to penitents on this journey of
special reconciliation."

In November 2017, Pope Francis visited Myanmar amid a humanitarian crisis that had sparked
the exodus of more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslims from the country. The pope first met with
powerful military General Min Aung Hlaing, who refuted reports of ethnic cleansing by claiming
there was "no religious discrimination in Myanmar."

He then made a joint appearance with State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi to deliver a highly
anticipated speech in which he called for tolerance, but also avoided using the delicate term
"Rohingya" and stopped short of condemning the persecution, drawing criticism from those who
wanted to see a more forceful stance. The Pope also met with other religious leaders, after which
he headed to Bangladesh to show support for Rohingya refugees.

During a television interview in early December, Pope Francis suggested a small but meaningful
change to "Our Father," commonly known as the "Lord's Prayer." One line in the prayer had
been recited for generations in English as "lead us not into temptation," but the Pope said that
was "not a good translation," pointing out the French Catholic translation, "do not let us fall into
temptation" as a more appropriate alternative.

After expressing support of breastfeeding in public during the annual Holy Mass on the Feast of
the Baptism of the Lord in 2017, the Pope made similar comments during the 2018 ceremony.
Noting how one baby crying would spark others to follow suit, he said that if the babies in
attendance were "starting a concert" of crying because they were hungry, then mothers should
feel free to feed them right there as part of the "language of love."

In August 2018, the Vatican announced that Pope Francis had approved a change to the
Catechism of the Catholic Church that now considers the death penalty "inadmissible because it
is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person." The church explained the new policy
as an "evolution" of the previous doctrine, which allowed consideration of capital punishment if
it were "the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust
aggressor." The Pope had previously spoken out against the death penalty, saying it violated the
Gospel.

Not all of the Pope's decisions were designed to bring about change: A papal letter made public
in February 2020 revealed his rejection of a proposal to allow the ordination of married men in
remote areas underserved by priests, an outcome that pleased Catholic conservatives who
worried about the weakening of church traditions.

Sexual Abuse

Normally greeted by adoring crowds, Pope Francis faced hostility ahead of his three-day trip to
Chile in January 2018, stemming from lingering anger over his appointment of a bishop accused
of covering up sexual abuse by another priest. At least five churches were attacked in the days
leading up to his visit, with vandals leaving a threatening message directed at the Pope in one
case.

Upon his arrival, Pope Francis delivered a speech in which he asked for forgiveness for the pain
caused by some ministers of the church and promised to do his best to make sure such abuse
never happened again. However, he subsequently angered sexual abuse victims by claiming he
had yet to learn of any "proof" of an alleged cover-up by the bishop in question.

Shortly after the Pope returned to Rome in late January, the Vatican announced that it was
dispatching Archbishop Charles Scicluna—the church's "Eliot Ness" of sex abuse
investigations—to Chile to look into the issue and "hear those who have expressed the desire to
provide elements in their possession."

The archbishop's investigation, which included interviews with dozens of witnesses and
produced a 2,300-page report, had a powerful effect on Pope Francis. In April, the Vatican
announced that Chilean bishops were being summoned to Rome for emergency discussions, and
released a letter in which the Pope acknowledged "serious mistakes" in his handling of the
matter, saying he felt "pain and shame" for the "crucified lives" of victims.

Late in the month, it was announced that the Pope would host three of the victims from Chile.
The Vatican said that the Pope would meet with each man individually, "allowing each one to
speak for as long as they wish."

In August 2018, a Pennsylvania grand jury report described the actions of more than 300
"predator priests" and their 1,000-plus underage victims, as well as attempts to cover up their
misdeeds. Initially silent, the Pope weighed in with a letter released by the Vatican nearly a week
later, in which he acknowledged "with shame and repentance" the church's failure to properly act
in response to the longstanding allegations.
Days later, Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, the former top Vatican diplomat in the United
States, published a letter that accused Pope Francis of covering up reports of sexual abuse by
recently resigned Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick of Washington, D.C.

After defrocking McCarrick in February 2019, the Pope convened a four-day summit at the
Vatican devoted to the longstanding problem of sexual abuse. Titled "The Protection of Minors
in the Church," the summit drew 190 church leaders from around the world. However, its
conclusion was followed by news that the Pope's financial adviser, Australian Cardinal George
Pell, had been convicted of sexually abusing two 13-year-old boys.

In December 2019, Pope Francis announced that the church would be abolishing the rule of
"pontifical secrecy" in matters related to sexual abuse, allowing for increased cooperation with
secular authorities. The Pope also raised the age at which the Vatican considers the subjects of
pornographic images to be grouped under child pornography from 14 to 18.

Pope as Environmental Activist

In June 2015, Pope Francis spoke out about the environment. He released a 184-page encyclical,
a type of Papal message, warning of the dangers of climate change. In this letter, entitled
"Laudato Si," Pope Francis wrote: “If present trends continue, this century may well witness
extraordinary climate change and an unprecedented destruction of ecosystems, with serious
consequences for all of us."

Pope Francis chided world leaders for failing to "reach truly meaningful and effective global
agreements on the environment." He also called for "highly polluting fossil fuels" to be
"progressively replaced without delay." And while improving and protecting the environment
will be difficult, the situation is not hopeless, according to Pope Francis. "Human beings, while
capable of the worst, are also capable of rising above themselves, choosing again what is good,
and making a new start." The encyclical was considered significant by environmentalists and
church observers alike because it was not directed exclusively to Catholics, but to everyone in
the world.

'A Man of His Word'

Pope Francis: A Man of His Word debuted at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. The documentary,
written and directed by Wim Wenders, shows the Pope's "work of reform and his answers to
today’s global questions from death, social justice, immigration, ecology, wealth inequality,
materialism, and the role of the family." A co-production with the Vatican, the film also follows
the Pope on his journeys around to world to places like the World Holocaust Remembrance
Center in Jerusalem and Ground Zero to the Holy Land and Africa.