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Abstract
The philosophy of Charvaka and logical positivism are distinct with each other in terms
of it's origin and development. However, there have been some common grounds that are
exposed here with critical comments. This paper explores some epistemological aspects
of both the philosophy where it overlapped with each other. Charvaka expresses that
knowledge solely depends upon human perception; logical empiricism on the other hand
expresses the same vibrant of thoughts. Besides, Charvaka is thought to be revolutionary
revolts against authority on the other hand logical positivism is remarkably assisted by
scientific philosophy which is also pondered as a revisionary in nature. Therefore, this
paper examines some epistemological aspects of both the schools.

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 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 75

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 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 77

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f‡`ª e„Kc`s ck¨ hØ`wšÍ eûkÖæZvt\16
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hv wKQz Bw›`ªq‡MvPi ïay †mUzKzB mZ¨| gnvcwЇZiv †bK‡oi cv‡qi c`wPý †`‡L Kx
e‡jb †m K_vI †f‡e †`L| nwif‡`ªi iPbvi e¨vL¨vKvi ¸YiZœ GB welqwU we¯ÍvwiZ
e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| cwÐZ e¨w³iv cvc-cyY¨/¯^M©-biK cÖvwßi K_v e‡j mvaviY gvby‡li g‡b
f‡qi mÂvi K‡i Zv‡`i‡K VKvb| gnvcwЇZiv Gme Kg©KvÐ K‡i Abygvb I kv‡¯¿i
†`vnvB w`‡q| Pve©vKiv ciKvj, Ck¦i cÕf„wZ AcÕZ¨ÿ welq hv mivmwifv‡e Rvbv hvq bv
Gme wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv‡K Amvi g‡b K‡ib| nwif`ª Zuvi iPbvq Gfv‡e Pve©vK‡`i
Abygvb we‡ivax e³‡e¨i K_v Zz‡j a‡ib|
Pve©vKiv cÖZ¨ÿ‡K †kªô cÕgvY wn‡m‡e cÕwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Abygv‡bi cvkvcvwk
kã‡KI h_v_© cÕgvY e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Zuv‡`i g‡Z kã KLbI h_v_© cÕgvY n‡Z
cv‡i bv †Kbbv kã Abygvb-wbf©i| kã ej‡Z Avgiv wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨w³i ePb ev kv¯¿xq
ePb‡K ey‡S _vwK| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i fv‡jv AvPiY ev DËg Pwi‡Îi ¸Yvewj †_‡K Avgiv
Zv‡K wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨w³ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi| GB wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zvi welqwU m¤ú~Y©
Abygvb wbf©i| Abygvb wbf©i n‡q †Kv‡bv wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨w³i Dc‡`k ev wb‡`©k ï‡b
†Kv‡bv Kv‡R mdj n‡jI Pve©vKiv H e¨w³i eP‡bi Dci wbf©i Kivi cÿcvwZ bq|
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨w³ hLb †Kv‡bv AcÖZ¨ÿ wel‡qi K_v e‡j †mUv MÕnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv,
†Kbbv †mUv Abygvb wbf©i| Pve©vKiv †h‡nZz Abygvb‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv †m‡nZz Abygvb
wbf©i kã‡K Zviv h_v_© cÕgvY e‡j gv‡bb bv| Pve©vK m¤cÕ`vq †e‡`i cÕvgvY¨‡KI
A¯^xKvi K‡i| a~Z© c~Rvixiv AÁ I mij RbmvaviY‡K cÕZviYv K‡i wb‡R‡`i RxweKv
wbe©vn Kivi Rb¨ †e` iPbv K‡i‡Qb|17 A_©vr fÐ I a~Z© eªvþYMY mnR mij
78 Pve©vK I †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`: ÁvbZvwË¡K avivi we‡kl K‡qKUv w`K

†jvK‡`i‡K a‡g©i fq †`wL‡q RxweKv AR©‡bi mnR c_ †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡j‡b| Ö·qv

†e`m¨ KZ©v‡iv fÐa~Z© wbkvPivtÓ A_©vr fÐ, a~Z© I wbkvPvi e¨w³‡`i Øviv †e` iwPZ
n‡q‡Q| Pve©vKiv †e‡`i evYx‡K AjxK ev KíbvcÕm~Z e‡j g‡b K‡ib hv KLbI mwVK
n‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ †e`‡K cÕgvYiƒ‡c ¯^xKvi Kiv wbi_©K| h_v_© I wbwðZ Áv‡bi
Drm wn‡m‡e Pve©vKiv GKgvÎ cÕZ¨ÿ‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡ib| Abygvb I kã mwVK Áv‡bi
mÜvb w`‡Z cv‡i bv e‡jB Zv Áv‡bi Drm n‡Z cv‡i bv|
wesk kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K GKwU kw³kvjx I Av‡jvwPZ `vk©wbK wPšÍvavivi Rb¥
nq, hv †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev` bv‡g cwiwPZ| hw`I c~‡e© cÕZ¨ÿev` cÖZ¨qwUi e¨envi jÿ¨
Kiv hvq AMv÷ †Kuv‡Zi mgvR wPšÍvq| AMv÷ †KuvZ cÕZ¨ÿev`x wPšÍvi gva¨‡g
weÁvbwfwËK mgvR cÕwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e G K_v ejv hvq †h, AMv÷
†Kuv‡Zi cÖZ¨ÿev‡`i mv‡_ †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev‡`i mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM bv _vK‡jI
cÖZ¨ÿev‡`i mv‡_ †hØw³K we‡køl‡Yi mswgkªY N‡U‡Q mv¤cÕwZKKv‡j| †hØw³K
cÖZ¨ÿev`x `vk©wb‡Kiv hyw³ev`x I weÁvbfvevcbœ n‡q bZzb c×wZZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbvi
m~ÎcvZ K‡ib, hv `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m Av‡jvwPZ NUbv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Zuv‡`i GKwU
jÿYxq ˆewkó¨ GB †h, ÒZuviv AZx‡Zi Abya¨vwbK (Speculative) I wm‡÷gwfwËK
`vk©wbK HwZ‡n¨i we‡ivax, Ges AMÕmigvb ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi LvwZ‡i cÕavbZ fvlvi A_©
cwi®‹i‡Y AvMÖnx|Ó18 `vk©wbK wPšÍv‡K weÁv‡bi g‡Zv wbwðZiƒ‡c cÕwZôv Kivi j‡ÿ¨
Zuviv AwfÁZvi Dci AwaK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| Avi Awawe`¨vi Ávb †h‡nZz AwfÁZvq
cvIqv hvq bv †m‡nZz `k©‡bi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Awawe`¨vi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mKj welq‡K
Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK weL¨vZ `vk©wbK G Av‡›`vj‡bi cÕZ¨ÿ †bZ„‡Z¡ _v‡Kbwb e‡U,
wKš` Zuv‡`i gZv`k© Áv‡bi RM‡Z bZzb †PZbvi m„wó K‡iwQj| gwZDi ingvb Zuv‡`i
Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© e‡jbÑ
G Ggb GKwU `vk©wbK Av‡›`vjb, hvi g‡a¨ †WwfW wnDg
(1711-1776)-Gi AwfÁZvev` AMv÷ †Kuv‡Z (1798-
1857) I Avb©÷ g¨vK (1838-1916)-Gi `„óev`,
†KgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RR© GWIqvW© gy¨Ii (1873-
1958), evU©ª¨vÚ iv‡mj (1872-1970), jyWwfM
wfU‡Mb÷vBb (1889-1951), G.Gb. †nvqvBU‡nW
(1861-1947) Ges †MUje †d«M (1848-1925) cÖgyL
`vk©wbK Øviv Abym„Z I AbykxwjZ ˆbqvwqK we‡kølY c×wZ
(Method of Logical Analysis)-Gi GK A™¢~Z
mswgkªY jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ZvB G gZev` GKw`‡K hZUzKz
weÁvbwcÕq, Ab¨w`‡K ZZUzKz we‡kølYag©x|19
A_©vr †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ Dch©y³ `vk©wbKe„›` mivmwi m¤ú„³ bv
_vK‡jI G `k©‡bi A‡bK im` I mg_©b hywM‡q‡Qb Zuviv Zuv‡`i `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g|
wesk kZvãxi ïiæi w`‡K GK`j c`v_©we`, MwYZwe`, A_©bxwZwe` I `vk©wbK
†hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev` bv‡g GKwU `vk©wbK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 79

Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj `k©b †_‡K meai‡bi Awawe`¨K Av‡jvPbv‡K ev` w`‡q AwfÁZv
wbf©i ÁvbvR©b Kiv| Zuviv †P‡qwQ‡jb, fvlvi †hØw³K we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi
A_©c~Y© mgvavb Ki‡Z| ejv n‡q _v‡K Avb©÷ gvL& cÕZ¨ÿev`x `k©‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib|
wf‡qbv‡Z gvL G‡mwQ‡jb AwfÁZvev`x aviv‡K kw³kvjx Kivi j‡ÿ¨|20 ÖgvL g‡b
Ki‡Zb, ˆeÁvwbK Ávb‡K Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡K Avgiv AwfÁZvg~jK Z‡_¨
ch©ewmZ Ki‡Z cvwi, †hb Zv Avwawe`¨vK welq †_‡K gy³ nq Ges cwiYv‡g ¯úó I
¯^”Q nq|Ó21 wZwb †f‡ewQ‡jb `k©b‡K hw` kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci `uvov‡Z nq, Z‡e
Aek¨B ev¯ÍegyLx, Zvrch©c~Y© weÁvb PP©v Ki‡Z n‡e| ejv hvq gv‡Li ˆeÁvwbK Ávb
†hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÕiYv wQj|
wek kZ‡Ki cÕ_gw`‡K weL¨vZ Rvg©vb weÁvbx I `vk©wbK gwiR wkøK wf‡qbv
wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Avmvi ci Zuv‡K wN‡i wf‡qbv Pµ cÕwZwôZ nq| ïiæi
w`‡K GwU Av‡›`vj‡bi cwie‡Z© K¬ve wn‡m‡eB †ewk cwiwPZ wQj| GwU K¬v‡ei m`m¨‡`i
Kv‡Q gy³wPšÍvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡VwQj| gwiR wkøK QvovI G P‡µi Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨
wQ‡jb Avb©÷ gvL&, A‡Uv wbDi¨v_, n¨vÝ ivB‡LbevM©, iƒWjd Kvb©c, nvievU© dvBMj I
wdwjcm& d«v¼| Öwf‡qbv mv‡K©j KZ©„K cÕ`Ë KwZcq `vk©wbK gZvgZ‡K 1931 mv‡j
G.B. jygevM© I nve©vU© †dBMj †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev` bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|Ó22
µ‡g wf‡qbv P‡µi RbwcÕqZv wewfbœ A‡j Qwo‡q covi Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i wewfbœ
cÕvšÍ †_‡K weÁvbgb®‹ wPšÍvwe‡`iv Zuv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM †`b| BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k G
Av‡›`vj‡bi †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ n‡Z _v‡K| cÕ¨vM, Iqvi&m GgbwK Rvg©vbxi evwj©‡b Gi GKwU
†K›`ª cÕwZwôZ nq| G.†R.Gqvi Bsj¨v‡Ú G g‡Zi GKgvÎ cÕe³v wQ‡jb| wfU‡Mb÷vBb
†hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ mivmwi RwoZ bv _vK‡jI G Av‡›`vj‡bi cÕwZ
Zuvi mg_©b wQj| wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi †gØwjK MÕš’ UªvK‡UUvm jwR‡KvÑwd‡jvmwcKvm †_‡K
Zuviv G Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j †cÕiYv †c‡qwQ‡jb hv Zuv‡`i `vk©wbK gZ cÕPvi I cÕmv‡i
mnvqZv K‡iwQj| GQvov c~‡e© †WwfW wnDg †h `vk©wbK wPšÍvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨
†hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`x‡`i Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎUv jyKvwqZ wQj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| Gqv‡ii
fvlvq, mgmvgwqK `vk©wbK‡`i evB‡i huv‡`i `„wófw½ wf‡qbv mv‡K©‡ji mvaviY
`„wófw½i me‡P‡q KvQvKvwQ Zuviv n‡jb †WwfW wnDg Ges Avb©÷& gvL|23 †hØw³K
cÖZ¨ÿev`xiv ev‡K¨i A_© wbY©‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb| gvbyl Zvi fvlvi A_© eP‡bi gva¨‡g
cÕKvk K‡i| eP‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡jv ePb mZ¨ ev wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU ePb
ZLbB A_©c~Y© n‡e, hLb mZ¨ ev wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i| eP‡bi mZ¨Zvi ev wg_¨v‡Z¡i Dci
Gi h_v_©Zv wbf©i K‡i| A_©vr †h ePb mZ¨ ev wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi Ávbxq A_©I
†bB| g‡b ivLv `iKvi †h, ePb I evK¨ mgv_©K bq, KviY wKQz evK¨‡K mZ¨ ev wg_¨v
cÕwZcv`b Kiv hvq bv| †hgb, Av‡`k ev AbyÁvm~PK evK¨ Gi AvIZvfz³|24
†hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`xiv `yB ai‡bi A_©c~Y© eP‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb, ms‡kølK I
we‡kølK ePb| ms‡kølK ePb AwfÁZv wbf©i| A_©vr †hme eP‡bi mZ¨Zv I wg_¨vZ¡Zv
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ AwfÁZvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K ms‡kølK ePb e‡j| GmKj ePb
me mgq hvPvB ev ch©‡eÿY wbf©i n‡q _v‡K, †hgb Ô†Mvjvc nq jvj×, ÔevB‡i e„wó
80 Pve©vK I †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`: ÁvbZvwË¡K avivi we‡kl K‡qKUv w`K

n‡”Q×, GB me ePb AwfÁZv wbf©i| we‡kølK ePb‡K AwfÁZv-wbi‡cÿfv‡e Rvbv

hvq| †hme eP‡bi mZ¨Zv ev wg_¨vZ¡ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ AwfÁZvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq bv
eis D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨B we‡aq wbwnZ _v‡K Zv‡K we‡kølK ePb e‡j, †hgb Ôme Kzgvi
AweevwnZ×, ÔwÎfy‡Ri wZb †Kv‡Yi mgwó `yB mg‡Kv‡Yi mgvb×, GB ePb¸‡jv
AwfÁZvc~e©| we‡kølK eP‡bi Ávb c~e©Zwm× Ges ms‡kølK eP‡bi Ávb nj ciZmva¨|
Awawe`¨K ePb¸‡jv‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB mZ¨ ev wg_¨v e‡j wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Gme
ePb‡K bv c~e©Zwm× we‡kølK bv ciZmva¨ ms‡kølK eP‡bi ch©vqfy³ Kiv hvq| GRb¨
Awawe`¨vi Dw³¸‡jv‡K mZ¨ ev wg_¨v e‡j wba©viY Kiv hvq bv e‡j Gi Av‡jvPbv
A_©nxb| Gu‡`i Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© ejv hvqÑ
ˆeÁvwbK Ávb‡K ¯úó, ¯^”Q I h_v_©B ˆeÁvwbK Ávb
wn‡m‡e msiÿ‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Guiv `y‡Uv †gØwjK Dcvq
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Gi GKwU n‡jv: weÁvb‡K AwfÁZv I
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi AvIZvi evB‡ii welq †_‡K, A_©vr Avwawe`¨K
(Metaphysical) welq †_‡K gy³ ivLv| wØZxqZ, G Dcvq
mva‡bi R‡b¨ ciL bxwZi cÕ‡qvM|25

gwiR wkø‡Ki ciLbxwZ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvi my¯úó e³e¨ cvIqv hvq Zvi Òwgwbs GÛ
†fwiwd‡KkbÓ (1936) cÕe‡Û| G cÕe‡Û ciLbxwZi m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡j‡QbÑ
GKwU ev‡K¨i A_© eY©bv Kiv Ges e¨vL¨vwU †h wewa ev
wewamg~n (rules) Abymv‡i e¨eüZ nq Zv eY©bv Kiv
GKB K_v, Ges GUv GI cÕKvk K‡i †h, evK¨wU‡K
Kxfv‡e cÕwZcvw`Z (A_ev wg_¨vwqZ) (verified or
falsified) wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kiv hvq| GKwU eP‡bi A_©
n‡jv Zvi hvPvBKi‡Yi c×wZ| (the meaning of a
proposition is the method of its
verification.)... GUv ¯úó †h GKwU evPwbK msÁv‡K
eyS‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K c~e© n‡ZB (beforehand)
k‡ãi e¨vL¨vi A_© Rvb‡Z n‡e, Ges GKgvÎ e¨vL¨v hvi
†ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i cÕvK-Áv‡bi cÕ‡qvRb nq bv Zv n‡jv
cÖ`k©bg~jK msÁv (ostensive definition)| Avgiv
wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvwi †h, cÕ`k©bg~jK msÁv‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e
wb‡`©k bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j Avgiv A_© Kx Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡ev
bv, Ges ¯úó A‡_©, G K_vi A_© n‡jv ÔA_©× wb‡`©k K‡i
†Kv‡bv AwfÁZv‡K A_ev AwfÁZvi Ôm¤¢ve¨Zv׆K|26

G.†R.Gqvi Zuvi j¨vs¸‡qR, Uªy_ GÛ jwRK eBwU‡Z ciLbxwZ m¤ú‡K© A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb hv †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`x‡`i Kv‡Q A‡bK cÕwm× MÕš’ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
GB eB‡q wZwb gwiR wkøK A‡cÿv wfbœ ciLbxwZi Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Gqvi Ôe¨envwiK×
I ÔbxwZMZ× Ges Ômej× I Ô`ye©j× ciL‡hvM¨Zvi K_v e‡jb| ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ch©vß
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g hLb †Kv‡bv Dw³‡K ciL Kiv hvq ZLb Zv‡K e¨envwiK
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 81

ciL‡hvM¨Zv e‡j| hLb †Kv‡bv Dw³‡K ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ‡Z hvPvB Kiv hvq bv Z‡e H
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KLbI Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cvi‡j ciL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K bxwZMZ
ciL‡hvM¨Zv e‡j, †hgb Puv‡`i Aci cv‡k 3,000 wgUvi D”PZv wewkó cvnvo Av‡Q|
GUv bxwZMZ ciL‡hvM¨Zvi welq KviY GUv‡K mivmwi ciL Kiv bv †M‡jI
bxwZMZfv‡e ciL Kiv hvq| Gqvi Zuvi j¨vs¸‡qR, Uªy_ GÛ jwRK (1952) MÕ‡š’
e‡jbÑ
Ggb †Kv‡bv i‡KU GLbI Avwe®K…Z nqwb hvi
mvnv‡h¨ Avwg Puv‡`i Aci c„‡ô wM‡q Zvi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z
cvwi, AZGe, ev¯Íe ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Avwg GB welqwU
m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvwi bv| wKš` Avwg Rvwb
†Kv‡bv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Avwg GKwU wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z
cviZvg hw` Avwg †mB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb KiZvg, †m
wel‡q Avgvi ZË¡MZ aviYv Av‡Q| Ges G Kvi‡YB Avwg
ejwQ †h, ePbwU e¨envwiKfv‡e ciL‡hvM¨ bv n‡jI
bxwZMZfv‡e ciL‡hvM¨ e‡jB Zv A_©c~Y©|27

mej A‡_© GKwU Dw³ ciL‡hvM¨ n‡e ZLbB hLb Gi mZ¨Zv AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g ciL
Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv ÔDw³‡K× hLb AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨iƒ‡c cÕwZcv`b Kiv hvq ZLb
Zv‡K `ye©j A‡_© ciL‡hvM¨Zv e‡j| Gqvi ÔbxwZMZ ciL‡hvM¨Zv× Ges `ye©j A‡_©
ciL‡hvM¨Zv‡K MÕnY K‡i‡Qb|28 gwiR wkø‡Ki Ômej× A‡_© ciLbxwZ‡K MÕnY Ki‡j
weÁv‡bi A‡bK welq SuywKi g‡a¨ c‡o hvq| GRb¨ Gqvi Ô`ye©j× A‡_© ciLbxwZ‡K MÕnY
K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z Gqvi Avevi `yB ai‡bi ÔcÕZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ× ciL‡hvM¨Zvi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ K‡ib| †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`xiv Zuv‡`i ÁvbZvwË¡K bxwZwU‡K kw³kvjx KvVv‡gvi
Dci `uvo Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cieZ©x‡Z bxwZwUi wKQzUv cwieZ©b K‡ib Ges †Póv K‡ib
Zv‡`i bxwZwU‡K wbf©yjfv‡e cÕwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨|
Pve©vK `k©b I †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`x `k©‡bi g~j e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ we‡iva †bB, G
welqUv GLv‡b †`Lv‡bvi †Póv Kie| Pve©vKiv ïaygvÎ AwfÁZvjä Ávb‡KB cÕK…Z Ávb
e‡j _v‡K| AwfÁZvi evB‡ii †Kv‡bv Ávb wbwðZ ev cÕK…Z Ávb bq| †hØw³K
cÖZ¨ÿev`x Av‡›`vj‡biI Ab¨Zg jÿ n‡jv AwfÁZv wbf©i Ávb AR©b Kiv| ÖZv‡`i
D‡Ïk¨ wQj wbwðZ Ávb AR©b Kiv Ges ÁvbvR©‡bi cÕwµqvq Zuviv wbf©i K‡ib †hØw³K
hyw³web¨vm (Logical Reasoning) Ges AwfÁZvi Dci|Ó29 Pve©vK m¤cÕ`v‡qi †hgb
jÿ wQj cÕZ¨‡ÿi gva¨‡g wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ávb AR©b Kiv †Zgwb †hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`xivI
h_v_© Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ AwfÁZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib|
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Z_¨m~Î
1. Radhakrishnnan, S., (ed.), History of Philosophy: Eastern and Western, Vol.1,
London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1952, p. 134.
2. Chatterjee, S.C. and Datta, D.M, An Introduction to Indian Philosophy, University
of Calcutta, Eighth Reprint endition, 1984, p. 56.
3. ivmwenvix `Ë, fviZxq `k©‡b fveev` LÐb, cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©`, KwjKvZv, 700 013, c„.
227|
4. †`excÕmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, †jvKvqZ `k©b, ALÐ ms¯‹iY, wbD GR cvewjkvm© cÕB‡fU wjwg‡UW, cÕ_g
ms¯‹iY, fv`ª, 1363, c„. 51|
5. cÖv¸³, c„. 51|
6. ivmwenvix `Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 211|
7. W±i Kvjx cÕmbœ `vm, fviZxq I cvðvZ¨ Ávbwe`¨v: Pve©vK I wnDg, Aemi cÕKvkbv ms¯’v, cÕ_g
cÕKvk †deªæqvwi 2013, c„. 47, (DÏqVvKzi, b¨vqevwË©K, KwjKvZv, weewjIw_Kv BwÛKv, 1887,
1.1.4|)
8. C.D. Bijalwan: Indian Theory of Knowledge, New Delhi, Heritage Publishers,
1977, p. 67, (W±i Kvjx cÕmbœ `vm, cÖv¸³, c„. 47,)|
 Jagannath University Journal of Arts 85

9. jwZKv P‡Ævcva¨vq, Pve©vK `k©b, wbD GR cvewjkvm© cÕvt wjwg‡UW, KjKvZv, 73, c„. 70|
10. ivmwenvix `Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 212|
11. †`excÕmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, fviZxq e¯‘ev` cÖm‡½, Abyózc, 2B bexbKzÚy †jb, KjKvZv, 700 009,
c„.43|
12. cÖv¸³, c„. 44|
13. cÖv¸³, c„. 59|
14. J.N. Sinha: A History of Indian Philosophy, vol. 1, Calcutta, Sinhan Publishing
House, 1956, p. 777 Ges S.N. Das Gupta: A History of Indian Philosophy, New
York, Cambridge University Press, 1969, vol. 1, p. 378, (W±i Kvjx cÕmbœ `vm, cÖv¸³,
c„. 6)|
15. †`excÕmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, cÖv¸³, c„. 45|
16. cÖv¸³, c„. 48|
17. Chatterjee, S.C. and Datta, D.M, op.cit., p. 60.
18. W. Avwgbyj Bmjvg, mgKvjxb cvðvZ¨ `k©b, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, cÕ_g cÕKvk, ˆekvL
1389/GwcÕj 1982, c„. 354|
19. gwZDi ingvb, ÖˆbqvwqK `„óev` I Awawe`¨vi fvlvÓ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg cwÎKv: ˆekvL-Avlvp,
1392, c„. 90|
20. wm×v_© ksKi †RvqvÏ©vi, `k©b wkí I mgvR, RvZxq mvwnZ¨ cÕKvk, XvKv, 2012, c„. 29|
21. Mvwje Avnmvb Lvb, weÁvb c×wZ I cÖMwZ, RvZxq MÕš’ cÕKvkb, XvKv, 2001, c„. 23|
22. ˆmq` KgiæÏxb †nv‡mBb, mgKvjxb `k©‡bi K‡qKwU aviv, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv-1000, cÖ_g
cÕKvk Avlvp 1406/Ryb 1999, c„. 125|
23. Mvwje Avnmvb Lvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 24|
24. W. Avwgbyj Bmjvg, cÖv¸³, c„. 357|
25. Mvwje Avnmvb Lvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 25|
26. W. †gvt Avãyj gywnZ, fvlv `k©b, Aemi cÕKvkbv ms¯’v, XvKv, cÕ_g cÕKvk, wW‡m¤^i 2012, c„.
71|
27. cÖv¸³, c„. 73|
28. cÖv¸³, c„. 74|
29. †gvt b~iæ¾vgvb, Ö†hØw³K cÕZ¨ÿev`, wg_¨vqb bxwZ I weÁvbÓ, mgvR wbixÿY, bs-105, GwcÖj-
Ryb 2008, c„. 26|
30. ivmwenvix `Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 211|
31. †`excÕmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, cÖv¸³, c„. 141-142|
32. cÖv¸³, c„. 16|
33. gwZDi ingvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 95|
34. ivmwenvix `Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 213|
35. †`excÕmv` P‡Ævcva¨vq, cÖv¸³, c„. 53|
36. Ayer, A.J., Language, Truth and Logic, London, Victor Gollangz Ltd., 1967, p. 5.
37. †gvt b~iæ¾vgvb, cÖv¸³, c„. 27|