RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

KARNATAKA, BANGALORE

ANNEXURE – II

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1. Name of the candidate and address SREEDEVI S.

(in block letters) I YEAR M. Sc. NURSING
DR. M. V. SHETTY COLLEGE OF NURSING
MANGALORE – 575 013.

2. Name of the Institution DR. M. V. SHETTY COLLEGE OF NURSING

MANGALORE – 575 013.

3. Course of Study and Subject M. Sc. NURSING

PAEDIATRIC NURSING

4. Date of Admission to the Course 31.05.2010

5. Title of the study

EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG PRIMARY

SCHOOL CHILDREN IN A SELECTED RURAL SCHOOL AT

MANGALORE, DAKSHINA KANNADA, KARNATAKA STATE.

6. Brief resume of the intended work

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6.1 Need for the study

“Cleanliness is indeed next to godliness”

- Christopher Morley

Childhood is the period to learn the values and competencies that bring the child to
adult world. Childhood is the peak time to initiate teaching good habits, morality and
discipline. Likewise, childhood is important and appropriate time to teach hygienic practices 1.
The word hygiene is derived from the name of the ancient Greek goddess of healthful living –
Hygeia. Hygiene refers to the set of practices associated with the preservation of health and
healthy living2. Cleanliness gives us healthy and sound living. Personal hygiene is important
for keeping kids healthy and clean. It includes hygiene of the skin, mouth, hand, hair, nails,
feet etc3.

For growing children, personal hygiene is a very important factor. Personal hygiene
not only makes them comfortable, but it teaches them to do what is right and what is wrong 4.
Early hygiene enhancement gives the child a healthy and comfortable life, and will teach
them to be hygienic up to the time they grow old. Children touch, reach and grasp to learn
about environment and are at a high risk of infection. To teach children hygiene, start from
setting examples and make them follow it5.

Dirt and body secretions not only have the potential to cause skin irritation but may
also ‘seal’ organisms against skin, thus prolonging their contact and increasing the chance of
penetration into the skin. Promotion of good personal hygiene habits does more than
protecting the child from the threat of diseases. It helps them looking clean and fresh, avoid
smelling which promotes their general health4.

According to the Government of India, the total population of children in the age
group seven to fourteen years is 19,97,91,198, that is, 19.4% of the total Indian population. In
Dakshina Kannada, the total population of children in the age group five to fourteen years is
3, 68,371, that is, 19.41% of total population. India has largest group of school going children
in rural areas. In India, there are 6.3 lakh rural schools with 80 million school going children.

Out of this, 44% have water facilities, 19% have urinals, and less than eight percent have
lavatory facilities for girls. Thus, schools are unsafe places where diseases are spread. A total

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of sixty percent of the population living in developing countries, amounting to some 2.4
billion people, has no access to hygienic means of sanitation6.

Personal hygiene is a very important factor for healthy life. Young children need to
bathe regularly. Frequency of bath depends on each child’s individual needs. Tooth brushing
should be integrated into the morning and bedtime routine to avoid periodontal diseases and
dental caries. If they don’t wash their hands, skin, mouth, hair, nails and foot frequently, there
is a strong chance of getting infection to themselves and to others. Some infectious diseases
which spread through poor hygiene are common cold, flue and gastrointestinal diseases.
However, good hygiene teaches them to understand the importance of personal hygiene and
to take care of their body from heath hazards such as diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal worm
infestation, infestation of lice, and skin diseases7.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken in rural Peshawar to determine the frequency

of intestinal infestation in primary school children. The study population included 200
primary schoolchildren aged five to ten years. Data was collected by stool examination. The
results showed 45.5% (91 cases) prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, less than eight percent
(16 cases) of Hymenolepis nana, less than four percent (16 cases) of Enterobious
vermicularis, less than three percent (7 cases) of hookworm, less than four percent (7 cases)
of whipworm, and less than seven percent (3 cases) prevalence of tapeworm. The researcher
concluded that there was a high percent of primary school children in need of health
education on promotion of personal hygiene and possibly mass treatment8.

Personal hygiene is an important aspect for children of primary school age. Teaching
them basic precautions can help in preventing the spread of infections. School health services
play a major role in the control of infections. Teachers and health visitors should impart
education to avoid the spread of infection9.

A triangulated research study was conducted in Dhotra village in central India among
school going children aged six to fourteen years on personal hygiene. Information from 118
primary school children was used. School-based child-to-child personal hygiene education
was undertaken. The results showed that the proportion of children practising hand washing
after defecation significantly improved from 63.6% to 78% and proportion of clean cut nails
improved from 67% to 80%. The researcher concluded that an approach of hygiene education
is required to control parasite load among rural Indian school going children10.

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 The above findings are supportive of the fact that primary school children are
vulnerable groups who have no basic knowledge regarding personal hygiene measures.
Education would improve their awareness. There is a Chinese proverb “if I hear, I forget; if I
see, I remember; if I do I know”11. So, the researcher being in nursing profession felt the need
to educate primary school children of a selected rural school to impart appropriate knowledge
regarding personal hygiene and selected video as the medium. Video creates a lasting effect
Poor feeding is when an infant has a lack of interest in feeding or a problem receiving the
proper amount of nutrition. So, they will be more aware about their health and can practice it;
can impart the same gained knowledge to their family members and playmates 12. So the
researcher planned to conduct a quasi-experimental study with out control group design
study.

6.2 Review of literature

A pre-test – post-test study was conducted in Mangalore on effectiveness of planned

teaching programme on personal hygiene among school children of six to twelve years. The
sample comprised 50 school children. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire
on various areas such as care of skin, teeth hair, hands, and feet. The mean percent of total
knowledge score of pre-test was 49.45% with meanSD (19.74±2.877) and mean post-test
score was 79.9% with meanSD (31.96±2.303). The researcher concluded that health
education would definitely improve the health status of school children13.

An experimental study was conducted on the impact of school health education

programme on personal hygiene and related morbidities in tribal school children of Wardha
district. The sample of the study was 145 primary school children from six to eight years.
Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and health check-up. Health
education was done with flip books, demonstration activities, and planned health education
programme sessions. Results showed that proportion of children with clean teeth increased
from 33.8% to 50% and prevalence of dental caries reduced from eight to five percent. The
researcher concluded that the school education programme improved personal hygiene and
reduced related morbidities14.

A longitudinal study was conducted in Vishakapattanam on dermatophytes and other

fungi associated with hair-scalp of primary school children and hygiene. A total of 2804
primary section pupils aged six to fifteen years of 12 schools were screened. A questionnaire

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was administered along with physical examination of volunteers for scalp, body and nail
ringworms. The results showed that the occurrence of hair-scalp infection was more in boys
(61.60%) in comparison to girls (38.39%) and a number of pupils of age group five to eight
years were suffering with infection (34.82%). The researcher concluded that there was a need
for greater awareness on personal hygiene to reduce skin infection15.

A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in a primary school in the largest

slum of Kolkata on the status of nutrition and personal hygiene and their association with
varied morbidity profiles. The participants included 103 boys and 81 girls with a mean age of
six years. The mean personal hygiene score of the girls (4.15±0.98) was significantly higher
than boys (3.2 ±1.4). Most of the boys (54.37%) and girls (74.07%) were normally nourished
as shown by the growth chart. It was found that 76% of the boys and 74% of the girls were
suffering from one or more morbidities. The researcher concluded that care should be taken to
improve personal hygiene16.

A descriptive research study was conducted in Chennai on the knowledge and practice
of hand hygiene among school going children aged six to twelve years. The sample was 100
school children. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire, an
observation checklist, and an interview schedule. The results showed that 55% had
inadequate knowledge of hand hygiene, 80% children with working mothers, 70% cleaning
hands with unclean water, 27% with nail biting, 30% with cut short nails, and 32 % with
clean nails. The researcher concluded that there was significant association between
education of parents and knowledge of school children regarding hand hygiene17.

6.3 Statement of the problem

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG PRIMARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN A SELECTED RURAL SCHOOL AT MANGALORE,
DAKSHINA KANNADA, KARNATAKA.

6.4 Objectives of the study

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 The main objectives of the study are:

1. determine the existing knowledge among primary school children on personal hygiene
using a structured interview schedule with visual aid.

2. find the effectiveness of the video-assisted teaching programme among primary

school children on personal hygiene using the same structured interview schedule with
visual Aid.

3. find the association between post-test knowledge scores among primary school
children on personal hygiene with selected demographic variables.

6.5 Operational definitions

1. Effectiveness: Adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the intended or expected

result18.

In this study, it refers to the usefulness of the video-assisted teaching

programme on the personal hygiene as measured by a structured interview schedule
with visual aid regarding personal hygiene measures.

2. Video-assisted programme: In this study, it refers to the usefulness of video as a

medium of giving information regarding personal hygiene measures among primary
school children.

3. Personal hygiene: Personal hygiene is the practice of keeping oneself clean to

prevent illness and diseases19.

In this study, it refers to teaching primary school children regarding measures

to keep them clean such as hair hygiene, oral hygiene, and hand hygiene, skin care,
and hygiene of foot and nails.

4. Primary school children: Primary school children refer to children from class one to
seven.

In this study, it refers to children of first and second standard in the age group

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 of six and seven years.

5. Rural school: A place where children are educated which belongs to the country side.

In this study, it refers to a selected co-education institution under the control of

the Block Education Officer which provides education from first to seventh standard
located in a village area in Mangalore within 15 kms of the college.

6.6 Assumptions

 The primary school children will have some knowledge on personal hygiene.

 Knowledge can be assessed using a structured interview schedule with visual aid.

 Video-assisted teaching programme will enhance knowledge of primary school

children on personal hygiene.

6.7 Variables

Variables refer to a characteristics or an attribute of a person or object within the

population understudy20.

Independent variable: The perceived effect is referred to as dependent variable. In this

study, video-assisted teaching programme on personal hygiene among primary school
children is the independent variable.

Dependent variable: The perceived cause is independent variable. In this study, knowledge
of primary school children on personal hygiene is the dependent variable.

6.7 Hypotheses

The hypothesis will be tested at 0.05 level of significance.

H1: The mean post-test knowledge scores of primary school children on personal hygiene

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 will be significantly higher than the mean pre-test knowledge scores on personal
hygiene.

H2: There will be a significant association between the post-test knowledge scores of
primary school children on personal hygiene and selected demographic variables.

6.8 Delimitations

This study will be delimited to:

 Children of a selected rural school.

 Fifty primary school children in the age group of six and seven years.

 Assess only those areas included in structured interview schedule with visual aid.

7. Material and methods

7.1 Source of data

The data will be collected from 50 primary school children who fulfil the inclusion
criteria.

7.1.1 Research design

Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for obtaining answers to research
questions or for testing the research hypothesis. It is the overall plan for addressing a research
question including specialisation for enhancing the integrity of study21.

For the present study, a quasi-experimental study with out control group design will
be adopted.

Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV

Sample Pre-test (O1) Intervention (R) Post-test (O2) Effectiveness

(E)

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 Assessment of Administration Assessment of
knowledge on of video-assisted knowledge on
Fifty
personal hygiene by teaching on personal hygiene
Primary
using structured personal by using same E =O2-O1
school
interview schedule hygiene. structured
children
with visual aid. interview schedule
with visual aid.

7.1.2 Setting

Setting is the physical location and conditions in which data collection takes place21.

The study will be conducted in a selected rural school at Mangalore, Dakshina

Kannada, Karnataka. The rural school is easily reachable and is within 15 kilometres from the
college and is running under the Block Education Officer.

7.1.3 Population

Population means all possible elements that could be included in research. It

represents entire group under study22.

The population consists of primary school children studying in the selected rural
school at Mangalore.

7.2 Method of data collection

7.2.1 Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure is a process of selecting a group of people, events or portion of

population which represents the entire population23.

A type of probability sampling, that is, proportionate stratified random sampling, will
be used in this study.

7.2.2 Sample size

A finite set of population selected from it with the objective of investigating its
properties is sample and size of it is sample size24.

In this study, the researcher planned 50 primary school children from a rural school as

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samples.

7.2.3 Inclusion criteria for sampling

Primary school children who are:

1. Willing to participate in the study.

2. Available during the time of data collection.

7.2.4 Exclusion criteria for samplings

None.

7.2.5 Instruments intended to be used

Instrument is a device to measure the concept of interest in a research project25.

1. A structured interview schedule with visual aid will be used to assess the knowledge
of primary school children on personal hygiene.

2. Video-assisted teaching programme about personal hygiene.

7.2.6 Data collection method

Data collection method is the techniques that a researcher uses to collect data, e.g.,
questionnaire, tests, observation schedule etc26.

The data will be collected after getting permission from the concerned authorities of
selected rural school at Mangalore. The objectives of the study will be explained and their
written consent will be taken from the Block Education Officer and the School Principal. The

researcher will introduce herself to the participants. The researcher herself will collect the
data. Data regarding knowledge will be collected by structured interview schedule with visual
aid. After that a video-assisted teaching programme will be shown to participants. Post-test
will be conducted to assess the knowledge for all the participants on the second day of
intervention using the same structured interview schedule with visual aid.

7.2.7 Plan for data analysis

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 The collected data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Description of subjects with respect to demographic variables will be presented using
frequency and percentage. Mean, standard deviation, and mean percentage will be used to
evaluate the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching programme. Further statistical
significance of the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching programme will be analyzed by
using Mann Whitney U Test. Association between post-test knowledge and demographic
variables will be analyzed using chi-square test. Data will be presented in tables, graphs and
diagrams.

7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on

patients, or other animals? If so please describe briefly.

Yes, a well designated video programme will be shown to the participants.

7.4 Has ethical clearance has been obtained from your institution in case of the
above procedure?

Yes, ethical clearance has been obtained from the ethical committee of the institution.
Consent from samples will be taken at the time of data collection.

8. References

1. Marlow DR, Redding BA. Textbook of paediatric nursing. 6th ed. New Delhi: Elsevier
Publications; 2005.

2. Hygiene. [onine]. Available from URL:http://www.answers.com/topic/hygiene.

3. Hygiene. [online]. Available from:

URL:http://www.oxforduniversitypress.com/health/hygiene.

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4. Hygiene. [online]. Available from URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hygiene.

5. Betz LL, Humberger MM, Wright S. Family-centred Nursing Care of Children.

Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company; 1994.

6. Census data 2001. [online]. Available from URL:http://www.censusindia.gov.in/india

at glance/broad age groups.

7. Potter PA, Perry GA. Fundamentals of nursing. 6th ed. New Delhi: Reed Elsevier India
Pvt. Ltd.; 2005.

8. Ullah I, Sarwar G, Aziz S, Khan MH. Intestinal worm infestation in primary school
children in rural Peshawar. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 2009 Jul-
Dec;7(2):132-6.

9. Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 19 th ed. Jabalpur: M/s
Banarasidas Bhanot; 2007.

10. Forfar, Hernils. Textbook of paediatrics. New York: Churchill Livingstone Company
Ltd; 1999.

11. Marks MG. Broadribb’s introductory to paediatrics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: J. B.

Lippincott Company; 1994.

12. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Boratne AV, Thaware P, Garg BS. An approach to
hygiene education among rural Indian school going children. Online Journal of Health
and Allied Sciences 2008.

13. Kumar M. Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on personal hygiene.

Unpublished M. Sc. nursing research dissertation submitted to Rajiv Gandhi
University of Health Sciences, Bangalore; 2007.

14. Dongre AR, Deshmukh PR, Garg BS. The impact of school health education
programme on personal hygiene and related morbidities in tribal school children of
Wardha district. Indian J Community Med 2006;31:81-2.

15. Maruthi AY, Lakshmi AK, Rao RS, Hossain K, Chaitanya AD, Karuna K.
Dermatophytes and other fungi associated with hair-scalp of primary school children
in Visakhapatnam, India: A case study and literature review. The Internet Journal of
Microbiology 2008;5(2).

16. Deb S, Dutta S, Dasgupta A, Misra R. Relationship of personal hygiene with nutrition

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 and morbidity profile: A study among primary school children in South Kolkata.
Indian Journal Community Medicine 2010;35:280-4.

17. Helen A, Latha V, Cecilia, Nicola S., Hand hygiene and school children. Health
Action 2009 Oct;26 -30.

18. Effectiveness. [online]. Available from:

URL:http://oxforddictionary.com/effectiveness.

19. Personal hygiene. [online]. Available from:

URL:http://oxforddictionary.com/personal_hygiene.

20. Treece EW, Treece JW. Elements of research in nursing. 2 nd ed. London: Mosby
Company; 1999.

21. Kothari CR. Research methodology, methods and techniques. 2nd ed. New Delhi: New
Age International; 2004.

22. Dane F. Research methods. California: Cole Publishing Company; 1993.

23. Koul L. Methodology of educational research. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd.; 1984.

24. Gupta BN. Statistics: Theory and practice. Agra: Sahitya Bhavan; 1991.

25. Hardey M, Mulhall A, “Nursing research theory and practice “London, Chapman $
Hall publishers 1994.

26. Polit P.F, Hungler B.P “Nursing Research Principles and Methods”6th ed,
Philadelphia, J.B Company 1998.

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9. Signature of the candidate

10. Remarks of the guide

11. Name and designation of (in block letters)

11.2 Guide MRS. DEEPA DANIEAL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
HOD OF PAEDIATRIC NURSING
DR. M. V. SHETTY COLLEGE OF NURSING
KAVOOR, VIDHYANAGAR
MANGALORE - 575013

11.2 Signature

11.3 Co-guide (if any)

11.4 Signature

12 12.1 Head of the department MRS. DEEPA DANIEAL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
HOD OF PAEDIATRIC NURSING
DR. M. V. SHETTY COLLEGE OF NURSING
KAVOOR, VIDHYANAGAR
MANGALORE - 575013

12.2 Signature

13. 13.1 Remarks of the Chairman and Principal

13.2 Signature

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