CONTENTS

1. SYNOPSIS

2. INTROUCTION

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

4. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

5. DESIGN OF CYLINDERS

6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

7. PNEUMATIC DETAILS

8. VALVES

9. CONNECTORS

10. HOSES

11. LIST OF MATERIALS

12. COST EVALUATION

13. CONCLUSION

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY

15. PHOTOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
 ABSTRACT

Robots often referred to as the steel collar worker, have been

used in various manufacturing settings. The first robot sold by animation

was employed in die casting. The robot removed the worker from a very hot

and dirty work environment after the robots had proven themselves in this

area, they are used in investment casting, forging and welding.

Industrial robots are primarily installed today to improve productivity

and product quality. The main applications of industrial robots are pick and

place applications.

Robot offers a great degree of flexibility in operation. An example of

their flexibility is the ability to perform the same task or tasks of different

automobile models on the same assembly line. Also they can be

programmed to perform other tasks. Robots posses greater flexibility and

will serve a key role in flexible manufacturing systems.

Here we are designing a robot named MATERIAL LIFTING

ROBOT . This is an automation project, which related to the robotics. This

robot is mainly designed for pick and place applications.

 INTRODUCTION
PNEUMATICS
The word ‘pneuma’ comes from Greek and means breather wind. The
word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena. It is
derived from the word pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to
mean the application of air as a working medium in industry, especially the
driving and controlling of machines and equipments.

Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying
out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more
important role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must

be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity
of the system. When the pneumatic system is being adopted for the first
time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of
compressed air supply. The key part of any facility for supply of compressed
air is by means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine
that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high
pressure.
Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and
delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions
namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature. The
compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and
that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of
gas.
The usual written as
 PV = C (or) Pı Vı = P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is
about 14.7 Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of
mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be
used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS
Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort
by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost
mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many
factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable
of providing the power (or) energy requirements and the control system
(although equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be
advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually economic

and simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also
have out standing advantages in terms of safety.

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must

be made available. In sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity
of the system. When pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time,
however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of
compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air,
gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and

delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions
namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature. Clean
condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which decides the life of a
compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result in increased precipitation
of condense from the compressed air. Compressor may be classified in two
general types.

1. Positive displacement compressor.

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed

for compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply air
for pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor
2. Rotary type compressor
 Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air required
at low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for
pneumatic control application unless built in multistage designs and are
seldom encountered in pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating

compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating compressors lap
be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to deliver more than 500 m³/min.

In single stage compressor, the air pressure may be of 6 bar machines

discharge of pressure is up to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the range of 250
bars can be obtained with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of
three & four stages.

Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for
pneumatic applications, with preference going to the two stage design as
soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in capable of
matching the performance of single stage machine at lower costs per driving
powers in the range.
 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

AIR COMPRESSOR

COMPRESSORS

The main function of the air compressor is to compress the air

up to the required pressure. The maximum capacity of the compressor is

10105 to 12 105 N/m2. This is a two stages or two-cylinder reciprocating

air compressor. The two cylinders are for low and high compression. The air

pressure is measured at various places by the use of pressure gauges. V-belt

and pulley are used to drive the compressor. Compressors can be broadly

classifieds into two groups. They are:

Positive Displacement Compressor

 Dynamic Compressors

Positive Displacement Compressor

Successive volumes of air isolated and then compressed to a higher

pressure. There are essential two forms of positive displacement compressor,

reciprocating and rotary.

Dynamic compressors

These are rotary continuous machines in which a high speed

rotating element accelerates the air and converts the resulting velocity head

into pressure.

Positive displacement compressors work on the principle of increasing

the pressure of a definite volume in an enclosed chamber. Dynamic (turbo)

compressor employs rotating vanes or impellers to impart velocity and

pressure to the flow of the air being handled. The pressure comes from the

dynamic effects such as centrifugal force.

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR COMPRESSORS

A number of factors are involved in the selection criteria of a suitable air

compressor. These are dealt here briefly

1. Pressure

First of all, the pressure needed must be determined. Most air operated

system and tools are designed to operate at a pressure from 6 105 to 7

105N/m2. A compressor of normal make and type would normally be

suitable if this can assure a pressure 6 105 N/m2 in the distribution line laid

down for a pneumatic tools and system.

 2. Capacity

Another important factor in compressor selection is the capacity or

volume of air required. This factor is sometimes extremely difficult to

evaluate. Obviously, the unit selected should be large enough to supply all

the air devices, which will be operating at any given time. If all the air

operation is continuous, the capacity required is simply the sum of air

compression of each individual tool.

The main function of the air compressor is to compress the air up to

the required pressure. The maximum capacity of the compressor is 10 5

105 to 12 105 N/m2. This is a two stages or two-cylinder reciprocating air

compressor. The two cylinders are for low and high compression. The air

pressure is measured at various places by the use of pressure gauges. V-belt

and pulley are used to drive the compressor.

Pressure Gauge

Pressure gauge is used for measuring the outlet pressure of air from

the compressor. The gauge used is Bourdon type pressure gauge. The

maximum capacity of this gauge is 10 105 to 12 105 N/m2. The gauge is

fitted at the outlet of the air compressor.

VALVES

Directional Control Valves

Pneumatic valves:

The pneumatic cylinder is regulated and controlled by pneumatic

valves. These valves are actuated manually, mechanically, electrically,

pneumatically, and by various combined mode of actuation.

Need of Valves

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES To control the to and fro

motion of cylinder, the fluid energy has to be regulated, controlled and

reversed with a predetermined sequence in a pneumatic system.

Similarly one may have to control the quantity of pressure and flow

rate to generate the desired level of force and speed of actuators. To achieve

these functions, valves are used. Valves are fluid power elements used for

controlling and regulating the working medium.

The main functions of the valves are,

 Start and stop the fluid energy

 Control the direction of flow of compressed air

 Control the flow rate of the fluid

 Control the pressure rating of the fluid

 Although various types of valves are available, they are mainly

classified as below,

 Direction control valves

 Direction control check valves

 Flow control valves

 Pressure control valves

The main purpose of a valve in a pneumatic circuit is to control

outputs. Valves can be divided into a number of groups according to what

they control.

Directional control valves

Directional control valve on the receipt of some external signal, which

might be mechanical, electrical or a fluid pressure pilot signal, charges the

direction of or stops, or starts the flow of fluid in some part of the

pneumatic/hydraulic circuit.

Similarly one may have to control the quantity of pressure and flow

rate to generate the desired level of force and speed of actuators. To achieve

these functions, valves are used. Valves are fluid power elements used for

controlling and regulating the working medium.

Flow control valves

These are used to control the rate of flow of a fluid through the valve.

A directional control valve on the receipt of some, external signal, which

might be mechanical, electrical or a fluid pilot signal, changes the direction

of stops, or starts the flow of fluid in some part of the pneumatic/hydraulic

circuit. They can be used to carry out such functions as:

1. Controlling the direction of motion of an actuator

2. Selecting alternative flow paths for a fluid.

3. Stopping and starting the flow of fluid

(b) Purpose:

This valve is used to speed up the piston movement and also it acts as

an one – way restriction valve which means that the air can pass through

only one way and it can’t return back.

By using this valve the time consumption is reduced because of the

faster movement of the piston.

 ADVANTAGES

1.Man Power is Less

2. Using Pneumatic

3. Move one place to another place

DISADVANTAGE

1. Cost is High
 DESIGN OF CYLINDERS

Horizontal, vertical, rotary cylinders & arm lifting cylinder are of

same design and selected from the product catalogue. Cylinders are of
double acting type. According to the applications the forward and return
stroke of the piston has to be controlled with some time interval. So double
acting cylinders are preferred. This time interval can not be achieved by
single acting cylinders.
1. Design of Pneumatic cylinders

Force to be exerted is 40N

Force = Pressurearea

Pressure in the cylinder = 0.4 x105 N/m2

Area of the piston, (πd2)/4 = Force/pressure

= 40/ 40000

= 0.001m2

Bore diameter = 0.0356m = 35.6 mm

From pneumatic products catalogue, we have selected 40mm bore diameter

cylinder.
For forward stroke

For 40mm bore diameter

Corresponding rod diameter = 16mm

Area of the piston = (πd2)/4

= (πx402)/4

= 1256.8mm2

Force (modified) to be exerted = pressure area

= 0.4 x105 x1256.8

= 50N

For return stroke

On the return stroke, when the pressure is applied to the reverse

direction, the force on the piston due to the pressure is = P  (A-a)

Where,

P = Pressure in the cylinder (N/m2)

A = Area of the piston (m2)

a = Cross sectional area of the piston rod( m2)

Therefore

Area of the piston (A-a) = {(π d2)/4}-{(π d12)/4}

= {(π 402)/4}-{π (162)/4}

 = 1256.6-201

= 1055mm2

Force to be converted

On the reverse direction = pressurearea

= 0.4 1051055

= 42.2 N

For working pressure of 0.4105 N/m2

Extending force = 50.3 N

Retracting force = 42.2 N

1. Double acting pneumatic cylinder

Technical Data

Stroke length : Cylinder stoker length 160 mm = 0.16 m

Piston rod : 18 mm = 18 x 10ˉ³ m

Quantity : 2

Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Elastomer

End cones : Cast iron

Piston : EN – 8

Media : Air
Temperature : 0-80 º C

Pressure Range : 8 N/m²

2. Flow control Valve

Technical Data

Port size : 0.635 x 10 ֿ² m

Pressure : 0-8 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Media : Air

Quantity : 1

3. Connectors

Technical data

Max working pressure : 10 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Temperature : 0-100 º C

Fluid media : Air

Material : Brass
4. Hoses

Technical date

Max pressure : 10 x 10 ⁵ N/m²

Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 ˉ ³m

Inner diameter : 3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 ˉ ³m

 DESIGN OF RACK AND PINION
RACK AND PINION BLOCK

The block is the central part of the unit as it houses the rack and

pinion. This rack and pinion attachment gives the rotary motion to the

pneumatic material-handling device. This block converts linear motion into

rotary motion.

PINION:

This is a gear wheel which is provided to get mesh with rack to

convert the linear motion into rotary motion. They are made up of Cast iron.

RACK:

Rack teeth are cut horizontally about the required length to get the

accurate turn of 360o. This is made up of Cast iron.

DESIGN OF PINION

dmin > (0.59/ σcmax) х [[Mt]/((1/E1)+(1/E2)) 2](1/3 _________________ (1)

Where,

σcmax = maximum contact compressive stress N/m2

E1,E2 = Youngs modulus N/m2

Mt = Torque N-m

E1 = E2 = 1.1х106 N/m2
Calculation of σcmax

________________
σcmax = HB х CB х Kcl (2)

Where,

HB = Brinell hardness number

CB = coefficient depends on hardness

Kcl = life factor

Kcl = {[1 x 107 ]/N }1/6 ______________

(3)

N = 60 x n x T

Where

n = rpm

N = life in no. Of cycles

T = life in hours.

= 8000 hours.

CB = 20

HB = 200

Substituting the values of N, n, T in the equation [3],

The value of kcl is obtained as 1.139.

Kcl = 1.139.

Substituting the values in equation [2]

 σcmax = 20 x 200 x 1.1309

= 4520 x105 N/m2

Calculation of Mt
____________
Mt = 97420 x (Kw/n). (4)

for power calculation

Centrifugal force, fc = m ω2 r ____________

(5)

M = 7kg

W = mxg

 = 2Πn/60

R = 1m

Substituting the values of m, ω, r in equation [4]

fc = 7.56 N.

Downward force, fd = m x g

= 7 x 9.81

= 68.6N.

Centrifugal force, f = fc + fd

= 68.6 + 7.56

= 76.17N
 Torque = f x r

= 76.17 x 1

= 76.2Nm.

Power = Torque x angular velocity.

= 76.2 x 1.05

= 79.7w

Substituting the value of kw and n in equation in [3],

Mt = 776.7

[Mt] = 1.4 x Mt

= 1.4 x 776.7

= 1087.1 N-m

Substituting the values of σcmax, [Mt], E1,E2 in equation [1],

The minimum diameter of the pinion is calculated to be 78.7mm.

We have taken the standard diameter of pinion as 75mm.

SPECIFICATION OF PINION:

Material : cast-iron

Outside diameter : 75mm

Circular pitch : 4.7mm

Tooth depth : 3.375mm

Module : 1.5mm

Pressure angle : 21

Pitch circle diameter : 72mm

Addendum : 1.5mm

Dedendum : 1.875mm

Circular tooth Thickness : 2.355mm

Fillet radius : 0.45mm

Clearance :0.375mm

Design of rack

Pitch circle diameter of the gear is = 72mm

Circumference of the gear is =   pitch circle diameter

=  72

= 226mm

The dimension is for 360 rotations for 180 rotations the rack length is 113

mm
SPECIFICATION OF RACK:

Material :cast iron

Module :1.5mm

Cross-section :7525mm

Teeth on the rack is adjusted for 113mm

 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort

by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost
mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many
factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable
of providing the power (or) energy requirements and the control system
(although equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be
advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually economic

and simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also
have out standing advantages in terms of safety.

Here we are using pneumatic system to rotate and grip the materials.
Rack and pinion arrangement is used here to rotate the base and we attached
a two way valve to open and close the air circulation which push and pull the
pneumatic cylinder. The next arrangement is arm, and a pneumatic cylinder
is placed here to control the up and down movements. Another arrangement
is gripper, which is used to pick and place the heavy materials. Here also a
pneumatic cylinder is placed for gripping materials.
 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
Introduction
A pneumatic cylinder simply converts air pressure into linear motion.

FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED FOR THE SELECTION OF

PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS

When selecting a pneumatic cylinder, you must pay attention to:

 how far the piston extends when activated, known as "stroke"

 surface area of the piston face, known as "bore size"
 action type
 pressure rating, such as "50 PSI"
 type of connection to each port, such as "1/4" NPT"
 must be rated for compressed air use
 mounting method

 Action Types
By "action type", we mean how the cylinder acts when pressure is applied
and removed.
A "single-acting" cylinder has a single port for compressed air.

When air pressure is removed, the cylinder does nothing to retract the piston.
Whatever the piston pushed out must push the piston back in.
A cylinder that is "single-acting with spring return" has hookups like the
"single-acting" cylinder.

When air pressure is removed, the spring pushes the piston back into the
resting position.

In some cases the cylinder is sealed and the trapped air performs as an "air
spring".

A single-acting cylinder with spring return requires more air pressure to

activate because you are pushing against both the load and the spring.

A "double-acting" cylinder has two ports for compressed air.

Note that a double-acting cylinder requires a more complex solenoid valve.

When you want to return the piston to its resting position, you must not only
apply pressure to the second port, but also open up the first port so that the
gas in it can be expelled.

A double-acting cylinder consumes more air than the equivalent single-acting cylinder,
because you need air to push the cylinder in each direction.

Commercial Pneumatic Cylinders

Pneumatic cylinders are available commercially in a wide range of sizes and

designs.

Using a commercial pneumatic cylinder is not a guarantee of safety - you

can still do bad things with good parts - but it does provide additional safety
margins that improviced pneumatic cylinders simply can not provide.

Commercial pneumatic cylinders are surprisingly affordable and easy to find.

HEAVY DUTY PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

 Heavy-Duty Pneumatic Cylinder

Utility through air power

Changes and improvements in the electric motor industry have

produced linear motors making deep incursions in places where hydraulic
cylinders formerly held sway. Hydraulic systems are great for brute force
operations but are difficult to keep clean, and high pressures in some
applications can pose a hazard for work crews. The working fluid is also
toxic to the environment, so accidents can be costly to clean. On the other
hand, electric motors can be precisely controlled but command a higher
cost.

Now an alternative to both approaches is offered by Numatics,

Franklin, TN, in the shape of their In Force cylinder line. The first member
under that sobriquet is the ASP Series, designed to function in strenuous
cylinder applications, such as packaging equipment, industrial furnaces,
construction equipment, and automotive and motorcycle assembly lines.
The steel cylinder is honed to a fine finish and then surface hardened by a
Nitrotec process, which creates a thin (0.001-in.), uniform and extremely
hard (64 to 71 Rc) iron nitride layer infused with a film of iron oxide. The
result is a smooth, corrosion-free sealing surface and high abrasion
resistance.

For added ruggedness, the ASP Series includes a graphite-filled,

cast iron rod bushing made to a greater length than in standard cylinders.
The use of cast iron provides maximum resistance against premature wear,
while the added length adds improved alignment and support of the piston
rod, as well as providing maximum load bearing support. The high-strength
steel (100,000 psi min. yield) piston rod, in diameters from 5/8- to 3½-in.,
has a ground, polished and chrome-plated surface, which provides
maximum life for both the rod bushing and the seals. The piston seal is
carboxilated nitrile with Teflon compound for self-lubrication. The “T “
seal configuration with back-up rings prevents rolling, and seals at all
pressures. All units in the ASP Series include a wear band, a stable
lubricating strip located on the piston (the latter made of aluminum, the
only non-steel component in the assembly). To maximize separation
between load bearing points, the band was placed at the rear of the piston.
The end caps are machined from precision square steel blocks and have a
black oxide finish for corrosion protection. Additionally, a recess on both
ends of the piston-mating surface enables the air to work on a larger piston
area for effortless breakaway, even at low pressures.
 The ASP Series of pneumatic cylinders has a nominal pressure
rating of 250 psi, and is being offered initially in eleven bore sizes from
1.5- through 14.0-in. Standard operating temperatures are -10° to 165°F.
There are 21 standard NFPA mounting options, all accomplished with one-
piece mounts on units with bores up to 8.0 in.; i.e., there are no welded-on
lugs. The NPTF ports have an enhanced design for a smooth flow path into
and out of the cylinder. Options include stroke adjusters, high temperature
rod boots and more.

Pneumatic cylinders

Pneumatic cylinders or air cylinders are mechanical devices used to

impart a force from a fluid, typically compressed air.

Pneumatic cylinders are available in a variety of styles, including tie

rod, compact, round body, rotary, gripper, escapement, guided, and rodless
cylinders. Other features of pneumatic actuators include the ability to have
multiple strokes or a full stroke with intermediate stopping points,
adjustments to control the amount of extension or retraction of a given
actuator, and locks that can serve as safety mechanisms in case the machine
experiences a loss of air pressure.

A typical pneumatic cylinder consists of a piston, piston rod, and a body or

tube. Compressed air enters at one end of the tube, imparting force on the
piston, which is then displaced (moves) in order to balance the force exerted
on the piston. Air cylinders, or actuators as they are also called, are available
in a variety of sizes, shapes, and have varying strokes. Typical cylinder sizes
range from a small 2.5mm air cylinder, which might be used for picking up a
small transitor or other electronic component, to 400mm diameter air
cylinders which would impart enough force to lift a car. Some pneumatic
cylinders reach 1000mm in diameter, and are used in place of hydraulic
cylinders for special circumstances where leaking hydraulic oil could impose
an extreme hazard.

Air Cylinders are available in a variety of styles. Some examples include:

Single acting cylinders--cylinders that use the force imparted by air to move
in one direction, and a spring to return to the "home" position. Double acting
cylinders--cylinders that use the force of air to move in both extend and
retract strokes. Rotary air cylinders--actuators that use air to impart a rotary
motion Rodless air cylinders--actuators that use a mechanical or magnetic
coupling to impart force, tyically to a table or other body that moves along
the length of the cylinder body, but does not extend beyond it.

Pneumatic cylinders are generally less expensive than hydraulic or electric

cylinders of similar size and capacity.
 VALVES

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

(a) TECHNICAL DATA

Size : 1/4”

Pressure : 0 to 10 kg/cm2

Media : Air

(b) WORKING PRINCIPLE

Double acting cylinder are controlled by 4 way 5 port two position

valve as shown in the figure. This valve has one inlet port(1), two cylinder
ports (2 and 3), and two exhaust ports (4 and 5).

The figure shows the piston position and the valve position. In this
position of the valve supply is directed to cylinder port No.2, with cylinder
port 3 connected exhaust port 4

In the figure, the air supply is connected to cylinder port 3, with

cylinder port 2 is connected to exhaust port 4.

By operating the valve in two positions the cylinder piston can get the
forward stroke to press the bearing and return stroke to retrieve the work.
 PRESSURE GAUGE

TECHNICAL DATA

Port size :1/8” BSP

Pressure range : 0 - 10 kg/cm2

Pressure gauges are usually fitted with the regulators. So the air
pressure adjusted in the regulator is indicated by the pressure gauge and also
the pressure indicated in the pressure gauge is the line pressure of the air
taken to the cylinder.
 CONNECTORS

In our pneumatic system there are two type of connectors used, one is
the hose connector and the other is reducer.

Hose connectors normally comprise an adapter hose nipple and cap

nut. These type hoes connectors are made up of brass or aluminium (or)
hard end steel

Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes (or)
hoes of different sizes. They may be fitted straight the “V” or other
configurations. These reducers are made up of gunmetal or other materials
like hard end steel etc.
 HOSES

Hoses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyethane.

These hoses can with stand at a maximums pressure level of 10 kg/cm2

Calculating the load on the plate (p)

Maximum load acting at the ----430 kgf

Centre of plate at 5kg/cm2

Maximum load acting at the centre of plate at 7kg/ cm2

= 430 * 7/5 =602 kgf

Load distributed to the front half of the plate = p= 602/2 = 301kgf

Mean clearance = 0.019mm.

For the maximum size of the shaft and bearing for which the machine
is designed the maximum mean clearance (between the shaft and the
bearing) is calculated to be 0.019 or 19 mirror.

Even though the fit is a clearance one, the bearing can’t be mounted
on the shaft by hand force and also hammering would result in reduced life
of the bearing.
So, a constant force should be applied for which the machine is
designed to perform.
 LIST OF MATERIALS

 STAND

 RACK

 HOLDER

 HANDLE

 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

 VALVES

 HOSES

 CONNECTORS

 T-TUBE

 TUBE

 BOLTS AND NUTS

BASE PLATE

Total Cost : 8000/-

 CONCLUSION

We would like to conclude this project work with satisfaction that we

contribution something important in the field of automation. The system

which have fabricated is very much useful to handle the heavy materials and

also to lift the heavy heat materials. We have learned many things about

pneumatics and fabricating a machine. First of all we thank every one

contributing for the grand success of our project.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. MACHINE DESING AND DRAWNG

- K. BALASUNDARAM &
P.G. DANIEL

2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
- M. HASLEHURST

3. MODERN PRODUCTION PROCESS

- S.S.MANIAN, P.RAJAGOPAL

4. MACHINE TOOL TECHNOLOGY

- S.S.MANIAN, P.RAJAGOPAL