ADVANCED CAR

LOCKING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT:
 In the modern world everywhere the automation is implemented. The
development of science and technology is totally changing the life style of human. On the
other hand this modernization with help in maintaining foolproof systems. With the
development of advanced processors like DSP and micro controller the stability of the
system is maintained.
This project is concentrating on the implementation of digital code identification
system for automobile car. This system will be built around non-weighted number system
that could not be followed by human. Micro controller is used to detect the digital code
validity and will operate the corresponding power supply from battery to engine self
motor. This system is very useful for the places where the operating strength is very high
and foolproof systems are needed.
The vehicle is started only with the key and digital code password, which is
entered, in the keypad. The micro controller processes the correct digital code to activate
the Self motor and faulty digital code the micro controller activates sounds alarm.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER
SUPPLY KEY
UNIT PAD

MICRO
CONTROLLER
PANEL RELAY

SELF
LCD MOTOR
DISPLAY

SIREN

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Nowadays Automation occupies various electronic sections by its comfortable nature.

This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort
by electronic power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an essential part
of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the degree of
mechanization is increased.
Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.

Semi automation.

In semi automation a combination of manual effort and electronic power is required

whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.

1.1 Need for Automation:

Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics, pneumatics, robotics,

etc., of these sources; electronics form an attractive medium for low cost automation. The
main advantages of all electronics systems are economy and simplicity. Automation plays
an important role in mass production.

To achieve quick response

To prevent the accident by alarm indication To reduce the work load
To reduce the fatigue of workers To achieve good quality
Less Maintenance
 CHAPTER 2

2. IGNITION SWITCH:

A car's ignition switch serves several purposes. First, it allows you to control the power

to many of the car's accessories, preventing accessories from running down the car's
battery when the car is parked for a long period of time. The ignition switch also serves
the far greater purpose of connecting the starter to the battery, allowing the battery to
send a powerful surge of electricity to the starter when the car is being started.
The term ignition switch is often used interchangeably to refer to two very different parts:
the lock cylinder into which the key is inserted, and the electronic switch that sits just
behind the lock cylinder. In some cars, these two parts are combined into one unit, but in
other cars they remain separate. It is advisable to check your car's shop manual before
attempting to purchase an ignition switch, to ensure that you buy the correct part.
In order to start a car, the engine must be turning. Therefore, in the days before ignition
switches, car engines had to be turned with a crank on the front of the car in order to start
them. The starter performs this same operation by turning the engine's flywheel, a large,
flat disc with teeth on the outer edge. The starter has a gear that engages these teeth when
it is powered, rapidly and briefly turning the flywheel, and thus the engine.
 Ignition Switch with Key

2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The ignition switch generally has four positions: off, accessories, on, and start. Some

cars have two off positions, off and lock; one turns off the car, and the other allows the
key to be removed from the ignition. When the key is turned to the accessories position,
certain accessories, such as the radio, are powered; however, accessories that use too
much battery power, such as window motors, remain off in order to prevent the car's
battery from being drained. The accessories position uses the least amount of battery
power when the engine is not running, which is why drive-in movie theaters recommend
that the car be left in the accessories mode during the movie.
 The on position turns on all of the car's systems, including systems such as the fuel
pump, because this is the position the ignition switch remains in while the car's engine is
running. The start position is spring loaded so that the ignition switch will not remain
there when the key is released. When the key is inserted into the ignition switch
lock cylinder and turned to the start position, the starter engages; when the key is
released, it returns to the on position, cutting power to the starter. This is because the
engine runs at speeds that the starter cannot match, meaning that the starter gear must be
retracted once the engine is running on its own.
Either the ignition switch or the lock cylinder may fail in a car, but both circumstances
have very different symptoms. When the ignition switch fails, generally the electrical
wiring or the plastic housing develops problems. The car may not turn on and/or start
when this happens. Also, the spring-loaded start position could malfunction, in which
case the starter will not engage unless the key is manually turned back to the on position.
When the lock cylinder malfunctions, however, the operation of the key itself will
become problematic. If the tumblers become stripped, the lock cylinder may be able to
turn with any key, or you may be able to remove the key when the car is on. If the
tumblers begin to shift, the lock cylinder may not turn. Sometimes the key can be
wiggled until the lock cylinder turns, but it is important to remember that this is only a
temporary fix.
Replacing an ignition switch can be tricky business, particularly in newer cars, because of
the anti-theft devices used in cars. Once the ignition switch is separated from the back of
the lock cylinder, the car can be started with a screwdriver, making it vital that
this switch be difficult to get to. It is important to consult a shop manual before
attempting this kind of repair, as the anti-theft devices may require special tools;
attempting to remove an ignition switch without the proper tools can render
the car inoperable.
 CHAPTER 3

3. STARTER MOTOR:

A starter is an electric motor that turns over or "cranks" the engine to start it. It
consists of a powerful DC (Direct Current) electric motor and the starter solenoid that is
attached to the motor (see the picture). The starter motor is powered by the car battery.
To turn over the engine the starter motor requires a very high electric current, which
mean sthebatteryhastohavesufficientpower. 

Starting system problems are common and not all problems are caused by a faulty
starter motor. To find the cause of the problem the starting system must be properly
tested. read more below. The starter solenoid works as a powerful electric relay. When
activated, it closes the electric circuit and sends the battery power to the starter motor. At
the same, the starter solenoid pushes the starter gear forward to mesh it with the engine
flywheel (flex plate) ring gear teeth.

A typical starter solenoid has one small connector for the control wire (the white
connector in the photo) and two large terminals: one for the positive battery cable and the
other for the starter motor 
3.1Battery cables
The starter motor requires a very high current to turn over the engine, that's why it's
connected to the battery with thick (large gauge) cables (see the diagram). The negative
(ground) cable connects the "-" battery terminal to the engine cylinder block, close to the
starter. The positive cable connects the "+" battery terminal to the starter solenoid

3.2 How a starting system works:

When you turn the ignition key to the START position, the battery voltage goes through
the starter control circuit and activates the starter solenoid, which in turn energizes the
starter motor. At the same time, the starter solenoid pushes the starter gear forward to
mesh it with the engine flywheel (flexplate in an automatic transmission). The flywheel is
attached to the engine crankshaft. The starter motor spins, turning over the engine
crankshaft allowing the engine to start.

3.3 Neutral Safety switch

For safety reasons, the starter motor can only be operated when the automatic
transmission is in Park or Neutral position; or if the car has a manual transmission, when
the clutch pedal is depressed. To accomplish this, there is a Neutral Safety Switch
installed at the automatic transmission shifter mechanism or at the clutch pedal in case of
a manual transmission. Often a transmission range sensor - the part that tells the power
train computer which position (P R N D) the transmission is in, is used as a neutral safety
switch (in the photo).  When the automatic transmission is not in Park or Neutral (or
when the clutch pedal is not depressed), the neutral safety switch is open and the starter
control circuit is disconnected.

CHAPTER 4

4. BATTERY
In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that
convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.  Since the invention of the first
battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the
technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the
worldwide battery industry generates US $48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual
growth.
 There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are
designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries(rechargeable batteries),
which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many
sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks
the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data
centers.

4.1 Battery Size

The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the
maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at
which the batteries will be used. When designing a power system, all of these factors are
looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate battery size. Our System
Sizing work forms take many of these factors into account.
One of the biggest mistakes made by those just starting out is not understanding the
relationship between amps and amp-hour requirements of 120 volt AC items versus the
effects on their DC low voltage batteries. For example, say you have a 24 volt nominal
system powering a load of 3 amps, 120VAC, which has a duty cycle of 4 hours per day.
You would have a 12 amp hour load (3A X 4 hrs=12 ah). However, in order to determine
the true drain on your batteries you have to divide your nominal battery voltage (24v)
into the voltage of the load (120v), which is 5, and then multiply this times your amp
hours (12 ah). So in this case the calculation would be 60 amp hours drained from your
batteries - not the 12 ah. The easiest way to quickly determine the total battery amp hours
required is to first determine total watt-hours required by all loads, and then divide by the
nominal DC system voltage. This resulting number will indicate the amount of amp hours
needed to operate all loads for a given period. However, additional amp hour capacity
would typically be added for more "reserve" capacity or to prevent complete discharge.
Using the above example, 3 amps x 120 VAC x 4 hours = 1440 watt-hours divided by 24
VDC battery environment equals 60 amp-hours; the same answer as before, but another
way to get it.
There are other factors for determining the full extent of the battery drain, such as
temperature, start-up factors, etc., but this should help you get a more complete picture on
how to size your low DC voltage batteries when powering 120/240 volt loads using an
inverter. Our System Sizing work forms take many of these factors into account.
Back to Solar Power System Sizing Page
Temperature has a significant effect on lead-acid batteries. At 40°F they will have about
75% of rated capacity, and at 0°F their capacity drops to about 50%. An exception to this
general rule would be the Concorde PVX battery, which is not as sensitive to these
temperature extremes.
The storage capacity of a battery, the amount of electrical energy it can hold, is usually
expressed in amp hours. If one amp is used for 100 hours, then 100 amp-hours have been
used. A battery in a solar power system should have sufficient amp hour capacity to
supply needed power during the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy
conditions. In wind systems allowance for "no wind" days should be included. A lead-
battery should be sized at least 20% larger than this amount. If there is a source of back-
up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does
not have to be sized for worst-case weather conditions.

4.2 Series Wiring

Series wiring refers to connecting batteries to increase volts, but not amps. If you have
two 6 volt batteries like the Trojan L16 rated at 350 amp hours, for example, by
connecting the positive terminal of one battery to the negative terminal of the other, then
you have series wired the two together. In this case, you now have a 12 volt battery and
the rated 350 amps does not change. If you were to series wire four L16's you'd have 24
volts at 350 amps, and so on.

4.3 Parallel Wiring

Parallel wiring refers to connecting batteries to increase amps, but not volts. If you have
two 6 volt batteries like the Trojan L16 rated at 350 amp hours, for example, by
connecting the positive terminal of one battery to the positive terminal of the other, and
the same with the negative terminal, then you have parallel wired the two together. In this
case, you now have a 6 volt battery and the rated 350 amps increases to 700 amp hours. If
you were to series wire four L16's you'd have 24 volts at 350 amps, and then parallel wire
these four to the four other that are in series, then you'd have a 24 volt battery at 700
amps.

Five basic wiring types

Using these wiring examples a complete battery bank
might have any number of total batteries to achieve required reserve capacity.

4.4 Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower
and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many
different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is
whether they are deep cycle batteries or shallow cycle batteries.
Shallow cycle batteries, like the type used as starting batteries in automobiles, are
designed to supply a large amount of current for a short time and stand mild overcharge
without losing electrolyte. Unfortunately, they cannot tolerate being deeply discharged. If
they are repeatedly discharged more than 20 percent, their life will be very short. These
batteries are not a good choice for a PV system.
Deep cycle batteries are designed to be repeatedly discharged by as much as 80 percent
of their capacity so they are a good choice for power systems. Even though they are
designed to withstand deep cycling, these batteries will have a longer life if the cycles are
shallower. All lead-acid batteries will fail prematurely if they are not recharged
completely after each cycle. Letting a lead-acid battery stay in a discharged condition for
many days at a time will cause sulfation of the positive plate and a permanent loss of
capacity.
Sealed deep-cycle lead-acid batteries are maintenance free. They never need watering
or an equalization charge. They cannot freeze or spill, so they can be mounted in any
position. We especially recommend sealed batteries for remote, unattended power
systems, but also for any client who wants the maintenance free feature and doesn't mind
the extra cost associated with these batteries. The Concorde PVX series (Sun-Xtender) is
an excellent choice.
Sealed Gel Cell (gelled-electrolyte) batteries are relatively maintenance free, however
unlike a high quality sealed lead-acid battery like the Concorde PVX extra care must be
taken to insure a Gel Cell battery is not charged above 14.1 volts for a 12 volt battery, for
example. Over charging a Gel Cell even once for a sustained period can really shorten it's
life and even ruin it. Any charge source or charge regulator used must have user
adjustable settings for sealed Gel Cell batteries to insure charge voltage does not exceed a
safe limit. If your application dictates a sealed, gelled battery the Deka-East Penn MK
series is an excellent choice.
Back to Solar Power System Sizing Page

4.5 Caring For Wet Cell Lead-Acid Batteries

Wet cell lead acid batteries like the high quality Serrate require periodic watering and
equalization. Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear
gloves, goggles and old clothes. "Battery acid" will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton
and wool clothing.
The quickest way to ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave them
stand "dead" for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a chemical
change in the positive plates of the battery. They change from lead oxide when charged to
lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead sulfate state for a few days, some
part of the plate does not return to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the battery
remains discharged longer, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate.
The parts of the plates that become "sulfated" no longer store energy. Batteries that are
deeply discharged, and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less than one
year.
Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a
hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are cycled
very deeply and then recharged quickly, the specific gravity reading will be lower than it
should because the electrolyte at the top of the battery may not have mixed with the
"charged" electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in wet-cell batteries at least four times a
year and top each cell off with distilled water. Do not add water to discharged batteries.
Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are very discharged. If you add water at this time,
and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a mess.
Keep the tops of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten or
remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a
hydrogen explosion inside and ruin one of the cells, and possibly you too.
It is a good idea to do an equalizing charge when some cells show a variation of 0.05
specific gravity from each other. This is a long steady overcharge, bringing the battery to
a gassing or bubbling state. Typically, we'll recommend an equalization charge at least
once a month. Do not equalize sealed or gell type batteries. With proper care, lead-acid
batteries will have a long service life and work very well in almost any power system.

4.6 Measuring battery condition

Connect a voltmeter and measure the voltage across the battery terminals with the battery
at rest (no input, no output) for at least three hours. These readings are best taken in the
early morning, at or before sunrise, or in late evening. Take the reading while all loads
are off and no charging sources are producing power.
The following table will allow conversion of the voltage readings obtained to an estimate
of state of charge. The table is good for batteries at 77·F that have been at rest for 3 hours
or more. If the batteries are at a lower temperature you can expect lower voltage readings.

4.7 Battery State of Charge Voltage Table

 

Percent of Full 12 Volt DC 24 Volt DC 48 Volts DC

Charge System System System
100% 12.7 25.4 50.8
90% 12.6 25.2 50.4
80% 12.5 25 50
70% 12.4 24.8 49.6
60% 12.3 24.6 49.2
50% 12.2 24.4 48.8
40% 12.1 24.2 48.4
30% 12 24 48
20% 11.9 23.8 47.6
10% 11.8 23.6 47.2
0% <11.7 <23.4 <46.8
The following chart reflects state of charge vs. specific gravity of the electrolyte in each
cell. A hydrometer is used to determine specific gravity.

State of Charge Specific Gravity

100% Charged 1.265
75% Charged 1.239
50% Charged 1.200
25% Charged 1.170
Fully Discharged 1.110
These readings are correct at 75°F

CHAPTER 5
5. KEYPAD:
Industrial and commercial applications fall somewhere in between these extremes, using
layouts that might feature from six to twenty keys. One of the most basic requirements in
configuring a keypad is to accommodate need of human user. Human beings are irritable.
They have little tolerance for machine failure. You have seen the behavior of people at
the elevator. Even if the “up” light is lit when we arrive, we will push it again to let the
machine know that “I’m here too.” Thus the hardware designer has to select keys that
will survive in the intended environment. The programmer must write the code that will
anticipate and defeat deliberate attempts by human to confuse program. The software
must be such that the keyboard application must guard against following Human Factors:
1. More than one key pressed.
2. Key pressed and held.
3. Rapid key press and release.
4. Keyboard Configurations
Keypads are often used as a primary input device for embedded microcontrollers. At the
lowest level keypads are arranged as a matrix of rows and columns which are for by
using number of switches as shown in Fig 5.1 and Fig 5.2 shows how it looks on real
hardware. The CPU accesses both rows and columns through ports; therefore, with one
bit ports a 4×4 matrix keys can be connected to a microcontroller. When a key is pressed
the row makes a contact with column. Otherwise there is no connection between rows
and columns. Microcontroller itself makes a continuous check of all rows and columns
with the help of program stored in its ROM to see whether a key is pressed or not, It takes
care of both hardware and software. In order for the microcontroller to scan the keypad, it
outputs a nibble to force one (only one) of the rows and then reads the columns. If any
keys in that column have been pressed. The rows are pulled up by the internal weak pull-
ups in the 8051 ports. Consequently, as long as no buttons are pressed, the
microcontroller sees logic high on each of the pins attached to the keypad rows. The
nibble driven onto the columns always contains only a single 0. The only way the
microcontroller can find a 0 on any row pin is for the keypad button to be pressed that
connects the column set to 0 to a row. The controller knows which column is at a 0-level
and which row reads 0, allowing it to determine which key is pressed. For the keypad, the
pins from left to right are: R1, R2, R3, R4, C1, C2, C3, and C4. Next section shows you
how to detect a key press using 89C51.

5.1 SCANNING AND IDENTIFYING KEY PRESS

Here we have used 4×4 matrix keyboard. Its interfacing to 89C51 is as shown in
Figure. Rows are connected to the output port and columns are connected to input port. If
no key is pressed then the status of all columns will be high at Vcc. If all rows are
grounded and a key is press, then the status of one of the column will goes low since the
key provides path to ground. Using the above procedure Microcontroller scans
continuously and detects a key press. To detect key press, the microcontroller grounds all
rows by providing 0 to the output latch, then it reads the columns, If date read is p0.4-
p0.7=1111, no key is pressed and process continues until a key press is detected. When a
key press occurs, one of the columns will go zero. For example, if p0.4-p0.7=1101 this
means that key of column-3 that is connected to p0.6 is pressed. After the key press is
detected than microcontroller goes for identifying a key. Starting with the top rows
microcontroller continuously ground each of the row and check corresponding column. If
the column status is all high then no key is press and process is moved to next row.
Keypad is organized as a matrix of switches in rows and column. The article uses a 4X3
matrix keypad and a 16x2 LCD for displaying the output of keypad.
The circuit diagram shows the connection of keypad with the controller. Port P2 of the
microcontroller is used to send the data for displaying on the LCD. P1^1, P1^2, P1^3
pins of microcontroller is connected to RS, RW, EN pins of LCD respectively. Port P0 is
used to scan input from the keypad (refer circuit diagram for connection).
 
The concept of interfacing keypad with the MCU is simple. Every number is assigned
two unique parameters, i.e., row and column number (n(R, C) for example 6 (2, 3)).
Hence every time a key is pressed the number is identified by detecting the row and
column number of the key pressed.
 
Initially all the rows are set to zero by the controller and the columns are scanned to
check if any key is pressed. In case no key is pressed the output of all the columns will be
high.
Whenever a key is pressed the row and column corresponding to the key will get short,
resulting in the output of the corresponding column goes to go low (since we have made
all the rows zero). This gives the column number of the pressed key.
 
Once the column number is detected, the controller set’s all the rows to high. Now one by
one each row is set to zero by controller and the earlier detected column is checked if it
becomes zero. The row corresponding to which the column gets zero is the row number
of the digit.
 CHAPTER 6
MICROCONTROLLER:
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM,
ROM or EPROM), various I / O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports,
Timer/Counters, Interrupt Controller, Data Acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital
Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (ADC), everything integrated onto a
single Silicon Chip.
It does not mean that any micro controller should have all the above said features on chip,
Depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed, the on chip
features present in it may or may not include all the individual section said above.
Any microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making
up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating with an external system,
timer / counter for control purposes like generating time delays, Baud rate for the serial
port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit.

6.2 ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:

If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external
memory such as RAM, ROM or EPROM and peripherals and hence the size of the PCB
will be large enough to hold all the required peripherals. But, the micro controller has got
all these peripheral facilities on a single chip so development of a similar system with a
micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of the design.
One of the major differences between a micro controller and a microprocessor is that a
controller often deals with bits, not bytes as in the real world application, for example
switch contacts can only be open or Close, indicators should be lit or dark and motors can
be either turned on or off and so forth.

6.3 INTRODUCTION TO ATMEL (89S52) MC

SERIES: 89C51 Family, TECHNOLOGY: CMOS
The AT89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with
4K bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standard MCS -51-instruction set. The on-chip flash allows
the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with flash on a monolithic
chip, the ATMEL 89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible
and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
To exploit the power savings available in CMOS circuitry. Atmel’s Flash micro
controllers have two software-invited reduced power modes.
6.4 FEATURES:
Compatible with MCS-51 products
Fully Static Operation: 0Hz to 24MHz
Three –level Program Memory Lock
128 * 8 bit internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
Six interrupt sources
Low-power idle and power-down modes
Watch Dog Timer
SPI {Serial Bus Interface}
Multiple source/vector/priority interrupt structure
Full Duplex UART

6.5 IDLE MODE:

The CPU is turned off while the RAM and other on - chip peripherals continue operating.
In this mode current draw is reduced to about 15 percent of the current drawn when the
device is fully active.

6.6 POWER DOWN MODE:

All on-chip activities are suspended while the on–chip RAM continues to hold its data. In
this mode, the device typically draws less than 15 Micro Amps and can be as low as 0.6
Micro Amps.

6.7 POWER ON RESET:

When power is turned on, the circuit holds the RST pin high for an amount of time that
depends on the capacitor value and the rate at which it charges. To ensure a valid reset,
the RST pin must be held high long enough to allow the oscillator to start up plus two
machine cycles. On power up, Vcc should rise within approximately 10ms. The oscillator
start-up time depends on the oscillator frequency. For a 10 MHz crystal, the start-
up time is typically 1ms.With the given circuit, reducing Vcc quickly to 0 causes the RST
pin voltage to momentarily fall below 0V. However, this voltage is internally l limited
and will not harm the device.

6.8 OSCILLATOR AND CLOCK CIRCUIT:

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output respectively of an inverting amplifier which
is intended for use as a crystal oscillator in the pierce configuration, in the frequency
range of 1.2 MHz to 12 MHz XTAL2 also the input to the internal clock generator.
To drive the chip with an internal oscillator, one would ground XTAL1 and XTAL2.
Since the input to the clock generator is dividing by two flip-flops there are no
requirements on the duty cycle of the external oscillator signal. However, minimum high
and low times must be observed.
The clock generator divides the oscillator frequency by 2 and provides a tow phase clock
signal to the chip. The phase 1 signal is active during the first half to each clock period
and the phase 2 signals are active during the second half of each clock period.

6.9 CPU TIMING:

A machine cycle consists of 6 states. Each stare is divided into a phase / half, during
which the phase 1 clock is active and phase 2 half. Arithmetic and Logical operations
take place during phase1 and internal register - to register transfer take place during phase
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ATMEL 89C51:

PIN DIAGRAM:

6.10 PIN DESCRIPTION:

Port 0:
 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs.
Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes
during program verification.
External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high
by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.

Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory
and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @
DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits
the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the pullups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed
below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.

ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming.
In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and
may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse
is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the
bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is
weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.

PSEN:
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require. 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a
quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external
clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in
Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since
the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

VCC:
Supply voltage.
GND:
Ground.
INTERRUPTS:
The AT89S51 provides 5 interrupt sources: Two External interrupts, two-timer interrupts
and a serial port interrupts. The External Interrupts INT0 and INT1 can each either level
activated or transition - activated, depending on bits IT0 and IT1 in Register TCON. The
Flags that actually generate these interrupts are the IE0 and IE1 bits in TCON. When the
service routine is vectored to hardware clears the flag that generated an external interrupt
only if the interrupt WA transition - activated. If the interrupt was level - activated, then
the external requesting source (rather than the on-chip hardware) controls the requested
flag. Tf0 and Tf1 generate the Timer 0 and Timer 1 Interrupts, which are set by a rollover
in their respective Timer/Counter Register (except for Timer 0 in Mode 3). When a timer
interrupt is generated, the on-chip hardware clears the flag that generated it when the
service routine is vectored to. The logical OR of RI and TI generate the Serial Port
Interrupt. In fact, the service routine normally must determine whether RI or TI generated
the interrupt and the bit must be cleared in software.
In the Serial Port Interrupt is generated by the logical OR of RI and TI. Neither of these
flag is cleared by hardware when the service touting is vectored to. In fact, the service
routine normally must determine whether RI to TI generated the interrupt and the bit
must be cleared in software.

IE: Interrupt Enable Register

EA - ET2 ES ET1 EX1

ET0 EX0
Enable bit = 1 enabled the interrupt
Enable bit = 0 disables it

CHAPTER 7

7. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand
witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent
electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric
layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid
crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.
One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers
would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular
direction
When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the
liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and
hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes,
the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays
passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in
activating / highlighting the desired characters.
The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s
consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be
powered for long durations.
The LCD’s don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using
backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a wide
operating temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively
simple which makes the LCD’s more customer friendly.

7.2. Introduction:

Fig. LCD Display

The LCD display consists of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced with the
PIC16F73.The protocol (handshaking) for the display is as shown in Fig. The display
contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the second for
characters to be displayed (RS=1). It also contains a user-programmed RAM area (the
character RAM) that can be programmed to generate any desired character that can be
formed using a dot matrix. To distinguish between these two data areas, the hex
command byte 80 will be used to signify that the display RAM address 00h will be
chosen Port1 is used to furnish the command or data type, and ports 3.2 to 3.4 furnish
register select and read/write levels.

CHAPTER 8
8. POWER SUPPLY AND COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION ON POWER SUPPLY
The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built using filters,
rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage
is obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, then filtering to a DC level, and finally,
regulating to obtain a desired fixed DC voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from
an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat lower
DC voltage, which remains the same even if the input DC voltage varies, or the output
load connected to the DC voltage changes. A block diagram containing the parts of a
typical power supply and the voltage at various points in the unit is shown in fig. The AC
voltage, typically 120 Vrms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that AC voltage
down to the level for the desired DC output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave
rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC
voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage variation. A
Regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide a DC voltage that not only has much
less ripple voltage but also remains the same DC value even if the input DC voltage
varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output DC voltage changes.

8.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Step Down Full wave

Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator

12V/5V
Output
8.2 OTHER MAJOR COMPONENTS

8.2.1 TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of which electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or
lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. It
works with the principle of mutual induction. In our project we are using step down
transformer for providing a necessary supply for the electronic circuits. In our project we
are using a 15-0-15 center tapped transformer.

8.2.2 RECTIFIER:
The DC level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using a process
called full-wave rectification. It uses 4 diodes in a bridge configuration. From the basic
bridge configuration we see that two diodes (say D2 & D3) are conducting while the
other two diodes (D1 & D4) are in “off” state during the period t =0 to T/2. Accordingly
for he negative of the input the conducting diodes are D1 & D4. Thus the polarity across
the load is the same.

8.2.3 FILTER:
The filter circuit used here is the capacitor filter circuit where a capacitor is connected at
the rectifier output, and a DC is obtained across it. The filtered waveform is essentially a
DC voltage with negligible ripples, which is ultimately fed to the load.

8.2.4 REGULATOR:
The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally regulated. The voltage
regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of the
change in supply variations, load variation and temperature changes. Here we use two
fixed voltage regulators namely LM 812, LM 7805 and LM7912. The IC 7812 is a +12V
regulator IC 7912 is a -12V regulator and IC 7805 is a +5V regulator.

This project uses +5V, +12V power supply for the operations of the IC’s and relay driver
circuit.

TYPES OF REGULATORS:
Some of the types of voltage regulators are given below.

IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload
protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the IC is somewhat
different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the external operation
is much the same. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed
negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.
A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac supply line to step
the ac voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage, filtering with a
capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulating the dc voltage using an IC
regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds
of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from mill watts to
tens of watts.

THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

The basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator. The fixed voltage

regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a
regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal
connected to ground. For a selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage
range over which the input voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a
range of load current. The specifications also list the amount of output voltage change
 resulting from a change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line
regulation).

Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

IN OUT
7805
From GND
Transformer
Secondary

GND

Three terminal voltage regulators:

The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24
V. A 7812 is connected to provide voltage regulation with output from this Unit of +12V
dc. An unregulated input voltage Vi is filtered by capacitor C1 And connected to the IC’s
IN terminal. The IC’s OUT terminal provides a Regulated + 12V which is filtered by
capacitor C2 (mostly for any high-Frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected
to ground (GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible voltage
range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the output voltage
remains constant within specified voltage variation limits.
Since all electronic circuits work only
with low D.C. voltage we need a power supply unit to provide the appropriate voltage
supply. This unit consists of transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator. AC voltage
typically 230V rms is connected to a transformer which steps that AC voltage down to
the level to the desired AC voltage. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC voltage. This
resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage variations. A regulator circuit
can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that not only has much less ripple voltage
but also remains the same DC value even the DC voltage varies somewhat, or the load
connected to the output DC voltages changes.

8.2.5 RELAY
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close
one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is
able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be
considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier

BASIC OPERATION:
A simple electromagnetic relay, such as the one taken from a car in the first picture, is an
adaptation of an electromagnet. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core,
an iron yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a moveable iron
armature, and a set, or sets, of contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged
to the yoke and mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by
a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit.
In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the
other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on
their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the
yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature,
and the circuit track on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered
to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts
the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either
makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when
the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the
connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is
switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the
magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but
gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured
to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage
or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate
the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise
generate a voltage spike dangerous to circuit components. Some automotive relays
already include that diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection
network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil
is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the
solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the
minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is
made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation
an optocoupler can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo
transistor.
Types of relay:

Small relay as used in electronics

A solid state relay, which has no moving parts
Pole and throw type relay:

Circuit symbols of relays. "C" denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.

Fig - DPDT AC coil relay

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A
relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing
the coil in one of three ways:
Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make"
contact.
Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or
"break" contact.
Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-
open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a
Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes
a "make before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.
The following designations are commonly encountered:
SPST - Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology
"SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST - Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two
SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay
has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has
eight terminals, including the coil.
The "S" or "D" may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple switches connected to
a single actuator. For example 4PDT indicates a four pole double throw relay (with 14
terminals).

Applications
Relays are used to and for:
Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or
audio amplifiers,
Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile,
Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing
circuit breakers (protection relays),

A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging

Isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different
potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage
switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are
easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also
be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy,
Logic functions. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by connecting
normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open
contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or)
function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using normally closed
contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic
networks.
Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical
elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and
Zuse Z3.
Safety-critical logic. Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to
nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels
of radioactive waste-handling machinery.
Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a set of
contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the
armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains magnetic
field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute)
delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape
slowly. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For
longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.
Choosing a relay:
You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:
Physical size and pin arrangement
If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure that its
dimensions and pin arrangement are suitable. You should find this information in the
supplier's catalogue.
Coil voltage
The relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit powering the relay coil.
Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V and 24V relays are also readily
available. Some relays operate perfectly well with a supply voltage which is a little lower
than their rated value.
Coil resistance
The circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay coil. You can use
Ohm's law to calculate the current:
   supply voltage 
Relay coil current   =
coil resistance
For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400 passes a current of
30mA. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output current 200mA), but it is too
much for most ICs and they will require a transistor to amplify the current.
Switch ratings (voltage and current)
The relay's switch contacts must be suitable for the circuit they are to control. You will
need to check the voltage and current ratings. Note that the voltage rating is usually
higher for AC, for example: "5A at 24V DC or 125V AC".
Switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT etc)
Most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole changeover"
(SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO). For further information please see the
page on switches.
Protection diodes for relays:
Transistors and ICs (chips) must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced
when the relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (eg 1N4148)
is connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. Note that the diode is
connected 'backwards' so that it will normally not conduct. Conduction only occurs when
the relay coil is switched off, at this moment current tries to continue flowing through the
coil and it is harmlessly diverted through the diode. Without the diode no current could
flow and the coil would produce a damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the
current flowing.
Relays and transistors compared:
Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For switching small
DC currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better choice than a relay. However
transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains electricity) and they are not
usually a good choice for switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be
needed, but note that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for
the relay's coil! The main advantages and disadvantages of relays are listed below:
Advantages of relays:
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:
Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per
second.
Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor may
be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil

CHAPTER 9

9.1 ADVANTAGES:
 Using a single transmitter keypad we can control many appliances like side lock,
light, fuel supply.
 It is very economical.
 As we said earlier it is easy to control the devices by setting password.
 Receiving problem is restricted.
 This project provides another facility to change the password.
 Wrong password three times only allowed.

9.2 DISADVANTAGES:

 Number of digit is four digit password only

 Additional cost is required to doing automation of vehicle
 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION
A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for the
Development and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing techniques,
diagnostic Software, algorithms for the dynamic exchange of informational different
levels of hierarchy. Simulation techniques are suitable for solving some of the problems.
But a good quantitative model and a test set-up will help to understand
the systems. This project has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use
our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning,
purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the
project work is a good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.
We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully.
The INTELLIGENT CAR SECURITY SYSTEM is working with satisfactory conditions.
We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality.
We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available facilities. In
conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our impression
project work. Thus we have developed a “INTELLIGENT CAR SECURITY SYSTEM”
which helps to know how to achieve low cost automation. By using more techniques,
they can be modified and developed according to the applications.
 CHAPTER 11

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