Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. SYNOPSIS
2. INTROUCTION
3. LITERATURE SURVEY
4. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
5. DESIGN OF CYLINDERS
7. PNEUMATIC DETAILS
8. VALVES
9. CONNECTORS
10. HOSES
13. CONCLUSION
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
15. PHOTOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
was employed in die casting. The robot removed the worker from a very hot
and dirty work environment after the robots had proven themselves in this
and product quality. The main applications of industrial robots are pick and
place applications.
their flexibility is the ability to perform the same task or tasks of different
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying
out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more
important role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation.
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is
about 14.7 Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a column of
mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer. Any gas can be
used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days.
SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS
Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort
by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost
mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many
factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable
of providing the power (or) energy requirements and the control system
(although equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and can be
advantageously applied to other forms of power).
The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air,
gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for
pneumatic applications, with preference going to the two stage design as
soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in capable of
matching the performance of single stage machine at lower costs per driving
powers in the range.
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
AIR COMPRESSOR
COMPRESSORS
air compressor. The two cylinders are for low and high compression. The air
and pulley are used to drive the compressor. Compressors can be broadly
Dynamic Compressors
rotating element accelerates the air and converts the resulting velocity head
into pressure.
pressure to the flow of the air being handled. The pressure comes from the
1. Pressure
First of all, the pressure needed must be determined. Most air operated
suitable if this can assure a pressure 6 105 N/m2 in the distribution line laid
evaluate. Obviously, the unit selected should be large enough to supply all
the air devices, which will be operating at any given time. If all the air
compressor. The two cylinders are for low and high compression. The air
Pressure Gauge
Pressure gauge is used for measuring the outlet pressure of air from
the compressor. The gauge used is Bourdon type pressure gauge. The
Need of Valves
Similarly one may have to control the quantity of pressure and flow
rate to generate the desired level of force and speed of actuators. To achieve
these functions, valves are used. Valves are fluid power elements used for
classified as below,
they control.
pneumatic/hydraulic circuit.
Similarly one may have to control the quantity of pressure and flow
rate to generate the desired level of force and speed of actuators. To achieve
these functions, valves are used. Valves are fluid power elements used for
These are used to control the rate of flow of a fluid through the valve.
(b) Purpose:
This valve is used to speed up the piston movement and also it acts as
an one – way restriction valve which means that the air can pass through
2. Using Pneumatic
DISADVANTAGE
1. Cost is High
DESIGN OF CYLINDERS
Force = Pressurearea
= 40/ 40000
= 0.001m2
cylinder.
For forward stroke
= (πx402)/4
= 1256.8mm2
= 50N
Where,
Therefore
= 1055mm2
Force to be converted
= 0.4 1051055
= 42.2 N
Technical Data
Quantity : 2
Piston : EN – 8
Media : Air
Temperature : 0-80 º C
Technical Data
Media : Air
Quantity : 1
3. Connectors
Technical data
Temperature : 0-100 º C
Material : Brass
4. Hoses
Technical date
Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 ˉ ³m
The block is the central part of the unit as it houses the rack and
pinion. This rack and pinion attachment gives the rotary motion to the
rotary motion.
PINION:
convert the linear motion into rotary motion. They are made up of Cast iron.
RACK:
Rack teeth are cut horizontally about the required length to get the
DESIGN OF PINION
Where,
Mt = Torque N-m
E1 = E2 = 1.1х106 N/m2
Calculation of σcmax
________________
σcmax = HB х CB х Kcl (2)
Where,
N = 60 x n x T
Where
n = rpm
T = life in hours.
= 8000 hours.
CB = 20
HB = 200
Kcl = 1.139.
Calculation of Mt
____________
Mt = 97420 x (Kw/n). (4)
M = 7kg
W = mxg
= 2Πn/60
R = 1m
fc = 7.56 N.
Downward force, fd = m x g
= 7 x 9.81
= 68.6N.
Centrifugal force, f = fc + fd
= 68.6 + 7.56
= 76.17N
Torque = f x r
= 76.17 x 1
= 76.2Nm.
= 76.2 x 1.05
= 79.7w
Mt = 776.7
[Mt] = 1.4 x Mt
= 1.4 x 776.7
= 1087.1 N-m
Material : cast-iron
Module : 1.5mm
Addendum : 1.5mm
Dedendum : 1.875mm
Clearance :0.375mm
Design of rack
= 72
= 226mm
The dimension is for 360 rotations for 180 rotations the rack length is 113
mm
SPECIFICATION OF RACK:
Module :1.5mm
Cross-section :7525mm
Here we are using pneumatic system to rotate and grip the materials.
Rack and pinion arrangement is used here to rotate the base and we attached
a two way valve to open and close the air circulation which push and pull the
pneumatic cylinder. The next arrangement is arm, and a pneumatic cylinder
is placed here to control the up and down movements. Another arrangement
is gripper, which is used to pick and place the heavy materials. Here also a
pneumatic cylinder is placed for gripping materials.
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
Introduction
A pneumatic cylinder simply converts air pressure into linear motion.
Action Types
By "action type", we mean how the cylinder acts when pressure is applied
and removed.
A "single-acting" cylinder has a single port for compressed air.
When air pressure is removed, the cylinder does nothing to retract the piston.
Whatever the piston pushed out must push the piston back in.
A cylinder that is "single-acting with spring return" has hookups like the
"single-acting" cylinder.
When air pressure is removed, the spring pushes the piston back into the
resting position.
In some cases the cylinder is sealed and the trapped air performs as an "air
spring".
A double-acting cylinder consumes more air than the equivalent single-acting cylinder,
because you need air to push the cylinder in each direction.
Size : 1/4”
Pressure : 0 to 10 kg/cm2
Media : Air
The figure shows the piston position and the valve position. In this
position of the valve supply is directed to cylinder port No.2, with cylinder
port 3 connected exhaust port 4
By operating the valve in two positions the cylinder piston can get the
forward stroke to press the bearing and return stroke to retrieve the work.
PRESSURE GAUGE
TECHNICAL DATA
Pressure gauges are usually fitted with the regulators. So the air
pressure adjusted in the regulator is indicated by the pressure gauge and also
the pressure indicated in the pressure gauge is the line pressure of the air
taken to the cylinder.
CONNECTORS
In our pneumatic system there are two type of connectors used, one is
the hose connector and the other is reducer.
Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two pipes (or)
hoes of different sizes. They may be fitted straight the “V” or other
configurations. These reducers are made up of gunmetal or other materials
like hard end steel etc.
HOSES
For the maximum size of the shaft and bearing for which the machine
is designed the maximum mean clearance (between the shaft and the
bearing) is calculated to be 0.019 or 19 mirror.
Even though the fit is a clearance one, the bearing can’t be mounted
on the shaft by hand force and also hammering would result in reduced life
of the bearing.
So, a constant force should be applied for which the machine is
designed to perform.
LIST OF MATERIALS
STAND
RACK
HOLDER
HANDLE
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
VALVES
HOSES
CONNECTORS
T-TUBE
TUBE
BASE PLATE
which have fabricated is very much useful to handle the heavy materials and
also to lift the heavy heat materials. We have learned many things about
2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
- M. HASLEHURST