ARIN SUPRIYADI

• Energy is defined as the capacity of a system

for doing work and exists in various forms.
• Energy is not ordinarily created or destroyed,
but it is often transformed from one form to
another or transferred from one location to
another.
• The forms of energy that are
relevant to the use of therapeutic
modalities are electromagnetic
energy, thermal energy, electrical
energy, sound energy, and
mechanical energy
Radiation
• The process of emitting energy fromsome source
in the form of waves.
• A method of heat transfer through which heat can
be either gained or lost.

Photon
• The energy carrier that composes all
electromagnetic radiation.
• Wavelength is defined as the distance between
the peak of one wave and the peak of either the
preceding or succeeding wave.
• Frequency is defined as the number of wave
oscillations or vibrations occurring in a
particular time unit and is commonly
expressed in Hertz (Hz). One Hertz is one
vibration per second
• Arndt-Schultz principle states that no reactions or changes
can occur in the body tissues if the amount of energy
absorbed is insufficient to stimulate the absorbing tissues.
• Law of Grotthus-Draper . That portion of the
electromagnetic energy that is not reflected will penetrate
into the tissues (skin layers), and some of it will be
absorbed superficially.
• Cosine Law. Any reflection of electromagnetic radiation or
other waves will reduce the amount of energy that is
available for therapeutic purposes. The smaller the angle
between the propagating ray and the right angle, the less
radiation reflected and the greater the absorption.
• Inverse Square Law. The intensity of the radiation striking
a particular surface is known to vary inversely with the
square of the distance from the source