Evaporation

Hydrology
FHYDLOY_162
Roldan Q. Pineda

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Water Vapor

Atmospheric water mostly exists as a gas, or vapor, but

briefly and locally it becomes a liquid in rainfall and in water
droplets in clouds, or it becomes a solid in snowfall, in hail
and in ice crystals in clouds. The amount of water vapor in
the atmosphere is less than 1 part in 100,000 of all waters of
the earth, but it plays a vital role in the hydrologic cycle.

Specific Humidity is the mass of water vapor per unit mass

of moist air.

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Vapor Pressure

Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that the pressure

exerted by a gas (its vapor pressure) is independent of the
presence of other gases. Based on ideal gas law;

𝑒 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇

Vapor pressure Absolute Temperature in K

Gas constant of water vapor

Density of water vapor

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Vapor Pressure

If the total pressure exerted by the moist air is 𝑝 , then 𝑝 − 𝑒

is the partial pressure due to the dry air;

𝑝 − 𝑒 = 𝜌𝑑 𝑅𝑑 𝑇

Gas constant for dry air (287 J/kg-K)

Density of dry air

Density of moist air 𝑝𝑎 = 𝑝𝑑 + 𝑝𝑣

Gas constant for water vapor 𝑅𝑑

𝑅𝑣 =
0.622
𝑝𝑣
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑑 + 𝑅𝑑 𝑇
0.622
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Vapor Pressure
Specific Humidity is approximated by;
𝑒
𝑞𝑣 = 0.622
𝑝
The relationship between the gas constants for moist air and
dry air given by;
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑑 (1 + 0.608𝑞𝑣 )
𝑅𝑎 = 287 1 + 0.608𝑞𝑣
For a given air temperature, there is a maximum moisture
content the air can hold, and the corresponding vapor
pressure is called saturation vapor pressure.
17.27𝑇
𝑒𝑠 = 611 exp
237.3 + 𝑇
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Vapor Pressure
Saturated vapor pressure of water vapor over liquid water
Saturated Vapor Pressure
Temperature (degree C)
(Pa = N/m2)
-20 125
-10 286
0 611
5 872
10 1227
15 1704
20 2337
25 3167
30 4243
35 5624
40 7378
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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
Vapor Pressure

Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual vapor pressure to

its saturation value at a given air temperature
𝑒
𝑅ℎ =
𝑒𝑠

The temperature at which air would just become saturated

at a given specific humidity is its dew-point temperature.

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Vapor Pressure

Sample Problem: At a climate station, air pressure is

measured as 100 kPa, air temperature as 20 degC, and the
wet-bulb, or dew-point, temperature as 16 degC.
Calculate;
a. Corresponding vapor pressure
b. Relative humidity
c. Specific humidity
d. Air density

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Water vapor in a static Atmospheric Column

Two laws govern the properties of water vapor in static

column, the ideal gas law

𝑝 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑇

and the hydrostatic pressure law

𝑑𝑝
= −𝜌𝑎 𝑔
𝑑𝑧

The variation of air temperature with altitude is described

by, where alpha is lapse rate
𝑑𝑇
= −𝛼
𝑑𝑧

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Water vapor in a static Atmospheric Column

𝑔
𝑇2 𝛼𝑅𝑎
𝑝2 = 𝜌1
𝑇1

The temperature variation between altitudes is;

𝑇2 = 𝑇1 − 𝛼 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

The amount of moisture in an atmospheric column is called

its precipitable water.

∆𝑚𝑝 = 𝑞𝑣 𝑝𝑎 𝐴∆𝑧

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Evaporation
Terminology
• Evaporation – process by which liquid water passes directly to the vapor
phase
• Transpiration - process by which liquid water passes from liquid to vapor
through plant metabolism
• Sublimation - process by which water passes directly from the solid phase
to the vapor phase
• Vapor pressure – water vapor normally behaves as an ideal gas
• Partial pressure of water (vapor pressure) adds to partial pressures of the
other gaseous constituents
- Water vapor is about 1-2% of total pressure
• Humidity– quantity of water vapor present in air (absolute, specific or a
relative value)
• Specific Humidity– ratio of mass of water vapor in moist air - to mass of air
• Dew point temperature– temperature at which air becomes saturated at a
given specific humidity
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 Factors Influencing Evaporation

• Energy supply for vaporization (latent heat)

• Solar radiation
• Transport of vapor away from evaporative surface
• Wind velocity over surface
• Specific humidity gradient above surface
• Vegetated surfaces
• Supply of moisture to the surface
• Evapotranspiration (ET)
• Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) – moisture supply is not limited

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Evaporation from Pan

Sensible
Net radiation Vapor flow rate
heat to air
Hs Rn m v   w AE

a

• National Weather Service Class A type CS

w
dh
E h
• Installed on a wooden platform in a dt
grassy location
• Filled with water to within 2.5 inches of Area, A
the top
• Evaporation rate is measured by manual G
readings or with an analog output Heat conducted
evaporation gauge to ground

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Methods Estimating Evaporation

• Energy Balance Method

• Aerodynamic Method
• Combined Method
• Priestly-Taylor Method

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Methods Estimating Evaporation

• Energy Balance Method

𝑅𝑛 Net radiation
𝐸𝑟 =
𝑙𝑣 𝑝𝑤 Density of water

Latent heat of vaporization = 2500 – 2.36T (kJ/kg)

Sample Problem: Compute evaporation rate using EBM:

Net radiation = 200 W/square meter
Air temperature = 25 degree C

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Methods Estimating Evaporation

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Methods Estimating Evaporation

• Aerodynamic Method
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐵 𝑒𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎

Vapor transfer Coefficient

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Methods Estimating Evaporation

• Combined Method

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Methods Estimating Evaporation

• Priestly-Taylor Method

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Schedule of Activity
Date Activity Remarks
March 17, 2020 (Tue) Lecture: Evaporation Read in advance

Instructions for Assignmen#2: Mean

Precipitation and Return Period
March 19. 2020 (Thu) Midterm Examination Topics:
1. Introduction to Hydrology
2. Hydrologic Cycle
3. Precipitation
- Terminal Velocity
- Rainfall Intensity
- Mean Precipitation
- Return Period

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methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
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