= 11 References = 11.1 Grammars = 11.2 Dictionaries = 113 Other Grammars = 12 Extemal links Introduction Suffixes A suffix (ef) is attached to a stem (gdvde). A stem may be a root (ké#) or further analyzable. The suffixes used in Turkish fall roughly into two classes: constructive suffixes (api ekler?) and inflectional suffixes (cekim ekteri). A constructive suffix makes a new word from an old one, that is, itis a derivational suffix. An inflectional suffix indicates how a word is used in a sentence, The article on Turkish grammar pertains chiefly to inflectional suffixes. The atticle on Turkish vocabulary treats the constructive suffixes A Turkish suffix can be called enclitic if its vowel undergoes vowel harmony, agreeing with the last vowel of the stem the suffix is attached to Gender Turkish is a gender-neutal language except for a few sex-specific compound words (mostly naming professions). English third peison singular pronouns "she", "he", and "it" all conespond to a single Turkish pronoun 0. Since many given names in Turkish are also gender-neutral, itis possible to describe someone without their sex being made known Person Turkish has a stong T-V distinction and usage of honorifics. Turkish uses second-person pronouns that distinguish varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect, as is done in French and Russian T-V distinction Family members and friends speak to one another using the second singular person "sen" as well as adults use "sen" to address minors. In formal situations (meeting people first time, business, customer-clerk, colleagues) plural second-person "siz" is used almost exclusively. In very formal situations, double plural second-person "sizler" may be used to refer to a much-respected person. Rarely, third plural conjugation of the verb (but not the pronoun) may be used to emphasize utmost respect. In imperative, there are three forms: second singular person for informal, second plural person for formal and double plural second person for very formal situations: "gel" (second singular, informal), "gelin" (second plural, formal), "geliniz" (double second plural, very formal). The very formal forms are not frequently used. Honorifics