Index
A Abrams v. United States
A & P, II:871
A.A. Houseman and Company, I:81
AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment
Act (1933); Agricultural
Adjustment Administration
AAP. See American Academy of
Pediatrics
ABA. See American Bar Association
ABC. See American
Broadcasting Company
Abilene, Texas, I:221, 222
Ableman v. Booth (1859), I:350
Abolition of slavery, I:1, 101,
II:928–29, 958, 1001. See
also Slavery
Allan Pinkerton and, II:796
Amasa Walker and, II:1072
Bleeding Kansas (See
Bleeding Kansas)
Emancipation Proclamation (See
Emancipation Proclamation)
Freedman’s Bureau and, I:343,
I:343–44
Georgia industries and,
I:367–68, 369
Henry Brown Blackwell
and, I:101
Henry Clay and, I:181
John Brown and, I:102–3,
420–21
in Maryland, II:605, 607
Salmon Portland Chase for,
I:155–56
Samuel Howe and, I:450
special interest groups and,
II:948
by Thirteenth Amendment (See
Thirteenth Amendment)
underground railroad and (See
Underground railroad)
in Virginia, II:1066–67
Abraham Lincoln: A History, I:425
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
(1919), I:116
ABS. See Antilock braking systems
Abstinence. See Temperance
Abundance, vs. scarcity, II:899
Abzug, Bella, II:1125
A.C. Nielsen Company, II:723–24
A.C. Roebuck and Company, II:902
ACA. See American
Communications Association
Acadia National Park, II:597
Accidents
industrial (See Industrial
accidents)
nuclear reactor (See Nuclear
reactor accidents)
Accounting. See also Financial
services industry
regulatory principles of,
II:897, 898
surplus in, II:976
Acheson, Dean, I:545
ACLU. See American Civil
Liberties Union
Acme Sucker-Rod Company, I:516
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome. See AIDS
Acquisitions and mergers, I:529,
530–31, 537, II:622, II:623. See
also Antitrust law; Leveraged
buyouts; specific companies and
conglomerates
in advertising industry, I:5
in airline industry, I:20
Celler-Kefauver Act and, II:655
effect on labor movement,
II:553–54
military-industry, II:638
in Northern Securities
Case, II:736
in oil refining industry, II:954
trust-busting and, II:1025–27
Act of Union (1707), II:911
Act to Regulate Commerce
(1887), I:274
Actions and defenses. See also
Antitrust law
AT & T, I:182, 210, II:655
Microsoft Corporation,
I:217, II:1027
against tobacco industry,
II:1008
wrongful death, I:332
Actra Business Systems, II:699
Actuals market, I:197
ADA. See Americans with
Disabilities Act (1990)
Adair v. the United States
(1908), II:1143
Adams, John
Alexander Hamilton and,
I:413–14
boycott of British goods, I:495
conservatism and, I:205
George Washington and,
II:1096
as Vice President, I:416
Adams, John Quincy
on Adams-Onis Treaty, I:1
Andrew Jackson and, I:504
Henry Clay and, I:181
intrastate public works and,
II:611
James Monroe and, II:658, 659
Monroe Doctrine and, II:656–57
Old Southwest and, II:750
Adams, Samuel, I:110, 113, 495,
II:952, 1011
on Constitution, I:12
John Hancock and, I:416
Paul Revere and, II:873
Sugar Act and, II:974
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, I:1–2
Manifest Destiny and, II:598
Old Southwest and, II:750
Adamson Act (1916), II:1117
ADC. See Aid to Dependent
Children
1147
Index
Addams, (Laura) Jane, I:2,
I:2–3, 468
Adding machines. See Calculators
ADEA. See Age Discrimination in
Employment Act (1967)
Adena culture, II:670
Adhesives, for furniture
industry, I:354
Adjustable rate mortgages, II:669–70
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital
(1923), II:638
Administration of Justice Act
(1774), I:494
Adult diapers. See Incontinence aids
Advance Research Project
Agency, I:487
Advanced Photo System, I:273
The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn, II:646
Advertising, I:3–5
by A & P, II:871
Albert Lasker in, II:566–67
by automobile industry, I:69
of cereal products, I:527–28
for cigarettes, II:732
by C.W. Post, II:807–8, 808–10
electric, I:430
by Gillette Company, I:375–76
by H. J. Heinz Company, I:431
John Galbraith and, I:358
Lydia Estes Pinkham and,
II:797–98
by Nabisco, II:675
national (See National
advertising)
by Neiman Marcus, II:600
newspaper (See Print
advertising)
by oligopolies, II:751
by P & G, II:822–23, 824–25
for Pepperidge Farm, II:887
print (See Print advertising)
on radio, II:852
by tobacco industry, I:41,
I:41–42, 257, II:1008
by Upjohn Company, II:1046
by UPS, II:1041
Advertising agencies
Barbara Proctor in, II:825–27
emergence of, I:3–5
Advisory Board of the Civil Service.
See Civil Service Commission
AEC. See Atomic Energy
Commission
Aerospace industry
in California, I:135
1148
Curtiss-Wright, II:970
evolution of, I:21
in Florida, I:325
General Motors and, I:366
Guggenheim Foundation
and, I:366
Henry Ford in, I:332
Howard Hughes and, I:450–52
military-industrial complex
and, II:638
in Missouri, II:648
in New Mexico, II:713
in Texas, II:995
Aeterni Regis, II:1009
AFDC. See Aid to Families with
Dependent Children
Affirmative action, I:6–7
AFL. See American Federation
of Labor
AFL-CIO, I:121, 157, 426. See
also American Federation of
Labor; Congress of Industrial
Organizations
creation of, II:556
first convention of, I:34
in late 20th century, I:212
UFW and, II:1039
Africa
exploration of, II:1009
mercenaries in, II:622
slave trade and, I:8–9
triangular trade in, II:1017–18
African American women
executives, II:825–27
African Americans. See also Slavery
affirmative action and, I:6–7
black codes and (See
Black codes)
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, I:121, I:121–22
in cities after World War II,
II:813–14
in cities and towns, II:971
citizenship for, I:169
in colonies, II:910
CORE and, I:201–2
Dred Scott case (See Dred Scott
v. Sandford (1857))
educators, I:142, I:142–43,
II:1093–94
employment in WW II, II:1085
exodusters, I:299
in farmers’ alliances, I:308–9
Fifteenth Amendment and (See
Fifteenth Amendment)
Fourteenth Amendment and
(See Fourteenth Amendment)
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Frances Perkins, II:784
in inner cities, I:372, I:373,
II:1046–47
Kennedy programs for, I:403
in Knights of Labor, I:426
Liberian colonization of, II:581
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
migration from South,
I:399–400, II:1046, 1049
Negro National League, I:83
in New Jersey, II:712
in North Carolina, II:731
in Oklahoma, II:749
poverty and, II:816
Proclamation of Pardon and
Amnesty, I:343–44
during Reconstruction (See
Reconstruction)
in slums, II:932
in television, II:683
tenant farming by, I:16
in Tennessee, II:989–90
Thirteenth Amendment and (See
Thirteenth Amendment)
in the Union Army, I:283
in unions, II:850, 851
urban riots and, I:291
voting rights of, I:170–71, 316,
II:586, 1067
World War I migration
of, I:399
after World War II, II:810
Africans
in great migration, I:399
in Virginia, I:8–9, I:9
Age discrimination
in employment, I:303
federal legislation prohibiting,
I:246, 303
Age Discrimination in Employment
Act (1967), I:246, 303
Aggregate demand, I:13, I:14
Aggregate refining, ASARCO
and, I:40
Aggregate supply, I:13–14
Agribusiness. See Farming
Agricultural Act (1937), I:388
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933),
I:17, I:275, I:388, 522, II:703
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration, I:242, 266, II:703
Agricultural colleges, II:561. See
also Land grant colleges
Agricultural cooperatives, II:562
Agricultural credit, I:242, 306, 374

Agricultural Credits Act (1923),
I:388
Agricultural economy. See also
Farming
in Alabama, I:22, 24
in Arkansas, I:53
in California, I:133
of Cherokees, II:1013
after Civil War, I:307–9
in colonial period, I:9–10, 16,
II:909–11, 913–14
in early Republic, I:16,
II:1078–79
farm credit and, I:306–7
federal involvement in (See
Agricultural policy)
in Florida, I:324–25
free silver issue in, I:340
during the Great Depression,
I:239–41, I:243
Hawaii and, I:422–24, I:423
in Idaho, I:457, 459
in Illinois, I:464, 465
in Indiana, I:475, 477
instability of, I:292–94
in Iowa, I:495, 497
in Kansas, I:520–22
in Kentucky, I:532–34
machinery and, I:15
in Maine, II:598
market revolution and, II:602–3
in Maryland, II:605, 607
in Massachusetts, II:608–9
Mayas and, II:611
in Michigan, II:631, 632
migrant workers in, II:635
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
in Mississippi, II:644–45
in Missouri, II:646, 648
in Montana, II:661
in Nebraska, II:697
in Nevada, II:702
in New Hampshire, II:707, 709
in New Jersey, II:710
in New Orleans, II:716
in New Sweden, II:717–18
in New York, II:718, 719, 720
in North Carolina, II:730–32
in North Dakota, II:733
in Ohio, II:745, 746
in Ohio Valley, II:746–47
in Oklahoma, II:748
in Oregon, II:757
in Pennsylvania, II:778, 780
Plains Indians and, II:800
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
populism and, II:805–6
radical unions and, II:850
Reconstruction Finance Corp.
and, II:868
in Rhode Island, II:874, 877
seasonal unemployment in,
II:906
slavery and, I:8–9, II:1033,
1078 (See also Slavery)
in the South, I:16, I:173,
I:173–79, I:176, 179, II:958,
981–82, 1083 (See also
Slavery)
in South Carolina, II:939–40
in South Dakota, II:941–43
temperance movement and,
II:986
in Texas, II:996–97
transition from, II:1108
in Utah, II:1051
after War of 1812, I:267–70,
I:268
after World War I, II:1084
in Washington state,
II:1091, 1092
in Wisconsin, II:1120
during WW II, I:239–43, I:241
Agricultural equipment. See
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural industry. See Farming
Agricultural innovations, I:14–15,
16–17, II:1075–76
Agricultural laborers
Cesar Estrada Chavez and,
I:157, I:157–58
slavery and, I:8–9, II:1033,
1078 (See also Slavery)
unions for, II:1038–39
Agricultural machinery, I:14–15. See
also specific equipment, e.g.,
Tractors
Caterpiller Incorporated,
I:145–47
for cotton farming, I:96, 537
cotton picking machines, I:96
C.W. Post and, II:807
Cyrus McCormick and,
II:612–16
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
John Deere and Co., II:961
manufactured in Illinois,
I:464–65
manufactured in Iowa, I:498
from Maytag Corporation,
II:612
mechanized, I:292
from Montgomery Ward, II:662
Index
steel plow, II:961
for wheat farming, I:265
Agricultural Marketing Act (1929),
I:241, 388, II:832
Agricultural mechanization. See
Farm mechanization
Agricultural policy, I:211, 275,
388–90, I:389. See also names of
specific legislation and agencies
Agricultural productivity, with
machinery, I:14–15, 16–17
Agricultural protest, I:307–9
Agricultural reform, II:568–69. See
also names of specific legislation
Agricultural Services Division, of
Land O’Lakes, II:562
Agricultural subsidies, II:971
Agricultural Wheel, II:805–6
Agricultural Workers Organizing
Committee, I:157
Agriculture. See also Farming
in colonial period, I:16
in Colorado, I:192–94
environmentalism and, I:288–89
Henry Wallace on, II:1075–76
regulation of (See
Agricultural policy)
in South Carolina, II:939–40
subsidies for (See Agricultural
subsidies)
subsistence (See Subsistence
agriculture)
tenant farming in (See Tenant
farming)
in Virginia, II:1066
in West, II:1108
Agriculture Department (U.S.),
I:150, 327
Aid to Dependent Children, II:816,
935. See also Social Security
Act (1935)
Aid to Families with Dependent
Children, I:404, II:935, 1099,
II:1099
AIDS
pharmaceutical industry
research on, II:788
treatment for, II:1046
Ailes, Roger, II:683
AIM. See American Indian
Movement
Air America, I:460
Air-brakes, invention of, II:1106
Air cargo service. See Air
freight service
Air Commerce Act (1926),
I:21, II:831
Air conditioning
1149
Index
by General Electric, I:364
invention of, I:140–41
Air fares, airline deregulation and,
I:19–20, 21
Air Force Academy, I:193, 194
Air Force One, I:105
Air Force Space Operations
Center, I:193
Air Force (U.S.), space program
of, II:945
Air freight service, by UPS,
II:1040–41
Air mail, I:19, 20–21
Air Mail Act (1925), I:21
Air pollution, automobiles and,
II:972
Air quality, environmentalism
and, I:289
Air traffic controllers, I:17–19
Air travel
increases in, I:17
vs. railroads, II:855
Airbus, I:103
Aircraft
Boeing, I:103–6, I:104
by General Motors, I:366
jet, I:364
tires, I:93
Aircraft engine industry
General Motors and, I:366
in New Jersey, II:712
Aircraft industry, I:21. See also
Boeing Corporation; McDonnell
Douglas
in Georgia, I:369
growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832
interstate commerce and, I:491
in Kansas, I:522
Kelsey-Hayes Corp. and, I:531
in Missouri, II:648
Airline Deregulation Act (1978),
I:17–18, 19, 21, 210
Airline hubs, I:19, 20
Airlines, I:20–21
air traffic controllers’ strike in,
I:17–19
deregulation of, I:17–21, 210
Eastern Airlines, II:1024
oil industry and, II:1019–20
Pan American World Airways,
II:1019–20
vs. railroad industry, I:311
during Reaganomics, II:864
regulation of, II:869
Airplanes
affecting ozone layer, II:763
1150
agricultural uses of, I:15
vs. railroads, II:1016
Akron, Ohio, II:745
Alabama, I:22–25, I:23, II:928
Alabama (Confederate warship), I:25
Alabama Development Office, I:24
Alamo, II:996
Alaska, I:25–28, I:26
oil pipeline in (See Trans-
Alaska Pipeline System)
Alaska Highway, I:27, 28
Alaska Marine Highway
System, I:28
Alaska Native Claims Settlement
(1971), I:29–30
Alaska purchase, I:25, 28–29
Alaska Railroad, I:27, 28
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition,
II:1091
Albany Regency, II:950
Albee, Edward, II:1059
Albers, William, I:550
Albuquerque, New Mexico, II:715
Alcoa. See Aluminum Company
of America
Alcoholic beverage industry
black market in, II:987
consumption in, II:986–87
Eighteenth Amendment and
(See Eighteenth Amendment)
during Great Depression, II:987
prohibition and (See
Prohibition)
regulation of, II:1030
smuggling in, II:987
temperance movement and,
II:986–87
Twenty-First Amendment
and, II:1030
Alcoholic beverages
ban of, I:279
beer, I:117–19, I:118, I:130–31
causing diseases, II:828
prohibition of (See Prohibition)
Twenty-first Amendment
and, I:279
Alder Gulch, II:660
Aldrich, Nelson W., II:876
Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908),
I:311, II:772
Aldrin, Edwin, Jr. (Buzz),
II:945, II:946
Ale
boycott of, I:118
in brewing industry, I:119
Aleuts, I:28, II:738
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Alexander Graham Bell Association
for the Deaf, I:87
Alexander IV (Pope), II:1009
Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, I:543
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building,
bombing in Oklahoma, II:750
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, II:931
Algonquians, I:99–100, II:800
Alien Contract Labor Laws, I:48
Aliens, illegal, I:390
All-Bran (Cereal), I:528
All-Crop Harvester, I:15
Allegheny Mountains, I:49
Allegheny River, II:746
Allen, Ethan, II:1060
Allen, Gracie, II:1059
Allen, Paul, I:31–32, 360–62, I:361,
II:632, 633
Allen, Robert E., I:65
Allen and Ginter, I:41
Allergies, from food additives,
II:886–87
Allied Command Europe, of
NATO, II:729
Allied powers, in World War II,
I:57, II:1131–32
Allied Signal Aerospace, I:53
Allis Chalmers, harvesting
machinery from, I:15
Allocation, of resources, I:32–33
Allstate Insurance, II:904
Almanacs, publishing of, II:834
Almond Joy (Candy), I:434
Almy, Brown, and Slater, II:925,
999, 1080
Almy and Brown, II:893,
924–25, 949
Altair 8800 computer, I:32, 199
Altair computers, I:32, 199, 361
Alternative energy sources, II:1052
Alternative medicine, II:798
Altgeld, John Peter, II:842
Aluminum Company of America
Andrew Mellon and, II:619
antitrust action against, II:655
Wooster Rubber and, II:885
Aluminum industry
Henry Kaiser and, I:520
monopolies in 1920’s, II:832
oligopolies and, II:751
in Oregon, II:758
TVA and, II:992
Alyeska Pipeline Service
Company, I:30
Alzheimer’s disease, Ronald Reagan
and, II:863

AM transmission. See Amplitude
modulaton transmission
Amalgamated Association of Iron
and Steel Workers, I:443
Amana society, in Iowa, I:497
Amazon.com, I:489
Ambulances, by General
Motors, I:366
Amelio, G.F., I:512
Amendment, constitutional. See
specific amendments, e.g.,
Thirteenth Amendment
America Online, I:488
with Netscape, I:47–48, II:699
Stephen Case and, I:143–44
American, II:980–81
American Academy of Pediatrics,
Sheppard–Towner Act and 915
American Airlines, establishment
of, I:19
American Anti-Slavery Society,
II:928, 1033
American Arbitration
Association, I:50, 51
American Association of Retired
Persons, II:583
American Association to Promote
the Teaching of Speech to the
Deaf, I:87
American Bar Association, I:529
American Bell Telephone Company
AT&T and, I:63
formation of, I:65
American Biscuit Company, II:675
American Brands, II:797
American Broadcasting Company
in entertainment industry, I:287
vs. NBC, II:681
American Can Company, II:622
American Cancer Society, II:1007
on smoking, I:42
American Civil Liberties Union,
II:921, 1001
American colonial period
advertising in, I:3
agricultural economy in (See
Agricultural economy, in
colonial period)
alcohol consumption during,
II:986
Alexander Hamilton and,
I:412–14
boycotts during, II:1011
British Empire and, I:38
British loyalists during, I:37–38
conservatism in, I:204
corporate colonies in, I:189–90
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
distribution of wealth in,
I:190–91
duties during, II:1010–11
economic depression during,
II:951–52
economic development in,
II:909–12, II:910
economy of, I:9–10
emigration and immigration
during, I:465
food production regulation
during, II:844
Georgia during, II:939
government economic
intervention during, II:580
Harpers Ferry armory and,
I:420
John Hancock and, I:415–16
land speculation in, II:1114
lumber industry in, II:591–92
Maryland in, II:605
money during, II:951–52
Native Americans during, II:951
Native Americans in, II:691
Navigation Acts in, II:694–95
New France in, II:707
North Carolina during, II:939
prohibition in, II:828
proprietary colonies in, I:191
search and seizure in, II:1011
slavery during, I:8–9, II:926–27
smuggling during, II:951, 973,
1010–11
South Carolina during, II:939
state rights during, II:957
subsistence agriculture
during, II:971
taxation during (See Colonial
taxation)
in Tidewater, II:1002
tobacco during, II:1006, 1008
triangular trade during,
II:1017–18
wampum in, II:1078
American Colonization Society,
I:181, II:581, 928
American Communications
Association, II:851
American Express, McGraw-Hill
and, II:617
American Federation of Labor,
I:33–34, 480, 543, II:704–5, 833,
849, 851, 1012. See also AFL-CIO
antitrust legislation and, II:655
automobile industry and,
II:1038
vs. CIO, I:201
Index
formation of, I:382, 383,
II:558–59
John Lewis in, II:577
as labor monopoly, II:555–57
in late 19th century, II:1127–28
in North Carolina, II:732
origins of, II:948
UMW and, II:1039
American Fur Company, II:639, 659
American Indian Movement, I:540
American Indian Religious Freedom
Act (1978), II:691
American Indians. See Native
Americans
American Institute of Certified
Public Accountants, II:976
American League (Baseball), II:721
American Legion, I:34, 373
American Liberty League,
I:205, II:705
American Locomotive Company,
I:166
American Machine and Foundry
Company, I:122, 418, 419
American Marconi Company, II:852
American Medical Association,
II:915, 948
American Messenger Company,
II:1040
American Motors Company, I:165
American Museum, John
Scudder’s, I:79
American Plan, I:34
American Protective League, I:34
American Railway Express, II:1101
American Railway Union, I:35, 229
Pullman and, II:841, 842, 1143
American Red Cross, I:548
American Retail Federation, II:601
American Revolution, I:9–12, 35–37,
I:36
Articles of Confederation
and, I:58
Boston in, II:608–9
Boston massacre and, I:110–11
Boston Tea Party and, I:112–14,
I:113
British loyalty during, I:37–38
coal industry after, I:184
Connecticut during, I:202
costs of, II:1083
economic development after,
I:506–8
economic impact of, I:473–75,
II:1078–82, II:1079
European loans for, I:296–97
France and, I:507
1151
 Index
funding of, II:853
indentured servants before,
I:473
Indiana during, I:475
Intolerable Acts and, I:495
Iroquois and, I:499
James Monroe in, II:658
mercantilism and, II:621
metalwork in America and,
II:893
money for, I:213–14, 296
national debt and, II:684
Native Americans and,
I:99–100, II:689, 989, 1013
naval stores as imports
after, II:694
Navigation Acts and, II:694–96
New Jersey during, II:710
Ohio after, II:745
paper industry during, II:774
Patriots in, I:204
Paul Revere in, II:873, 874
Quebec Act and, II:847
Robert Morris and, II:665–66
Second Continental Congress
and (See Second Continental
Congress)
slavery and, II:928
Springfield Armory during,
II:950
Thomas Jefferson and, I:509
trade after, II:1082
Virginia during, II:1066
war bonds during, I:107
War of 1812 and, II:1087
westward expansion after, I:474
American Safety Razor
Company, I:375
American Sheet and Tin Plate,
II:1044
American Smelting and Refining
Company, I:39–40, 410
American Stock Exchange,
II:963–64, 1073–74
merger with NASDAQ, II:965
New York Stock Exchange
and, II:721
OTC markets and, II:762
American Sugar Company, II:1045
American System of Manufactures,
I:420, II:608
American Telephone and Telegraph
Company. See AT & T
American Temperance Society,
II:828–29, 986–87
American Tobacco Company,
I:41–42, II:1006, 1007, 1008–9
1152
antitrust legislation against,
I:182, 257, II:654, 1008–9
break-up of, II:916, 1025
American Trust Company, II:1102
American Union Telegraph
Company, I:387
American War of Independence. See
American Revolution
American Water Works, II:1053
American Woman Suffrage
Association, II:724
Americans for Democratic
Action, I:358
Americans with Disabilities Act
(1990), I:42–43, 246, 303
Ames, Oakes, I:43–45, 262–63,
II:1036
Ames, Oliver, I:43–45, II:1036
Amex. See American Stock
Exchange
AMF. See American Machine and
Foundry Company
Amgen, Inc., II:788
Amoco Corporation, II:787
Amoskeag Manufacturing
Company, II:707
Amplitude modulaton
transmission, I:364
Amtrak, II:855
Amundsen, Roald, II:738
Amusement parks, I:45–46
Coney Island, New York, I:45
Disney World, I:281, 325
Disneyland, I:45–46, 248, 287
Dream City, I:45
Euro Disney, I:281
Amway, I:244
Anaconda Copper Corporation,
I:40, 410
Anarcho-syndicalists, IWW as,
II:555
Anasazis, I:46, II:625–26, 837,
943–44
Anderson, Arthur Edward, I:46–47
Anderson, Delaney and
Company, I:46
Andreesen, Marc, I:47–48, II:698
Angel Island immigration
station, I:163
Angier, Susanna, I:43, 44
Anglican Church, Puritans and,
II:845
Anglo-American Oil Company Ltd.
(England), II:786, 787, 954
Anheuser-Busch, I:130–31, II:648
Animal culture
in Montana, II:660
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
in Nebraska, II:697
in New Mexico, II:713
Animation, computer, I:512
Anne (Queen), II:710
Annexation
of suburban areas, II:972
of Texas, II:996–97
Annuities
interest rates on, I:320
as private pension plans, II:783
Anthony, Susan B., II:724, 1124
Anti-immigration laws, I:48–49
Chinese Exclusion Act,
I:162–64
Anti-Imperialists, I:468
Anti-income taxes leagues, I:321
Anti-Saloon League, I:118,
II:829, 987
Anti-slavery movements, I:11,
II:928. See also Abolition of
slavery
Anticommunist movements. See also
Communism; Red scare
conservatism and, I:205
illegal drugs and, I:460–61
Antidumping duties, Harley-
Davidson and, I:419
Antietam, Battle of, I:283
Antilock braking systems, I:531–32
Antitrust law, II:654–55, 735, 1045.
See also specific legislation, e.g.,
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
AFL and, I:33
AT & T and, I:182, 210, II:655
Aluminum Company of
America and, II:655
American Tobacco Company
and, I:182, 257, II:654,
1008–9
‘‘Beef Trust,’’ II:654, 765
Department of Justice and,
II:1026
free enterprise and, II:580–81
General Electric and, I:364
Grangers and, II:686
labor movement and, II:553–54
labor unions and, II:727
Microsoft and, II:634, 699
muckraking movement and,
II:672
in New Deal, II:703
NFL and, II:1024
Northern Securities and, II:736
after Sherman Antitrust Act,
II:1026
Standard Oil Co. and,
II:980, 1009

Union Pacific and, II:1037
violation from 1897-1920, I:293
Aoki, Teruaki, II:938
AOL. See America Online
Apaches, II:713, 800, 944
Apollo space program, I:105, II:946
Appalachia, poverty programs
for, I:402
Appalachian Mountains, I:49, I:50
Apple Computer Corporation,
I:511, II:786
in Colorado, I:194
Microsoft Corporation and,
II:632–34
as Netscape reseller, II:698
Sony and, II:937
Stephen Wozniak and,
II:1133–35
Apple computers, I:144, 511, 512
BASIC for, II:632, 633
Bill Gates and, I:361
introduction of, I:199
Microsoft software for, II:633
Apples
in Washington state, II:1092
Appliance industry, I:261,
II:831, 832
General Electric, I:97, 364
General Motors, I:367
Maytag Corporation, II:612–13
rebates in, II:866
Appreciation, defined, I:49–50
APS. See Advanced Photo System
Aramis, II:568
Arapahos, I:192, II:800
Arbitration, of Alabama claims, I:25
Arbitration (Labor), I:50–51, II:687
Archbald, Robert, II:599
Archipelagoes, Philippines, II:789
Architecture
Daniel Burnam Hudson and,
I:128–29, I:129
Frank Lloyd Wright and,
II:1135–37
Louis Henry Sullivan and,
II:974–75
of Mayas, II:611
Victor Gruen and, I:408
Arctic Alaska Fisheries
Corporation, II:1032
Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge, I:27
Aristocracy
Thorstein Bonde Veblen on,
II:1059–60
in Tidewater, II:1002
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Arizona, I:51–53, I:52
acquisition of, II:598, 989
admitted as state, II:978
Arkansas, I:53–56, I:54
Arkwright, Richard, II:876, 893,
924–25, 949, 999
Armat, Thomas, I:285, II:670
Armed Forces
draft for, II:908–9
in military-industrial complex,
II:636–38
segregation in, II:859
in Vietnam War, II:1064
after World War II, II:811
Armored vessels. See Ironclads
Armories, Harpers Ferry, I:420
Armour, Philip D., II:1120
Arms race, I:56–57
Arms smuggling, I:462
Arms treaty, Richard Nixon
and, II:725
Armstrong, C. Michael, I:65
Armstrong, Neil, II:946
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman,
II:1093
Army of the Republic of Vietnam,
II:1064, 1065
Arnold, Thurman, II:655
ARPA. See Advance Research
Project Agency
ARPANET, I:487
Arsenal of Democracy, I:57
Arsenals
Arsenal of Democracy, I:57
in Harpers Ferry, I:420, II:950
Arthur, Chester, I:345, II:950
Articles of Confederation, I:57–59,
473–74
Alexander Hamilton and, I:413
by Second Continental
Congress, I:213, 314
on sovereignty, II:944, 981
state rights in, I:207,
II:563, 957, 981
weak federal government under,
I:10, I:11, 12, 207,
II:563, 1095
Artisans, Incas as, I:470
Artists, in New Mexico, II:713
Arts and Entertainment
Network, I:287
ARU. See American Railway Union
Aruba, II:715
ARVN. See Army of the Republic
of Vietnam
A.S. Abell Co., II:1003
Index
ASARCO. See American Smelting
and Refining Company
ASCII Microsoft, II:632
ASE. See American Stock Exchange
Ashmore, Harry S., I:55
Asia
exploratory interest in, II:1009
rubber from, II:1005
Asian Americans
Chinese Americans, I:163–64
Japanese Americans, I:441,
II:566
Asian financial crisis, I:59–60
Assassination
of Huey Long, II:583–84
of Martin Luther King, Jr.,
I:171, II:990
of Rutherford B. Hayes, I:172
Assembly lines, I:60, I:61. See also
Industrial Revolution
efficiency in, II:983
in fast food restaurants, I:548
Henry Ford and, I:279
in housing construction, II:573
in mass production, II:608
for Model T, II:650–51, 786
in 1920’s, II:831
scientific management and,
II:901
for Sears catalog
fulfillment, II:903
Assets, defined, I:60–61
Astaire, Fred, II:1059
Asthma, Pepperidge Farm bread and,
II:886–87
Astor, John Jacob, I:62, I:62–63
American Fur Company
and, II:639
fur trading and, II:733
New York Central Railroad
and, II:720
in Oregon, II:755
in Oregon Country, II:759
War of 1812 funding by,
II:1088
Astronauts, II:945–46
Asylums. See Psychiatric hospitals
AT & T, I:63–66
Alexander Graham Bell and,
I:86–87
antitrust action against, I:182,
210, II:655
breakup of, II:1026
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
as Netscape reseller, II:698
1153
 Index
R & D labs for, II:871
RCA and, II:861
Atanasoff, John V., I:199
Atchison, David, I:523
ATF. See Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco and Firearms
Atkinson, Henry, I:99
Atlanta Compromise, II:1094
Atlantic and Pacific Tea
Company, II:871
Atlantic Charter, II:1131
Atlantic City, New Jersey, II:1024
Atlantic Command, of NATO, II:729
Atlantic Ocean
telegraph cables under, II:1014
Tidewater and, II:1002
Atlantic Richfield Company,
I:29, II:787
Atlantic Telegraph Company,
II:1014
Atlas Shrugged, II:857, 858
Atomic bombs
in arms race, I:56
Harry S. Truman and,
II:1022, 1132
in New Mexico, II:713
testing of, I:58
Atomic energy. See Nuclear energy
Atomic Energy Commission, II:739
Atoms, nuclear energy and, II:739
Atoms for Peace, II:739
Attgeld, John, I:525
Attucks, Crispus, I:110
Audio cassette players, II:664,
936, 937
Audio tapes, II:937
Audiometers, II:723, II:723–24
Audiovisual instruction, McGraw-
Hill and, II:616
Auditing, Arthur Anderson and, I:46
Australia, minimum wage laws
in, II:638
Austria-Hungary, in WW I, II:1129
Authors’ League, II:835
The Autobiography of an Idea,
II:975
Automation. See also
Industrialization
of elevators, II:761, 762
minimum wage laws and,
II:638–39
Automobile equipment and supplies
industry
electric motors, I:364
electric starters, I:366
engines (See Engines)
1154
polish, I:93
Rubbermaid in, II:885
Sears, Roebuck and Company
in, II:905
Automobile industry, I:66–68. See
also specific companies, e.g.,
Chrysler Corporation
in Alabama, I:24
Asia vs. U.S., II:879
assembly line in, I:60
deindustrialization of factories
in, I:229
in Delaware, I:235, 236
foreign laboratories in, I:334
government contracts in, II:969
during Great Depression, II:969
growth in 1920’s, II:831–32
impact of interstate highways
on, II:812–13
in Indiana, I:477
in Japan, I:478
Kaiser-Frazer Automobile Corp.
and, I:519–20
Kelsey-Hayes Corp. and,
I:531–32
labor unions in, II:1038
Maxwell Motor Corp., II:969
in Michigan, II:629, 631–32
in Missouri, II:648
NAFTA and, II:729
Ohio and, II:746
oligopolies and, II:751
Packard Motor Co., II:969–70
petroleum industry and, II:786
rubber tires in, II:1042–43
in rust belt, II:888–89
safety standards in, II:676–77
structural unemployment in,
II:968
William Crapo Durant and,
I:263–64
women in, II:1121
during World War II, II:969
Automobile parking, elevator
systems for, II:761
Automobile service industry,
Firestone in, I:317
Automobiles, I:68–69. See also
specific makes and models, e.g.,
Studebaker automobile
air pollution and, II:972
Chevrolet Model 490, I:263–64
dependency on, II:972
electric, I:68, 367
equipment and supplies (See
Automobile equipment and
supplies industry)
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
European, I:366
expanded use of, I:261
fuel-efficient, I:367
gasoline consumption of, II:752
import quotas on, II:848
increase in, II:972
oil industry and, II:998
vs. public transportation, II:967
vs. railroads, II:1016
steel roller bearings for, II:930
wheels for, I:531
windows in, II:799
Automotive industry. See
Automobile industry
Avon Books, II:835
Axis powers, in WW II, I:57,
II:1131–32
Ayer, F.W., I:4
Ayllon, Lucas Vazquez de, II:605
Aztec-Tanoan, II:800
Aztecs, I:69, 216, II:626, 1010, 1018
B
Babbage, Charles, I:199
Babcock, Havilah, I:536
Baby boom, I:71, I:71, II:1133
Gerber Products Company
and, I:370
retirement of, I:392–94, I:393
Baby foods, Gerber, I:370–71, I:371,
I:431, I:431
Baby strollers, II:886
Back country, I:71–72, II:1002
Bacon, Nathaniel, II:1002
Bacon’s Rebellion, II:1002
Bacteria
brewing industry and, I:118
canning and, I:137
Bahamas, Christopher Columbus
in, II:1009
Bailey, James A., I:80
Baker, Newton, II:908
Baker, Sarah Josephine, II:915
Bakers and bakeries
Nabisco Foods Group in,
II:675–76
Pepperidge Farm as, II:886–87
Baker’s Chocolate, II:809
Bakewell, Robert, I:149
Bakke, Allen, I:6, 7
Balance of payments, I:72. See also
National debt
Balance of trade, I:72–73, I:73
Balanced Budget Amendment, I:73

Balanced Growth Act, I:313
Balcony House, II:626
Baldridge, Malcolm Howard,
I:73–74
Baldwin, Joseph G., II:644
Baldwin, Roger, II:1001
Baleen, II:1113
Ballantine, Ian, II:835
Ballantine Books, II:835
Ballinger, Richard A., II:794–95
Ballmer, Steve, II:632, 634
Balloons, Rubbermaid and, II:885
Baltimore, Lord (Cecilius
Calvert), II:605
Baltimore, Maryland, II:605, 607
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
I:74–76, II:605
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
and, I:400
in West Virginia, II:1102
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Company, II:854
Baltimore Orioles
Camden Yard ballpark for,
II:607
New York Yankees and, II:721
The Baltimore Sun, II:1003, 1004
Bancroft, George
on impact of Navigation
Acts, II:695
Bankruptcy
on mercantilism, II:621
Bank of America, I:374, II:1102
Bank of England, I:397
Bank of Italy, I:374
Bank of North America, I:11
Bank of the United States. See
National banks
Banks
Bank reserves, II:846
Bank robberies, II:796
Bank War, I:77–78
Banking Act (1933), I:377
Banking Act of 1935, I:312, 313
Banking industry
in 1920s, II:833
Amadeo Peter Giannini in,
I:374–75
business practices in, I:116
centralized (See National banks)
deregulation of, II:896–98
in England, II:877
federal involvement in, I:275
Federal Reserve Act and,
I:311–12
Federal Reserve System and,
I:312–13, I:313
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
First Bank of the United States
(See First Bank of the
United States)
fractional reserve system, I:337
General Motors Corporation
and, I:367
during Great Depression, I:394
investment (See Investment
banking)
Jayson Gould and, I:386–87,
I:387
in late nineteenth century,
II:772
during Napoleonic Wars, II:677
national banks (See
National banks)
New Deal and, II:704
in New York, II:719, 720
in North Carolina, II:731
in Panic of 1907, II:553–54
in Pennsylvania, II:780
regulation of, I:210, II:580,
896–98
reserves in, II:846
in Rhode Island, II:876
Second Bank of the United
States (See Second Bank of
the United States)
surplus in, II:976
Wells, Fargo in, II:1101–2
credit and, I:224
financial panics and, I:316
laws after Panic of 1837,
II:770–71
penny auctions and, II:782
by Union Pacific, II:1037
from 1897-1920, I:293
Bank War, I:77–78
causes of failures of, I:316
central banks, I:150–52, II:846
centralized (See National banks)
commercial
prime rate and, II:819
credit from, I:223–24
FDIC and, I:310
Federal Land, I:241
Federal Reserve (See Federal
Reserve banks)
First National Bank (See First
Bank of the United States)
international, II:672
multinational, II:672
national (See National banks)
Index
Second National Bank (See
Second Bank of the
United States)
wildcat, II:1116
Bannocks, II:738
Bantam Books, II:835
Barbados, II:973
Barbarossa, I:78–79, II:1131–32
Barbary States, I:78–79,
II:1018–19, 1081
Barbary Wars, II:1019
Barbed wire, I:79, 221, 222,
II:754–55
Barclays Bank of California, II:1102
Baring Brothers and Company,
II:773
Barksdale, Jim, II:698
Barnum, Phineas Taylor, I:79–80,
I:80
Barnum and Bailey Circus, I:80
Barre, Vermont, II:1062
Barron, Clarence W., II:1075
Barrows, Harlan H., I:266
Barrymore, John, II:1089
Bars (Drinking establishments),
back, I:122
Barter, I:81
in early Utah, II:1051
economy (See Subsistence
economy)
Bartlett, William Erskine, II:1005
Baruch, Bernard Mannes, I:81–82,
513, II:637, 1086
Baruch Plan, I:81
Baseball, I:82, I:82–83
Baltimore Orioles, II:607, 721
Chicago Cubs, II:1138
Cincinnati Red Stockings, I:82
New York Yankees, II:721–23
Basic oxygen furnaces, II:960
BASIC (Programming language),
I:199, 361, II:632–33
Batchelder, David, II:791
Batteries, I:278, 317
Battle Creek, Michigan, II:631,
807–8, 808–10
Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake
Company, I:526–27, 530
Battles. See under name of town,
e.g., Shiloh, Battle of
Battleships, I:364
Batts, Thomas, II:1102
Bayer Company, heroin and, II:788
Bean, Leon Leonwood, I:83–84
Bear markets, I:84–85, II:964, 965
Beard, Charles, II:695
1155
Index
Beauvoir, Simone de, I:544
Beavers, trapping of, I:133
Bechtel, Stephen Davison, I:85–86
Bechtel Corporation, I:85
Bechtel-McCone Corporation, I:85
Beck, Dave, II:556, 557
Becknell, William, II:713, 895
Bednarz, Edward J., II:797
Beef industry, cattle drives and,
I:221, 222, II:584
‘‘Beef Trust,’’ II:654, 765
Beer
Adolphus Busch and, I:130–31
assembly line in, I:60
history of, I:117–19, I:118
industry (See Breweries)
pasturization of, I:130
Beissel, Johann Conrad, II:1054
Bell, Alexander Graham, I:86,
I:86–87, 174, II:1053
AT&T and, I:63–66
Bell, Patrick, I:14
Bell Brand Foods, I:42
Bell Company
Alexander Graham Bell’s, I:86,
I:87–88
AT&T and, I:63–66
Bell Helicopter Textron, I:103
Bell Laboratories, I:63, 64, II:665
Bell XP-59 airplane, I:364
Bellcom, I:64–65
Belmont Springs Water
Company, I:185
Ben Franklin stores, II:1070,
1071, 1077
Beneficiaries, of trusts, II:1027
Benefits, employee. See Employee
benefits
Benezet, Anthony, II:828
Benjamin, Curtis G., II:616
Bennet. James Gordon, I:87–88
Bennett, R.B.
St. Lawrence Seaway and,
II:891
Bennett Biscuit Company, II:675
Benny, Jack, I:42, II:1059
Benoist, Thomas W., I:20
Benton, Thomas Hart, I:345
Benz, Carl, I:68
Beringia, I:88–89
Berkeley, Baron John
New Jersey and, II:710
Berkeley, William, II:1002
Berkshire Hathway, I:128
Berky Photo, I:273
1156
Berlin blockade, I:187, II:604
Berlin Decree of 1806, II:678
Berlin Decrees (France), II:1087
Berlin Wall, I:186, I:188, II:858
Bernard, Francis, II:952, 974, 1011
Berners-Lee, Tim, I:199
Bernhardt, Sarah, II:1059
Berra, Lawrence (Yogi), I:82, II:723
Berries
crops, I:135
Berry, Clifford, I:199
Bertelsmann AG, I:144
Beryllium
in Utah, II:1052
Bessemer, Henry, I:89, II:960
Bessemer process, I:89, 269,
II:960, 1043
Andrew Carnegie and, II:780
Best, C. W., I:145
Best, Daniel, I:145
Best Buy
vs. CompUSA, I:411
Betamax video recorders, II:937
Bethlehem-Fairfield shipyards, II:607
Bethlehem Steel
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
using scientific management,
II:901
Bethlehem Steel Corporation,
II:984, 1044
Bethune, Albertus, I:89
Bethune, Mary McLeod, I:89–91,
I:90
Bethune-Cookman College, I:91
Bets, in futures markets, I:197
Betty Crocker’s Picture Cook Book
McGraw-Hill and, II:616
Beverage industry
breweries (See Breweries)
juices, I:371
soft drink industry (See Soft
drink industry)
Beveridge, Alan, I:160, II:1128
Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah, I:91–92
B.F. Goodrich Company,
I:92–93, II:745
B.F. Goodrich Tire Company, I:93
BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bickmore, Lee S., II:675
Bicycles, I:93–94, 122
Biddle, James, I:505
Biddle, Nicholas, I:94–95, 504,
II:779
first banks of the U.S. and, I:76,
77–78, 150–52
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Bienville, Sieur de
in Louisiana, II:716
Bifocal lenses, by Benjamin
Franklin, I:339
Big business
Huey Long and, II:583
Robert LaFollette and, II:560
in 1920’s, II:832
Big Business and the Wealth of
Nations, I:155
Big Four, II:956
Big stick diplomacy, I:95–96
Big Three, II:969, 970
Bikini Atoll test site, I:58
Bill of Rights, I:336
controversy over, I:12
in Land Ordinances, II:564
Native American policy and,
II:690, 691
Billiard tables, I:122
Billy the Kid. See Bonney, William
Biloxi, Mississippi, II:645
Bina, Eric, I:47
Biotechnology
in agriculture industry, I:17
Biotechnology industry
in New Jersey, II:712
R & D labs for, II:871
Birds, environmentalism and, I:289
Birds of passage, I:96
Birdseye, Clarence, I:326, II:809
Birmingham, Alabama, I:22, 24
Biscuits Gondolo (France)
with Nabisco Foods, II:675
Bison. See Buffalo
Bissot, Jean Baptiste, I:475
Bituminous coal, I:184
Bituminous Coal Act of 1937, I:184
Black, Duncan, I:96–97
Black, James, II:829
Black Americans. See African
Americans
Black and Decker Corporation,
I:96–98
Black Codes, I:98, II:867
Black Friday, I:387
Black gold, I:98–99
Black Hawk, I:99–100
Black Hawk War, I:99–100, 464
Northwest Ordinance and,
II:737
Wisconsin and, II:1118
Black Hills, II:942
Black Hills National Forest, II:943
Black market, I:100–101, II:602

for illegal drugs, I:459–60, 462
for liquor, II:987, 1030
Black markets
in shortages, II:920
Black Mountains, I:49
Black Muslims, I:202
Black Panthers, I:202
Black Thursday, I:397
Blackfoot, II:800
Blackwell, Henry Brown,
I:101–2, II:724
Blaine, James G., II:829
Blair, Francis P., II:950
Blakiston Company, II:616
Blanchard, Thomas, II:950
Bland-Allison Act, I:102, 340,
378, 381
Bland-Allison Act of 1878, II:916
Blast Furnaces, I:139
Blatz brewery, II:1120
Bleeding Kansas, I:102–3, 520, 523
Bleustein, Jeff, I:419
Blind, schools for, I:449–50
Blithedale Romance, I:120
Block grants
for urban renewal, II:1047
Blockades, I:103
in American Revolution, I:11
of Cuba, II:947
on France, I:284
Blue Bell Inc., II:732
Blue-collar workers. See also
Unskilled labor
deindustrialization and, I:229
Blue Label Air, II:1041
Blue Ridge Parkway, II:1067
Blueberries, in Maine, II:598
Blueridge Mountains, I:49
Blum, John M., I:154
Boat industries, I:122
Boating equipment, I:122
Boats
expanded use of, I:261
steam (See Steamboats)
Bobcat automobile, wrongful death
suits and, I:332
Bodega Bay nuclear reactor, II:739
Bodin, Jean, II:847
Boeing, William E., I:21, 103–4,
I:104
Boeing aircraft, I:103–6, I:104
Boeing Aircraft and Transportation
Company, I:104
Boeing Company, I:103–6, I:104
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Boeing Corporation, I:21,
II:638, 1092
BOFs. See Basic oxygen furnaces
Bogart, Humphrey, II:1007
Boilers, steamboat, II:958–59, 960
Boll weevils, infestations of, I:106
Bombardier, I:103
Bombings
Haymarket, I:426–27, I:427
Oklahoma, II:750
Bombs
atomic (See Atomic bombs)
hydrogen, I:58
Bonaire, as New Netherlands, II:715
Bonanza farms, I:106–7, II:733
Bonaparte, Napoleon, I:520
economic warfare by, I:284
Ida Tarbell on, II:980
Louisiana and, II:716
Louisiana Purchase and, II:585,
586–87, 941
in Napoleonic Wars, II:677–79
Bond, William, II:669
Bond issues
by TVA, II:992
Bonds, I:107. See also Stock markets
federal debts and, I:310
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
and, I:377
junk, I:517
liberty, II:581–82
in mutual funds, II:673–74
regulation of, II:907
saving (See Saving bonds)
Bonneville Dam, I:519, II:758
Bonneville Power
Administrations, I:360
Bonney, William, II:713
Bonsack Company, I:257
Bonus March, I:395
Book clubs, II:835
Book-of-the-Month Club, II:835
Book publishing industry. See
Publishing industry
The Book Table, I:543
Booklink, I:144
Boone, Daniel, I:107–9, I:108, I:226,
532, II:1116
Boone, Nathan, I:109
Bootlegging, II:1030
during prohibition, II:987
Borden, Gail Jr., I:109
Borden, Henry Lee, I:109
Borden Incorporated, I:109–10, 137
Border Patrol (U.S.)
Index
the war on drugs and, I:461
Boston, Massachusetts, II:608–10
Boston Tea Party (See Boston
Tea Party)
subways in, II:967
Boston and Albany railroad,
II:720–21
Boston Associates, II:589
Boston Manufacturing Company,
II:590, 846, 999
Boston Manufacturing Industry,
II:589
Boston Massacre, I:110–12, II:1011
Boston Police Strike of 1919, II:833
Boston Port Act of 1774, I:494
Boston Tea Party, I:10, 112–14,
I:113, II:609, 1011
Paul Revere in, II:873
punishment for, I:494
Quebec Act and, II:847
Bottling, of Coca-Cola, I:185
Bourbon whisky, from corn, I:216
Bowdoin, James, II:913, 914
Bowling equipment, I:122
Boxer Rebellion, II:754
Boy Scouts of America, II:948
Boyce, H.H., II:1002
Boycott, Charles, I:114
Boycotts, I:114. See also Strikes
in American colonies, I:10,
II:1011
on British imports, II:1081
of California grapes, II:1039
vs. embargo, I:283
Irish tenant farmers, I:114
by labor unions, II:557
Montgomery bus, I:24, 121,
169–70
secondary, II:979
Stamp Act of 1765 and, II:952
by Virginia, II:1066
Boynton v. Virginia (1960), I:170
BP America Inc., II:787
Brace, Julius, II:786
Braceros. See Migrant labor
Braddock, Edward, I:347, II:1095
Bradford, William, II:794
Bradwell, Bessie, I:159
Braille, Louis, I:450
Brakes
air, II:1106
by Firestone, I:317
manufacturing of, I:531–32
Branch Dividian compound, II:750
Brand names, I:115
1157
Index
consumer loyalty to, I:4, 5
Pepperidge Farm as, II:887
in retail industry, II:871
Rubbermaid as, II:885–86
Brandeis, Louis Dembitz, I:115–17,
I:116
Brandt, John, II:562
Brandywine Iron Works, II:590–91
Brave New World
indictment of Henry Ford, I:330
Brazil
discovery of, II:1010
steel dumping by, II:961
sugarcane in, II:973
Breakfast cereal products industry.
See Cereal products industry
Breeden, Richard C., II:897
Breer, Carl, I:167
Bretton Woods Agreement,
I:72, 117, 298
Breweries, I:117–19, I:118
Adolphus Busch and, I:130–31
Miller Brewing Company,
I:118, II:1120
in Missouri, II:648
in Wisconsin, II:1120
Brezhnev, Leonid, I:188
BRI. See Business Risk International
Bridges
Brooklyn, I:120
by Stephen Bechtel, I:85
suspension, II:881–82
Bridgestone, II:1005
Brinkley, Allen, II:706
Brisbane, Albert, II:1055
Britain. See Great Britain
British Board of Trade, I:189
British colonialism. See American
colonial period
British East India Company,
I:112–14, I:113
British Foreign Enlistment Act of
1819, I:25
British imperialism. See also Great
Britain; Imperialism
joint stock companies and,
I:514
British Medical Resource
Council, I:42
British Navigation Acts, I:473,
II:1082
British Petroleum, Alaskan oil fields
and, I:29
British West Indies, II:973
triangular trade in, II:1017–18
Brook Farm, I:120, II:1055–56
1158
Brookings Institute, NAFTA and,
II:728, 729
Brooklyn Bridge, I:120, II:881–82
Brotherhood of Labor, II:859
Brotherhood of Locomotive
Firemen, I:229
Brotherhood of Railroad
Brakeman, I:229
Brotherhood of Railway
Carmen, I:229
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,
I:120–21, I:121, II:859
Broward, Napoleon, I:324
Brown, Edmund G., II:863
Brown, George W., I:14
Brown, Henry, II:802
Brown, John, I:1, 102–3,
420–21, II:1067
Brown, Lovonia, I:91
Brown, Moses, I:176, II:999, 1080
Brown and Benchmark, II:1004
Brown v. Board of Education (1954),
I:6, 169, II:989–90
Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka (1954), I:511, II:801
Browne, Carl, I:223
Brownell, Francis H., I:40
Brownie cameras, I:271
Browning, John, I:194
Brown’s Ferry nuclear reactor,
II:740
Brown’s Raid. See John Brown’s
Raid on Harpers Ferry
Browsers (Computer), I:47–48
Bruce, Blanche Kelso, I:98
Brunswick, John Moses, I:121–22
Brunswick-Balke-Collender
Company, I:122
Brunswick Corporation, I:121–23
Brussels, Belgium
NATO headquarters in, II:730
Bryan, William Jennings, I:123–24,
II:977, 978, 990, 1062
‘‘Cross of Gold Speech’’ by,
I:225–26
on farmers, I:307, 309
in Populist movement, II:806
on silver coinage, I:381–82
vs. William McKinley, I:340
vs. William Randolph
Hearst, I:429
BSCP. See Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car Porters
Buchanan, James, I:421, II:941
Buckley, William, Jr., I:205
Budget deficit, I:124–25, I:125
Budweiser beer, I:131
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Buell Motorcycle Company, I:419
Buena Vista, Battle of, I:181
Buffalo
extermination of, I:125–27,
I:126
Native Americans and, II:800
Buffet, Warren, I:127–28
Buick automobiles, I:366
Buick Motor Company, I:263–64
Building law, II:1016
slums and, II:931–32
Building materials, I:97
Buildings
architects for (See Architecture)
as real property, II:819
reinforced concrete in,
II:869–70
Bulge, Battle of the, II:1132
Bull markets, I:84–85
in 1920s, II:964, 965
in 1982, II:965
fraudulent stock in, I:254
Bull Moose Party, II:978
Bulldozers, I:147
Bulletproof vests, I:259
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms
the war on drugs and, I:461
weapons smuggling and, I:462
Bureau of Corporations, I:491
Bureau of Immigration and
Naturalization, I:466, II:784
Bureau of Indian Affairs, II:690
Bureau of Insular Affairs, I:513
Bureau of Internal Revenue, II:923
Bureau of Labor Statistics
CPI and, I:209
input-output analysis and,
II:571–72
Bureau of Marine Inspection and
Navigation, II:959
Bureau of Navigation, II:959
Bureau of Reclamation, I:499
Bureau of Refugees, Freemen, and
Abandoned Lands. See
Freemen’s Bureau
Burgess, John William, I:205
Burke, Edmund, II:621
Burlingame Treaty, I:163
Burlington, Vermont, II:1062
Burlington Industries, II:732
Burlington Mills, II:1000–1001
Burlington railroad, in Northern
Securities Case, II:735–36
Burner, David L., I:93

Burnham, Daniel Hudson, I:128–29,
I:129
Burns, Arthur, I:405
Burns, George, II:1059
Burr, Aaron, I:414, II:792
Busch, Adolphus, I:118, 130–31
Busch beer, I:131
Busch Brewery Company, I:131
Buses
boycotts of, I:24, 169–70
Greyhound Bus Lines, II:782
Bush, George
deregulation by, I:210
on foreign trade, I:342
on highway construction, I:493
on illegal drugs, I:461
NAFTA and, II:728
savings and loan associations
and, II:897, 898
Business consultants, in scientific
management, II:901
Business cycles, I:130, I:131–32
in economic theory, II:899–900
theories of money and, II:847
Business enterprises
minority, II:826
Business-government relations. See
Industrial policy
Business history, I:154–55
Business machines, I:278,
II:1096–97
Business management. See
Management
The Business of Being a
Woman, II:980
Business publications
McGraw-Hill and, II:616–17
Wall Street Journal (See Wall
Street Journal)
Business Risk International, II:797
Business Software Alliance, II:799
Business trusts, I:529, II:1027
Business Week, II:616–17
Butadiene, II:998
Butch Cassidy and the Wild
Bunch, II:796
Butler, Nicholas Murray, I:205
Butler, Smedley D., I:501
Butte, Montana, II:660
Butter, Land O’Lakes and, II:562
Buy American policy, II:833–34
Byrant, Joseph, I:499
Byrd, Harry, II:1067
Byrd, Robert C., II:1104
Byrd, William, II:730
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
C California Petroleum Company,
CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board
Cabinet making, I:122
Cable cars. See Streetcars
Cable companies, regulation of,
II:599
Cable television, II:683, 684, 1003.
See also Television broadcasting
Cablegrams, II:986, 1014
Cables, steel, in suspension
bridges, II:882
Cabot, John, II:924
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, II:1010
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriquez, I:133
Cadillac, I:67, 263–64
Cadillac Automobile Company,
I:366
Cahokia, Illinois
Mound Builders in, II:670
Cajuns, II:584
Calculating-Tabulating-Recording
company, I:485
Calculators, I:485
Caldwell, James, I:110, 111, II:885
Calhoun, John C.
on agricultural interests, I:205
intrastate public works and,
II:611, 612
on nullification, I:177, II:939,
957–58, 981
on secession, II:981
on tariffs, II:981–82
California, I:131–36, I:134
acquisition of, II:989
federal grants for railroads
in, II:856
gold rush in, I:43, 133, 147
grape boycott and, II:1039
Leland Stanford and, II:955–56
Pony Express in, II:804
rice in, II:878
seasonal unemployment in,
II:906
California Civil Rights Initiative, I:6
California Gold Rush of 1849, II:755
Alaska and, I:28
displacement of Native
Americans by, I:306
Panama Canal and, II:766
panics of late 19th century
and, II:772
California Indians, I:306
California Pacific Railroad
Company, II:956
Index
II:998
California Plant Protection, II:797
California Test Bureau, II:617
Callabra Software, Inc., II:699
Calloway, Cab, I:122
Calvert, Benedict Leonard, II:605
Calvert, Cecilius (Lord
Baltimore), II:605
Calvert, George, II:605
Calvin, John, II:845, 1126
Camay soap, by P & G, II:823
Cambodia, II:1065
Cambrai, Battle of, I:148
Cambria Iron Company, II:871
Camcorders, Sony, II:937
Camden and Amboy railroad, II:710
Cameras
Kodak, I:271
motion picture, I:278
video (See Video cameras)
Campaign contributions, II:582
Campbell, Joseph, I:136
Campbell Soup Company, I:136–37,
431, II:886–87
Camping equipment, I:122
Camus, Albert, I:544
Canada
borders of, I:214
canals in, II:938
fugitive slaves in, II:1033
NAFTA and, II:728
Soo Locks in, II:938
U.S. investments in, I:468–69
Vermont and, II:1060
whaling in, II:1113
Canadian Overseas
Telecommunications Corporation,
I:64
Canals, I:267, 269, 294–96
Chesapeake and Delaware,
I:235
Erie (See Erie Canal)
for mining industry, II:938
Native American, II:943
in New York, II:718
Panama, I:251, 292
Soo Locks and, II:938–39
Welland, II:891, 1100–1101
Canary Islands, II:973, 1009
Cancer
research on, II:788
smoking and, II:1007–8
Candle industry, II:821–22, 824
Candler, Asa, I:185
1159
Index
Canned foods industry, regulation
of, II:845
Canning industry, I:137
assembly line in, I:60
in Minnesota, II:641
in Wisconsin, II:1120
Cannon Mills, II:732
Canon Corporation, I:512
Cans, beer, I:118
Cantillion, Richard, I:288
Cantor, Eddie, II:1059
CAP. See Central Arizona Project;
Community Action Program
Capac, Huayna, I:470
Cape Canaveral, I:325, II:945
Cape Verde Islands, II:1009–10
Capital, I:137
human, I:452–53
physical, II:789
requirements for savings and
loan associations, II:897–98
in sole proprietorships, II:936
through stock sales, II:963
Capital consumption, I:209
Capital expenditures, I:13, I:14
Capital gains tax, I:137–38
Capital goods, I:138
Capital investments, I:495
Capitalism, I:138
Adam Smith on, II:932–33
David Ricardo and, II:877
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:883
John Keynes and, I:535
Joseph Schumpeter and,
II:899–900
labor movement and, II:553–55
Marcus Alonzo Hanna for,
I:416–17
New Deal and, II:706
pay equity and, II:777
private property rights in, II:819
vs. radical unions, II:849, 850
religion and, II:934
robber barons and, II:880
westward expansion and,
II:1108
work ethic and, II:1126
Capone, Al, II:1030
Capper-Volstead Act (1922), II:562
Caramel, I:433–34
Carey Act (1894), I:499
Cargill, II:1032
Caribbean area
exploration of, II:1010
1160
sugarcane in colonies of, II:973 Cartography, telegraph and, II:669
Carnegie, Andrew, I:138–40, I:139 Cartwright, Alexander, I:82
Booker T. Washington Caruso, Enrico, II:852
and, II:1094 Caruthers, Wallace, I:259
entrepreneurship and, I:288 Carver, George Washington, I:142,
Homestead steel strike and, I:142–43
I:443 Carver, John, II:794
industrial development and, Carver Reseach Foundation, I:142
II:653–54
Case, Stephen, I:143–45
monopolies and, I:198
Casey, Jim, II:1040
in Pennsylvania, II:780
Casey, Robert, II:780
as robber baron, I:478, 481,
Cash. See also Money
528, II:879, 960, 1074
as bank reserves, II:846
steel for railroads and, II:855
Cash crops, I:145, II:602–3. See also
U.S. Steel and, II:1043
Agricultural economy
Carnegie Endowment for
Casinos
International Peace, I:139, 140
Donald Trump’s, II:1024
Carnegie Hall, I:140
in South Dakota, II:943
Carnegie-Illinois Steel, II:1044
Cass, George W., II:733
Carnegie Institute of
Technology, I:140 Cass, Lewis, I:523
Catalog companies. See Mail-order
Carnegie-Mellon University, I:140
business
Carnegie Steel, I:33, 139,
II:780, 1043 Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance, II:971
Carpetbaggers, I:55, 140, II:867, 939
Catalogs, of books, II:835
Carr, Patrick, I:110
Caterpillar Tractor Company,
Carrier, Willis Haviland, I:140–41
I:145–46, 464
Carrier Engineering Corporation,
Caterpillar Tractor Incorporated,
I:141
I:145–47, I:146
Carry out restaurants. See Fast food
Cathode ray tubes, for
restaurants
television, II:681
Carson, Kit
Catlin, Lynde, II:720
in Nevada, II:700
Catskill Mountains, I:49
in New Mexico, II:713
Cattle
Carson, Pirie, Scott and
Armand Hammer, I:414
Company, II:662
in Black Hills, II:942
Carson City, Nevada, II:700
longhorn, I:147, II:584
Cartels, I:141–42, 317
Cattle drives, I:147–49, I:148,
Carter, Jimmy
II:584, 754
on civil service reform,
cowboys and, I:222
I:172–73
railroads and, I:221
deregulation by, I:210
Cattle industry, I:149–50, II:584
Georgia and, I:369
after Civil War, I:221, 222
ICC and, I:492
in Arizona, I:51
OPEC oil embargo and, II:752
in Colorado, I:192
Panama Canal and, II:767
in Florida, I:324
Ronald Reagan and, II:863
in Iowa, I:497–98
Carter Hawley Hale Stores,
Inc., II:601 in Kansas, I:521–22
Carteret, George, II:710 in North Dakota, II:733
‘‘Carter’s Little Liver Pills,’’ in Oklahoma, II:748
II:787–88 open range and, II:754–55
Cartier, Jacques in Oregon, II:757
in New France, II:707 railroads and, II:994–95
Northwest Passage and, II:738 Richard King and, I:540–41
St. Lawrence River and, II:891 vs. sheep ranchers, II:914–15
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY

in Texas, II:993–95, 997
in Washington state, II:1091
in Wyoming, II:1139
Cattle Inventory Report, I:150
Cattle towns. See Cow towns
Cavelier, Robert, Sieur de la
Salle, I:475
in Louisiana, II:715
in Mississippi, II:64–45
in New France, II:707
in Ohio Valley, II:747
Cayugas, I:499
CBNEB. See Credit Bureau National
Extension Bureau
CBS. See Central Broadcasting
System
CBS/Sony, II:937
CCC. See Civilian Conservation
Corps; Commodity Credit Act
CCRI. See California Civil Rights
Initiative
Celler-Kefauver Act (1950),
II:655, 1026
Cement industries
Henry Kaiser and, I:519
highway construction and, I:493
Census
calculators for, I:485
tabulation of data from,
I:439–40
Census Bureau
calculators for, I:485
tabulation of data, I:439–40
Central America, II:626, 657
Central Arizona Project, I:53
Central banks, I:150–52, II:846
Central Broadcasting System.
See CBS
in entertainment industry,
I:286–87
owning New York
Yankees, II:722
publishing and, II:836
radio and, II:852
Central business districts, II:1049
Central Intelligence Agency
Armand Hammer and, I:415
Howard Hughes and, I:452
illegal drugs and, I:460–61
Central National Bank, I:150–52
Central Pacific Corporation, II:1102
Central Pacific railroad, I:152–54,
I:153
beginning of, II:1015
founders of, II:955
Pacific Railway Act and, II:856
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
railroad war, II:856
Union Pacific railroad and,
I:479, 481, II:956, 1037
Central Powers, in WW I,
II:1129–30
Central Utah Project, II:1051
Centrally planned economy, I:196
Century products, Rubbermaid
and, II:886
Cereal crops, I:388–89
Cereal products industry. See also
Kellogg Cereals
advertising in, I:527–28
C.W. Post in, II:807–8
Kellogg Company, I:526–30
in Michigan, II:631
Nabisco Foods and, II:675
oligopolies and, II:751
Certificate of Freedom, for
indentured servants, I:473
Certificates of deposit, II:673
C.F. Holding Corporation, I:195
CFC. See Chlorofluorocarbons
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, I:46
Chain stores, I:154
Charles E. Merrill and,
II:623–25
J.C. Penney and, II:777–78
Kroger Company and, I:549
in retail industry, II:871
Chalmers, I:67
Champlain, Samuel de, II:1060
in New France, II:707
Champlain-Hudson Canal, II:1062
Chandler, Albert B., I:534
Chandler, Alfred DuPont, I:154–55
Chandler, Henry, II:1002–3
Chandler, Norman, II:1003
Chandler, Otis, II:1003
Chaney, James, I:170
Channel Command, of NATO,
II:729
Chapbooks, II:834
Chappe, Claude, II:1053
Charbonneau, Toussaint, II:659
Charitable foundations. See
Charitable trusts
Charitable institutions. See Charities
Charitable trusts, II:1027
Daniel Guggenheim, I:410
S.S. Kresge and, I:547
Will Kellogg and, I:530
William Randolph Hearst, I:429
Charities, I:549
Charles and Co., II:887
Index
Charles Center development, II:607
Charles E. Merrill and
Company, II:623
Charles Elmer Hires Company, I:437
Charles I, II:605
canal in Central America
and, II:766
settling North Carolina, II:730
South Carolina and, II:939
Charles II, II:778
Charles III, II:716
Charles River Bridge v. Warren
Bridge (1837), I:208
Charleston, South Carolina, II:939
Chase, Salmon, I:155–57, 215,
314, II:681
Chase Manhattan Bank, I:206, 235
Chavez, Cesar Estrada, I:157,
I:157–58, II:1038–39
Chavis, Patrick, I:7
Checks, II:653
Cheese
Borden, I:109
in Wisconsin, II:1118, 1120
Cheese cooperatives, II:562
Chemical industry
after War of 1812, I:267
in Delaware, I:235
DuPont Company, I:235, 260
environmentalism and, I:288–89
from Exxon Corporation,
I:301–2
in Florida, I:325
Cheney, Benjamin, II:733
Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Station, II:740
Cherokee v. Georgia (1831), II:1013
Cherokees, I:320, II:985. See also
Trail of Tears
agrarian economy of, II:1013
in Alabama, I:22
in Georgia, II:1014
in Oklahoma, II:749
in Tennessee, II:989
in West Virginia, II:1102
Chesapeake and Delaware
Canal, I:235
Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, I:75
Chesapeake Bay, I:190–91,
II:605, 1002
Chesapeake (Ship), II:1087
Chester, Colby M., II:809
Cheves, Langdon, I:76, 77
Chevrolet, Louis, I:263–64
Chevrolet Motor Company, I:263–64
1161
Index
Chevron Oil Company, II:786,
787, 790
Chewing gum industry, II:1137–38
Cheyenne River, II:943
Cheyennes, II:800
in Colorado, I:192
in Nebraska, II:696
Chiang Kai-Shek, I:164
Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy
Railroad Company, I:435
Chicago, Illinois
architecture of, II:974–75, 1135
as commodities market, I:197
Fire of 1871 in (See Chicago
Fire of 1871)
Hull House in, I:2–3
slums in, II:931
streetcars in, II:966–67
Chicago Board of Trade,
I:197, II:762
Chicago Cubs, II:1138
Chicago Federation of Labor, I:464
Chicago Fire of 1871, I:118, 128,
158–60, I:159, I:315, II:974
Chicago Radio Laboratory, II:1145
Chicago’s World Fair, II:1046
Chickasaws, I:22, 320, II:749,
1013–14
Chiksika, II:984
Child labor, I:160–62, I:161, II:935
in Alabama, I:24
Eugene Victor Debs and, I:229
Florence Kelley and, I:525–26
Frances Perkins and, II:783–84
Knights of Labor and, I:543
in late 19th century,
II:1127, 1128
laws banning, I:92, 303–4,
I:304, II:1016
Mary Jones and, I:515
New Deal and, II:703
NRA and, I:513
regulation of, II:610, 686
in Rhode Island, II:876–77, 893
in spinning mills, II:949
Child Labor Act (1919), I:162,
II:1117, 1128
Child safety seats, II:886
Child welfare
for African Americans, I:89–91
legislation for, I:92
Child Welfare Conference, I:91
Children’s Bureau, II:915, 1128
Children’s literature, II:836
Chile, Monroe Doctrine and, II:658
China
1162
airline route to, II:1019
command economy in, I:197
computer program piracy
and, II:799
financial crisis in, I:43
Open Door Policy and, II:754
Richard Nixon and, II:725
tribute in, II:1018
Tyson Foods in, II:1032
Chinese Americans, I:163–64
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882,
I:162–64, 466
Chinooks, II:738
Chiron Corporation, II:788
Chisholm, Jesse, I:164
Chisholm, Shirley, II:1125
Chisholm Trail, I:148, 164
Chisolm, Jesse, I:148
Chlorofluorocarbons
DuPont response to, I:259
ozone and, II:763
Chocolate industry
Baker’s Chocolate, II:809
Hershey Foods Corporation,
I:433–34
Choctaws, I:164, 320, II:1013–14
in Louisiana, II:716
in Oklahoma, II:748, 749
Christian Front, I:218–19
Christianity, Native Americans and,
II:692–93, 717, 755, 837, 895
Chromacolor picture tubes, II:1145
Chrysler, Walter Percy, I:165,
166–68, I:167, I:522, II:930
Chrysler Corporation, I:164–66,
522, II:930
assembly plant in Missouri,
II:648
in Delaware, I:236
Dodge factory and, II:888
federal grant to, II:631
vs. Ford Motor Company, I:332
Lee Iacocca and, I:455–56
Maxwell Company, I:67, 167
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
Studebaker and, II:969
unions in, II:923
Church of England, I:398. See also
Anglican Church
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints. See Mormonism
Churchill, Winston
Harry Hopkins and, I:446
Iron Curtain and, I:187
John Keynes and, I:535
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
WW II and, II:1131–32
CIA. See Central Intelligence
Agency
Cigarette making machines, I:257
Cigarettes. See Smoking; Tobacco
industry
Cigarmakers’ International Union,
I:383
Cincinnati, Ohio, II:745. See also
Porkopolis
Porkopolis and, II:806–7, 822
Cincinnati Red Stockings, I:82
CIO. See Congress of Industrial
Organizations
Circular flow
of economic activity, I:168
Circular saws, I:97
Circuses, Barnum & Bailey, I:80
Citicorp
Harley-Davidson and, I:419
in South Dakota, II:943
Cities and towns. See also names of
specific cities
development patterns for, II:971
edge (See Edge cities)
expansion of, II:967
market revolution and, II:602–3
racism in, I:399, II:971
sprawl of, II:967
streetcars in, II:966–67
tenements in, II:988–89
in Virginia, II:1066
Cities Service Company, II:790
Citizen’s Industrial Alliance, II:808
Citizenship. See also Constitution of
the United States
Fifteenth Amendment and,
II:1001
Fourteenth Amendment and,
I:169, 316, 336–37, II:1001
Citrus industry. See Fruit crops
City Beautiful Movement, I:168
City life. See Urban life
City planning, I:168, II:971
Lyndon Johnson and, II:814
in Maryland, II:607
Victor David Gruen and, I:408
Civil Aeronautics Board, I:19
Civil Liberties Bureau, II:1001
Civil rights, I:510–11
ADA in, I:42–43
CORE for, I:201–2
Dred Scott case in (See Dred
Scott v. Sandford (1857))
Henry Brown Blackwell and,
I:101–2

Hispanic, I:157, I:157–58
Kennedy/Johnson programs for,
I:402–3, II:814
legislation for (See specific
legislation, e.g., Civil
Rights Act)
movements of (See Civil rights
movements)
during Reconstruction (See
Reconstruction)
right-to-work laws and, II:879
rise of, I:290
Samuel Howe and, I:450
Civil Rights Act (1866), I:98,
168–69, II:867
Civil Rights Act (1875),
I:168–69, 510
Civil Rights Act (1964)
ADA and, I:43
Civil Rights Act of 1875
and, I:169
Jim Crow laws and, I:369, 511
as major discrimination
law, I:246
Martin Luther King, Jr.
and, I:540
passage of, I:290, 403, II:814
purpose of, I:6
state legislation and, II:990
women and, II:1123, 1124
Civil Rights Act (1991), I:303
Civil rights demonstrations,
I:169–71, I:171, I:539–40
Civil rights movements, I:6–7,
169–72, I:171
in Alabama, I:24
Asa Philip Randolph and,
II:858–60
CORE and, I:201–2
Martin Luther King Jr. and,
I:538–40
in Mississippi, II:645
in Oklahoma, II:749
poll tax and, II:804
1950’s and 1960’s, I:98
Civil Service Act (1883), I:172–73
Civil Service Commission,
I:172, II:950
Civil Service Reform Act (1978),
I:172–73
Civil Service Reform
Association, I:172
Civil Service Retirement Act
(1920), I:172
Civil Service Retirement
System, II:783
Civil War. See also Slavery
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
agriculture after, I:16, 307–9
Alabama claims after, I:25
Alabama during, I:22
Allan Pinkerton and, II:796
Altanta during, I:369
Arizona during, I:51
Arkansas after, I:55
Baltimore and Ohio railroad
during, I:75
baseball origins during, I:82
Black Codes after, I:98
blockade in, I:103
bull market after, I:107
California during, II:955
canned goods during, I:326
cattle industry after, I:147,
149, II:754
Central Pacific Railroad
before, I:152
Confederate States in (See
Confederate States of
America)
Connecticut during, I:202
constitutional amendments
and, I:208
costs of, II:1083
cotton and, I:538
Cumberland Gap during, I:227
Dred Scott Case and (See Dred
Scott v. Sandford (1857))
early Republic to, I:267–70,
I:268
economic causes of, I:175–78,
I:176, II:939
economic impact of, I:178–80,
I:179, II:1027
equipment contracts for,
I:43–45
Fifteenth Amendment and (See
Fifteenth Amendment)
financing, I:156, 215, 311
Fourteenth Amendment and
(See Fourteenth Amendment)
Georgia during, I:369
gold output after, I:381
government land policy
before, I:390
greenbacks in, II:1116
Idaho during, I:457
Illinois during, I:464
income tax during, II:923
Indiana during, I:477
indigo crops before, I:478
industrialization and, I:173,
I:173–75, 426, 478, 481
Iowa during, I:497
ironclads during, I:498
Index
Kansas during, I:521
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
and, I:523
Kentucky and, I:532–33
KKK during, I:551
labor unions after, II:557–58
McCormick reaper and, II:615
messaging services in, II:1106
Minnesota during, II:639, 641
Mississippi during, II:644
Missouri during, II:648
Molly Maguires after, II:652
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
and, II:679
national banking and, II:681
National Road and, II:688
Nebraska during, II:696
New Jersey during, II:712
New Orleans during, II:716–17
North Carolina during, II:730
nullification and, II:981
Ohio during, II:745
Oklahoma during, II:749
pharmaceutical industry
after, II:788
plantations and, II:801
Proctor and Gamble after,
II:822
railroads and, I:475, 477, 479,
481, II:854, 855
revenue for, I:230
Rhode Island during, II:876
rice growing after, II:878
segregation after, I:510
Sherman’s March in, II:917–18
shipbuilding industry during,
II:919
South Carolina during, II:939
spoils system after, II:950
state rights and, II:958
steel industry and, II:959
sugar industry after, I:423
Tennessee during, II:989
Texas during, II:994
Thirteenth Amendment and (See
Thirteenth Amendment)
trade with Mexico during, I:540
Virginia during, II:1067
wagon industry during, II:969
West Virginia during, II:1102–3
westward expansion after, I:499
whaling in, I:423, II:1113
Civil War Amendments. See
Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth
Amendment; Thirteenth
Amendment
1163
Index
Civil Works Administration,
I:242, II:704
Civilian Conservation Corps, I:180,
242, 275, II:703–4
Civilian Production
Administration, II:1088
Civilians, in work force, II:1035
Claims (International law)
Alabama, I:25
Clamshell Alliance, II:741
Clapp, Norton, II:1110
Clarendon, Earl of. See Villiers,
George William Frederick
Clark, Charles B., I:536
Clark, Charles E., II:597
Clark, F.W., I:214
Clark, George Rogers, I:475
Clark, James H., I:48, II:698
Clark, William, II:575, 646, 941. See
also Lewis and Clark expedition
Clarke-McNary Act (1924),
II:757, 1110
Classification Act (1923), I:172
Clay, Henry, I:180–82, 350
intrastate public works and,
II:611–12
nullification and, II:939
political challenges by, I:78
slavery and, II:929
Tariff of Abominations
and, II:982
Clay, James, I:182
Clay, Thomas, I:181–82
Clayton, Powell, I:55
Clayton and Dubilier, II:1043
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), I:182.
See also Sherman Antitrust
Act (1890)
AFL and, I:33
anti-labor interpretation of,
II:555–56
collective bargaining and, I:189
competition and, II:832
Federal Trade Commission Act
and, II:1026
vs. free enterprise, II:580–81
labor unions and, I:275, II:727
monopolies, II:654–55, 916
price fixing and, II:1045
Sherman Antitrust Act and,
I:274–76, 491
under Woodrow Wilson,
I:293, II:1117
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, II:766
Clean Air Act, I:289, II:992
Clean Water Act, I:289
1164
Clearinghouses, for rebates, II:865
Clemens, Samuel. See Twain, Mark
Clermont, II:959, 962
Cleveland, Grover
annexation of Hawaii and, I:424
imperialism and, I:468
Jacob Coxey and, I:223
populism and, II:806
railroad strikes and, I:35,
II:841, 1143
Silver Purchase Act and, II:773
silver vs. gold standards
and, II:917
temperance movement and,
II:829
trust-busting by, II:1025,
II:1026
Cleveland, Ohio, II:745–46, 953–54
Cliff dwellers. See Anasazis
Cliff Palace, II:626
Climate
in Dakota Territory, II:941
in South Dakota, II:942–43
Clinique, II:568
Clinton, Bill, AFDC and 935
air traffic controller strike
and, I:18
on Alaskan environmental
protection, I:27
antitrust actions of, II:1026
Arkansas and, I:56
balanced budget under, I:536
conservatism and, I:206
deregulation by, I:210
foreign trade policy of, I:342
Mexican Bail-Out and, II:627
military-industry acquisitions
and mergers and, II:638
NAFTA and, II:728
Tyson Foods, Inc. and, II:1031
weapons smuggling and, I:462
Clinton, DeWitt, I:295, II:718
Clinton, George, II:718
Clinton, Henry, I:38
Clinton Tax Package of 1993, II:828
Clipper ships, I:182–83, II:919
Clock and watch industry, I:202,
II:902–3
Close machining, II:608
Closed shops, I:183, II:979
Clothes dryers, II:613
Clothing industry
John Jacob Aster and, I:62–63
in Mississippi, II:645
in New York, II:718–19
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Northwest Fur Co., II:938
‘‘off the rack’’ garments,
II:718, 922
Sears, Roebuck and Company
in, II:905
in South Dakota, II:941
Clothing stores. See also
Retail stores
L. L. Bean, I:83–84
Clovis, New Mexico, I:183
Clovis culture, I:183, II:765
CMA. See Crédit Mobilier of
America
CNBC, II:683, 684
CND. See Council of National
Defense
Coal
bituminous, I:184
formation of, I:183–84
Hill, Griggs and Company,
I:435
TVA’s use of, II:992
whaling industry and, I:423
Coal gas, II:1052
Coal industry, I:183–84
labor strikes in, II:1039
Molly Maguires and, II:651–52
in Montana, II:661
in Ohio, II:745–46
OPEC oil embargo and, II:752
in Pennsylvania, II:779
in Wyoming, II:1139
Coal mining, I:184
after Civil War, I:174
in Arkansas, I:55
in Kentucky, I:533–34
labor unions and, I:543
railroads and, II:855
in West Virginia, II:1104
Coal oil, I:98
Coastal Zone Act, I:235
CoAxial Systems Engineering
Company, II:1003
Cobb, Howell, I:369
Cobb, Raymond, I:369
COBOL, for personal computers,
II:632–33
Coca-Cola beverages, I:184–86
cocaine in, II:788
Coca-Cola Company, I:127, II:1012
Cocaine, I:459, I:460, I:461, II:788
Cocaine wars, II:622
Cockerill, John A., II:839
Cocoa, I:433–34
Codorus (Steamship), II:591

Coer d’Alene, II:738
Coercive Acts. See Intolerable
Acts (1774)
Coffee
A & P and, II:871
instant, I:326
Maxwell House, II:809
production of, I:39
Coffeemakers, I:97
Coffin, Charles, I:364
Coffin, Levi, II:1033–34
Coinage Act (1792), II:653
Coinage Act (1834), I:380
Coinage Act (1965), II:948
Coins
minting of, II:642
in money supply, II:653
silver (See Silver coins)
Spanish, II:791
as specie, II:948
Cold War, I:186, I:186–89, I:187
highway construction during,
I:493
Korea and, I:544
military build-up during, I:310
military-industrial complex
during, II:637–38
Monroe Doctrine and, II:657–58
national debt and, II:685
postwar boom and, II:810
R & D spending cut in, II:871
selective service system
and, II:908
Soviet Union and, I:415
space race during, II:945–46
Coldwell Banker Company, II:905
Coleman, Thomas, I:258
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, I:120
Collateral, I:189
Collective bargaining, I:183, 189,
II:557, 817. See also Labor
Unions; specific legislation, e.g.,
National Labor Relations Act
NIRA on, II:556
Taft-Hartley Act on, II:979
Collective settlements, II:1054,
II:1054–56
Brook Farm, I:120, II:1055–56
College Work-Study Program,
II:814, 1098–99
Colleges. See Universities and
colleges
Colombia, Panama Canal and,
II:766–67, 768
Colonial Air Transport, II:1019
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Colonial America. See American
colonial period
Colonial governors, I:190–91
Colonial taxation, I:10–12, 35–36,
II:821. See also Stamp Act (1765);
Sugar Act (1764); Townshend
Acts (1767)
Colonies
corporate, I:189–90
proprietary, I:191
Color City, at NBC, II:682
Color motion pictures, II:671, 832
Colorado, I:192–94, I:193
acquisition of, II:989
copper mining in, I:39
silver mining in, I:39, 40,
409–10
Colorado River Project, I:500
Colorado Smelting and Refining
Company, I:410
Colorado Springs, Colorado,
I:192–93
Colt, Elizabeth Jarvis, I:194
Colt, Samuel, I:194–95, 202,
II:893, 951
Colt 45, I:194
Colt firearms, I:420
Colt revolver, I:96
Colter, John, II:1139
Colt’s Manufacturing Company,
I:194–96, I:195
Colt’s Patent Firearms
Manufacturing Company, I:194
Columbia, Maryland, II:607
Columbia Pictures Entertainment,
II:937
Columbia River Basin Project, I:500
Columbia River Highway, II:757
Columbia University, I:415
Columbian Exchange, I:196
Columbian Exposition, World’s. See
World’s Columbian Exposition
Columbus, Christopher, I:149,
196, 514
corn and, I:216
encomiendas and, I:285
horses and, I:447
Native Americans and, II:691
rubber and, II:1005
Spanish sponsorship of, II:1009
sugarcane and, II:973
tobacco and, II:1005–6
Treaty of Tordesillas and,
II:1010
Comanches, II:800
Combinations. See Monopolies
Index
Combines
Caterpiller Incorporated,
I:145–47
by Cyrus McCormick, II:615
for wheat farming, I:265, 326
Comcast Corporation, II:634
Comedy Central, I:287
Comic strips, II:839
Cominform, II:604
Comite des Citoyens, II:802
Command economy, I:196–97
Commerce. See also Trade
Alaskan, I:28–29
in American colonies, I:9–10
interstate (See Interstate
commerce)
Lewis and Clark Expedition
and, II:575
in Utah, II:1052
Commerce and Labor Department
(U.S.), II:959
Commerce Court, II:599
Commerce Department (U.S.), II:959
steel dumping and, II:961
trademarks and, II:1012
Commercial laundry equipment,
II:613
Commercial treaties. See Trade
agreements
Commission for Relief in
Belgium, II:795
Commission on Country Life, II:795
Commissions (Fees), in advertising
industry, I:3–4
Committee of Industrial
Organizations. See Congress of
Industrial Organizations
Committee on Industrial
Organization, II:704–5
Committee to Investigate Communist
Activities, I:219
Commodities, I:197
Commodity Credit Act, I:388
Commodore Computers, II:786
Common Cause, II:948
Common law, regulation of business
in, II:1025
Common stocks, II:963
Commonwealth of the Philippines,
II:789. See also Philippines
Communes. See Collective
settlements
Communications, military, II:1106
Communications Act (1934), II:853
Communications equipment
in airline industry, I:21
computers (See Computers)
1165
 Index
telephones (See Telephones)
Communications industry. See also
Telecommunications industry
AT & T (See AT & T)
Bell Laboratories, I:63–64,
II:665
MCI Telecommunications,
I:65, 194
Sprint, I:65
telegraph and, II:666–68
Western Union (See Western
Union Corporation)
Communism. See also
Anticommunist movements;
Red scare
Ayn Rand on, II:858
Charles Coughlin on, I:218–20
Cold War and (See Cold War)
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:882–83
freedom of speech and, I:117
in Korea, I:544–46
labor unions and, II:556,
879, 979
Marshall Plan and, II:603–4
military-industrial complex
and, II:636
New Deal and, II:705
private property rights in, II:819
Ronald Reagan and, II:862–63
vs. socialism, II:935–36
in Vietnam, II:1063–65
Communist Bloc countries,
collapse of, I:57
Communist Party
labor unions and, II:979
radical unions and, II:850–51
Communitarianism, II:1051, 1054
Community Action Program, I:276
Community Development Act
(1974), II:1047
Community of True Inspiration,
I:497
Community Service Organization,
I:157
Commuting, streetcars and, II:967
Compact disc players, II:664, 937
Company unions, II:555, 558
Compaq Computers, I:199
Comparative advantage (Commerce),
I:197–98
Competition, I:198. See also
Monopolies
Adam Smith on, II:932–33
among airlines, I:19–21
foreign, I:211
in hospitality industry, I:448–49
1166
as industry type, II:820
monopolistic (See Monopolistic
competition)
in oil refining industry, II:954
oligopolistic, I:198, II:751
in rubber industry, II:1043
in steel industry, II:960
tariffs and, II:983
in textile industry, II:1000
in tobacco industry, II:1008
in trucking industry, II:1020
trust-busting and, II:1025–27
Compositek Engineering
Corporation, I:531
Compromise of 1820. See Missouri
compromise
Compromise of 1850, I:1, 350, 523
Compromise of 1877, I:179
Comptoir, II:707
Compudyne, I:412
CompUSA, I:411–12
CompuServe, I:488
Computer animation, I:512
Computer Center Corporation, I:360
Computer electronics industry, I:411
Computer games, I:200
Computer industry, I:199–200
competition in, I:198
Digital Equipment Corp., II:963
IBM (See IBM)
impact on railroads, II:855
Microsoft Corp. (See Microsoft
Corporation)
NAFTA and, II:729
in Nevada, II:702
Stephen Wozniak in, II:1133–35
Steve Jobs and, I:511–12
structural unemployment in,
II:968
Texas Instruments, I:199, II:995
Computer networks, I:486
Computer operating systems, I:199
Computer software, piracy of, II:799
Computer software industry
Microsoft and, II:633–34
R & D labs for, II:871
Computers. See also specific types
of computers
Bill Gates and, I:360–62, I:361
in business, A.C. Nielsen
and, II:724
chain stores for, I:411–12
CompUSA, I:411–12
development of, I:485–86
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
in entertainment industry,
I:285, 288
for input-output analysis, II:572
Internet browers and, I:48
PCs Unlimited, I:236
stock exchanges and, II:762
viruses in, I:360
Warren Buffet and, I:127
Computing-Tabulating-Recording
Company, II:1096–97
Comstock, Henry T.P., I:200
Comstock Lode, I:200, II:700
ConAgra, II:1031
Concentrated Industries Act
(1950), II:655
Concentration camps, I:441, II:566
Concrete industry
highway construction and, I:493
reinforced concrete, II:869–70
Condiments, I:430
Conestoga wagons, I:220–21
Coney Island, New York, I:45
Confederate dollars, I:200,
I:201, II:1083
Confederate States of America
Alabama as, I:22
economic state after war,
I:173–74
financial institutions in, II:1083
Louisiana as, II:585
money and bonds of, I:179,
200, I:201, I:215, II:1083
warships of, I:25
Confederation Congress
Constitution and, I:12
land ordinances of, II:563
state rights and, II:957
Conference on the Limitations of
Armament, II:754
Conglomerate corporations. See also
Acquisitions and mergers
from acquisitions and
mergers, II:622
in advertising industry, I:5
as consolidations, I:206
Congregational Church, II:845
Congress of Industrial Organizations,
I:201, II:727, 1012. See also AFL-
CIO; American Federation of
Labor
FDR and, II:556
formation of, I:34, II:559,
578, 1039
fruit industry workers, I:157
John L. Lewis and, II:851
UAW and, II:631

Congress of Racial Equality, I:201–2
Congress of the United States. See
also Continental Congress
Crédit Moblier investigation by,
I:43–45
Senate, I:92
sovereignty of, II:944
Connecticut, I:202–4, I:203
establishment of colony, I:190
population of colony, II:910
Puritans in, II:845
Stamp Act and, II:952
Connecticut Society for the
Reformation of Morals, II:986
Conoco, I:259, II:787
Conquistadors, reward system
for, I:285
Conrad, Carl, I:131
ConRail. See Consolidated Rail
Corporation
Conscientious objection, II:1001
Conscription. See Draft
Conservation, I:180. See also
Environmental protection
of Alaskan resources, I:29–31
by CCC (See Civilian
Conservation Corps)
of forest resources (See Forest
conservation)
Gifford Pinchot and, II:794
paper industry and, II:775
petroleum, II:752
of rivers, II:1115–16
in Utah, II:1051
in Vermont, II:1062
water, II:757–58
whaling and, II:1113
William Howard Taft and,
II:978
Conservatism, I:204–6
Consolidated Paper, II:1120
Consolidated Rail Corporation,
II:721
Consolidation
of businesses, I:206 (See also
Acquisitions and mergers)
of railroads, II:1015
of steel industry, II:960
Constitution of the United
States, I:473
amendments to (See specific
amendments, e.g., Thirteenth
Amendment)
vs. Articles of Confederation,
I:10, I:57–58
conservatism in, I:205
copyrights in, II:1012
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
economic benefits of, I:207–8
on income tax, I:321
John Hancock and, I:416
nullification and, II:981
patents in, II:1012
piracy and, II:798
ratification of, I:12, 314
on sovereignty, II:944
state rights and, II:957
trademarks and, II:1012
Constitutional Convention, I:207,
II:1095
Construction industry
Fairbanks Scale Co., II:938
houses, II:573–74, II:574
impact of interstate highway
system on, II:812
in Oregon, II:758
pre-cast concrete blocks in,
II:1136
in radical unions, II:850
seasonal unemployment in,
II:906
for single-family housing,
II:573–74
Stephen Davison Bechtel and,
I:85–86
tools for, I:97
windows in, II:799
Consultants
business, II:901
sole proprietorships for, II:936
Consumer advocacy, Ralph Nader in,
II:676–77
Consumer electronics industry. See
also Computer industry
Eastman Kodak Company,
I:271, 272–73, II:719, 871
General Electric Company (See
General Electric Company)
RCA, I:364, II:681, 683, 860
Sony Corporation, II:664–65,
936–39
Zenith in, II:1145–46
Consumer goods, I:208
during the Great Depression,
I:239–41, I:243
supply and demand for, I:13
Consumer goods industry
R. J. R. Nabisco, Inc., II:676
Sony Corporation in, II:665
Consumer News and Business
Channel. See CNBC
Consumer price indexes, I:209, I:209
after World War II, II:811
Index
as cost of living index,
I:217–18
real wages and, II:865
Consumer Products Safety
Commission, II:869
Consumer protection
Pure Food and Drug Act and,
II:844–45
Ralph Nader and, II:676
Consumer research. See Market
research
Consumers, advertising’s influence
on, I:4, 5
Consumption
of alcohol, II:986–87
conspicuous, II:1060
of goods, I:209
ConTact, plastic coverings, II:886
Containment policy
effect on military-industrial
complex, II:637
Vietnam War and, I:188
Contemporary world (1974- ),
I:210–13
Continental Airlines, I:20
Continental Army, I:58, 213, II:950
George Washington as
commander of, I:36–37,
213, II:1095
Native American conflicts
with, I:304
size of, I:37
volunteers in, I:11
Continental Congress, I:58, 114. See
also American colonial period
First, I:10, 495
James Monroe in, II:658
John Hancock and, I:416
in Maryland, II:605
Robert Morris in, II:666
Second (See Second Continental
Congress)
Continentals, I:213–14, 296, II:853
Continuous casting, II:961
Control program of microcomputer,
II:632–33
Convention of 1818, I:214, II:658
Manifest Destiny and, II:598
Oregon Country and, II:759
Convict labor, I:22
Cook, Captain James
in Oregon, II:755
in Oregon Country, II:758
in Washington state, II:1090
Cook, James, I:422–23, II:575
Cooke, Alistair, II:1065
1167
Index
Cooke, Jay, I:214, I:214–16
Cooke, Morris L., I:266
Cooke, Philip, I:51
Cookies
by Nabisco Foods, II:675–76
by Pepperidge Farm, II:887
Cookman Institute for Men, I:91
Cooley, Wadsworth and
Company, I:315
Coolidge, Calvin
conservatism of, II:1062
Frank Kellogg and, I:529
imperialism and, I:468
prosperity and, II:831
Tennessee River development
and, II:991
Cooper, Peter, I:75, 404
Cooper Tire & Rubber
Company, II:1005
Cooperatives
agricultural, II:562
dairy, II:561–63
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
Coors Brewing Company, I:118
Copper
in coins, I:380–82, II:642, 948
Dingley tariff on, I:245
refining of, II:712
for weapons, II:661
Copper industry
from 1897-1920, I:293
oligopolies and, II:751
Paul Revere in, II:873
Copper mining
in Arizona, I:51, 52
in Colorado, I:39
in Montana, II:660, 661
in Nevada, II:702
in Utah, II:1051
Copper refining, ASARCO and, I:40
Coppers, George, II:675
Copy writers, of ads, I:4, II:567
Copying machine industry, II:1026
Copyright Act (1976), II:799
Copyright infringement, II:776,
798–99
Copyrights
in Constitution, II:1012
WTO and, I:363
CORE. See Congress of Racial
Equality
Corn industry, I:216
in South, I:179
support loans to, I:388–89
Cornwallis, Charles, I:37
1168
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez
de, I:447
Corporate colonies, I:189–90
Corporate libraries, II:835
Corporate raiders
Donald Trump, II:1024
T. Boone Pickens as, II:789–91
Corporate restructuring, I:216–17,
II:1044
Corporation Credit Corporation,
I:242
Corporations, I:217. See also specific
corporations
conglomerate (See
Conglomerate corporations)
defined, II:820
multinational, II:672, II:672
Corps of Discovery. See Lewis and
Clark Expedition
Corps of Topographical Engineers
(U.S.), I:344
Corruption
in business, II:578–79
in labor unions, II:556–57
political (See Political
corruption)
in Reconstruction Finance
Corp., II:868
Corte-Real, Gaspar de, II:553
Cortes, Hernan, I:69
Corvette automobile, I:332
Cosby, Bill, II:683
Cosmetics industry
Estee Lauder in, II:567–68
regulation of, II:845
Cost of living indexes, I:217–18
Costs
economies of scale and,
I:276–77
Emergency Price Control
Act, I:284
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
in health care, I:428
opportunity, II:755
of wars, II:1083
Cotton, I:537–38, I:538
boll weevils in, I:106
embargo on, I:283
industry (See Cotton industry)
tariffs on, II:999
Cotton fabrics, II:589
Cotton gins, I:218, I:219
effect on market of, I:267
invention of, I:537
on plantations, II:801
Cotton growing, I:268
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
plantations and, II:801
sharecropping and, II:913
slavery for, I:267, 268,
II:928, 1078
Cotton industry
from 1897-1920, I:294
in Alabama, I:22, 24
in Arkansas, I:53
in Florida, I:324
in Georgia, I:367
during Great Depression, I:394
great migration and, I:399
James Duke Buchanan, I:258
in Louisiana, II:585
in Mississippi, II:642, 644–45
in North Carolina, II:730
in Oklahoma, II:748
price collapse in, I:308
in the South, I:16, 175–78, 179,
I:179, II:999–1000, 1006
in South Carolina, II:939–49
support loans to, I:388, 389
in Tennessee, II:989
in Texas, II:993–96
in Virginia, II:1065
Cotton mills
in Rhode Island, II:874,
876–77, 892–94, 924–25
Samuel Slater and, II:892–94,
924–25
Cotton-picking machines, I:96
Cotton Stabilization Corporation,
I:241
Coughlin, Charles Edward,
I:218–20, 395
Council for Personnel
Administration, I:172
Council of Economic Advisers, I:405
on stagflation, II:951
on wage and price
controls, II:1069
Council of National Defense,
I:220, II:636
Country Life Commission, II:1076
Country Time, General Foods
Company and, II:809
Coupons, vs. rebates, II:865
Courier, I:87–88
Court TV, II:683
Courts of Admiralty, II:1011
Covered wagons, I:220–21, I:221
Cow towns, I:221, II:584
Cowboys, I:221–22, I:222, II:1007
cattle industry and, I:221–22
in Texas, II:993–94
in Wyoming, II:1139

Cox, James, II:726
Cox Communications Inc., II:1004
Coxey, Jacob Sechler, I:222–23,
II:773
‘‘Coxey’s Army,’’ I:223
CP/M, II:632–33
CPA. See Communist Party
CPI. See Consumer price indexes
CPSC. See Consumer Products
Safety Commission
Crackers, by Nabisco Foods,
II:675–76
Craft unions. See Labor unions
Craftspeople. See Artisans
Craig, Jane, I:94
Crate & Barrel, II:872
Crazy Horse, II:696
CRC Press, Inc., II:1003
Credit, I:223–24
savings and loan associations
and, II:896
from Sears, Roebuck and
Company, II:904
Credit and debit card industry,
I:223–24, II:653
Citicorp, II:943
Discover Card, II:905
savings and, II:896
Credit Bureau National Extension
Bureau, I:224
Crédit Mobilier of America, II:1036
Oakes scandal and, I:43–45,
262–63
Thomas Durant and, I:262–63
Credit Union National
Association, I:224
Credit unions, I:224
Creeks (Native Americans), I:22,
320, II:749, 985, 1013–14, 1081
Creel, George, II:908
Creighton, John, II:1111
Creighton Process
for making plate glass, II:799
Creoles
Separate Car Act and, II:802
Crime
bank robberies, II:796
control of, II:849
fighting, I:291
illegal alcohol and, I:119
Jimmy Hoffa and, I:438
national database of, II:796
organized (See Organized
crime)
from Prohibition, II:1030
in slums, II:931–32
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
train robberies, II:796
Crisco Shortening, II:823, 825
Crocker, Charles, I:152, II:956
Croly, Herbert, I:224–25
Crops
failure of in 1835 and
1837, II:770
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
fruit (See Fruit crops)
as real property, II:819
seed, I:388
vegetable, I:388
Cross Keys, Maryland, II:607
‘‘Cross of Gold’’ speech, I:123,
225–26
Crowell Publishing Co., II:564
Crown Colonies, I:317
Crude oil. See Petroleum
Crystal Light, II:809
CSO. See Community Service
Organization
CSRS. See Civil Service
Retirement System
CSX Corporation, I:75
CTR. See Calculating-Tabulating-
Recording company
Cuba
embargo on goods to, I:283–84
Helms-Burton Act and, I:432
Monroe Doctrine and, II:658
as protectorate, II:834
Spanish-American War and,
I:467–68, II:598, 837, 947
Spanish occupation of, II:947
sugar industry in, II:947
Treaty of Paris (1898)
and, II:789
Cuban Liberty and Democratic
Solidarity Act, I:432
Cuban Missile Crisis, I:57, 103, 188
Cugnot, Joseph-Nicholas, I:68
Culinary Foods, Inc., II:1032
Cullinan, Joseph S., II:786, 997–98
Cumberland Gap, I:226, II:1116
Cumberland Mountains, I:49
Cumberland Road, II:612. See also
National Road
Cumberland Valley, I:49
Cummings, Albert, II:1051
Curacao, II:715
Currency, I:226–27. See also Money
appreciation in, I:49–50
exchange rate and, I:298
vs. gold, I:308
Greenback Party and, I:404–5
greenbacks in, I:405
Index
in labor, I:100
Currency exchange rates. See
Foreign exchange
Current events, on radio, II:852
Curtis, George William, I:172
Curtiss-Wright, II:970
Custer, George Armstrong,
II:696, 749
Custer’s Last Stand. See Little Big
Horn, Battle of
Custom Gun Shop, I:195
Customer service, at Neiman
Marcus, II:600–601
Customs Board, II:1011
Customs duties, I:227, I:227. See
also Tariffs
Customs Service
customs duties and, I:227
the war on drugs and, I:461
C.V. Mosby Company, II:1003
CWA. See Civil Works
Administration
Czech Republic, in NATO, II:730
D
D-Day (1944), II:1132
Dacron, by DuPont, I:259
Daimler, Gottlieb, I:68
Daimler-Benz, I:103, 165–66
DaimlerChrysler Corp., I:165–66
Dairy cooperatives
Land O’Lakes, II:561
Dairy industry
Land O’Lakes and, II:561–63
in New York, II:718
in Wisconsin, II:1120
Dairy products, I:109–10
Dakota Southern Railroad, II:941
Dakota Territory, II:941
Dakotas (Native Americans), II:800
in Black Hills, II:942
in Minnesota, II:639
in Nebraska, II:696
Dallas Times Herald, II:1003
Damages
secondary boycotts and, II:979
tobacco industry and, II:1007–8
Damigella, Thomas, II:1029
Dams
construction of, I:500
in South Dakota, II:943
by Stephen Bechtel, I:85
in Tennessee, II:989, 991–92
1169
 Index
Tennessee Valley Authority
and, II:991–92
in Washington state, II:1092
Dana, Charles, I:87
Dance parties, on radio, II:681
Dandridge, Ray, I:83
Danish ships, embargo against, I:283
Darby, Abraham, I:184
Darrow, Clarence, II:921, 990
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
(1819), I:207
Dartmouth (Ship), I:112–14, I:113
Dartmouth University, II:845
Darwin, Charles, II:990, 1108
Darwinism, I:124
Data processing. See also Computer
industry
punch card system in, I:439–40
DATs. See Digital audio tapes
Datsun automobiles, I:67
Davidson, Arthur, I:417–19
Davies, Chester, I:266
Davis, Jefferson, I:22, II:644, 867
Davis, John, I:205, II:738
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant,
II:740
Davis Dam, II:702
Davis Strait, II:738
Day, Luke, II:914
Dayton, Ohio, II:745
Dayton Normal and Industrial
Institute for Negro Girls, I:89
De Forest, Lee, II:852
DEA. See Drug Enforcement
Agency
Deaf, Alexander Graham Bell and,
I:86–87
Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., II:905
Death benefits, I:383
Debit cards, II:653
Debs, Eugene V., I:35, 229–30, 480,
II:849, 1002
American Railway Union and,
II:841–42
Pullman strike and, II:1143
Debts, I:230–31
consumer, I:240
corporate, I:230
government (See National debt)
vs. gross national product, I:230
national (See National debt)
Decker, Alonzo G., I:96–97
Declaration of Independence, I:11
Benjamin Franklin and, I:339
John Hancock and, I:415–16
in Pennsylvania, II:778
1170
from Second Continental
Congress, I:213
Thomas Jefferson and, I:213,
413, 508–9
Declaration of London, I:103
Declaratory Act (1766), I:10, II:953
Deere, John, I:231–32, I:232,
II:961–62
Deere & Company, I:15
Defense industry
in Alaska, I:27
in Colorado, I:193–94
Colt’s Manufacturing Company
and, I:194–96
in Connecticut, I:204
Hughes Aircraft in, I:452
minorities in, I:243
in New York, II:719
in Utah, II:1052
Western Union in, II:1106
Defense spending, I:232–33
in Cold War, II:1085
military-industrial complex and,
II:636–38
in Vietnam War, I:403
in WW II, I:395
Defined benefit plans, II:783
Defined contribution plans, II:783
Deflation, I:233, II:847
DeGaulle, Charles, NATO and,
II:730
Degler, Carl, II:706
Deindustrialization, I:229
Del Monte, I:327, II:641
Delaney, Clarence, I:46
Delaware, I:233–36, I:234
New Sweden in, II:717
as proprietary colony, I:191
Texas Company and, II:998
Delaware and Chesapeake
Canal, II:605
Delaware and Raritan Canal, II:710
Delaware Economic Development
Office, I:235
Delaware Innovation Fund, I:235
Delaware River, II:962
Delawares (Native Americans),
II:710
in French and Indian War, I:346
in Ohio, II:745
in West Virginia, II:1102
DeLeon, Daniel, II:849
Delivery services
Pony Express as, II:804
UPS, II:1040–41
Dell, Michael, I:236–37
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Dell Books, II:835
Dell Computer Corporation, I:412
Dell Laboratories, I:237
Delmonico Foods, Incorporated,
I:434
Delta Airlines, I:19
Deltas, Mississippi, II:642
Demand (Economics), II:975–76. See
also Supply and demand
Deming, William Edwards, I:237–38
Demobilization, after WW II, II:811
Democractic-Republican Party
formation of, I:76
Democracy, American Revolution
and, I:35
Democracy in America, II:948
Democratic National Committee,
II:725–26
Democratic Party
formation of, I:509
in New York, II:950
slavery and, I:523
on tariffs, II:983
Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, I:544
Dentsu, I:5
Denver, Colorado, I:192, 194
Denver Post, II:1003
Department of Agriculture. See
Agriculture Department (U.S.)
Department of Commerce. See
Commerce Department (U.S.)
Department of Energy. See Energy
Department (U.S.)
Department of Housing and Urban
Development. See Housing and
Urban Development Department
(U.S.)
Department of Justice. See Justice
Department (U.S.)
Department of the Interior. See
Interior Department (U.S.)
Department of the Treasury. See
Treasury Department (U.S.)
Department stores, I:238–39, I:239
J.C. Penney, II:777–78
Marshall Field, I:238, 314–15,
I:315
Montgomery Ward, II:662
Neiman Marcus, II:599–601
in retail industry, II:871
Sears, Roebuck and Co.,
II:901–5
Wal-Mart, II:1070–71, 1077–78
Woolworths, II:871
Depew, Chauncey, II:720

Deposit insurance, for credit
unions, I:224
Depository Institutions Deregulation
and Monetary Control Act (1980),
II:896, 897
Deposits, as bank reserves, II:846
Depreciation, I:239
Depression
economic (See Economic
depression)
Great (See Great Depression)
Deregulation
acquisitions and mergers
and, II:622
of airline industry, I:17–21, 210
of interstate commerce,
I:490–92
of railroad industry, II:1037
during Reaganomics, II:864
in rust belt, II:888–89
in 1970’s, I:210
in supply-side economics,
II:976
of telecommunications
industry, II:1053
of trucking industry, II:1020
of utilities, II:1052
Desdunes, Daniel, II:802
Desegregation. See Racial integration
Deseret. See Utah
Design patents, II:776
DeSoto automobile, I:165, 167
Detergents, by Proctor and
Gamble, II:823
Detroit, Michigan, I:68, II:629,
631–32
Devaluation, I:50, 72
Developing countries, in Cold
War, I:188
Development
of suburban areas, II:971–72
of urban areas (See City
planning)
Developmental disabilities, services
for, I:449–50
Devery, Bill, II:721
Devos, Richard, I:244–45
Diablo Canyon nuclear power
plant, II:741
Diamandis Communications Inc.,
II:1003
Diapers, disposable, I:537
Dickerson, O.M., II:621
Dickinson, John, I:10, II:1011
Dickson, William Kennedy
Laurie, I:285
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Dictating machines, I:278
DIDMCA. See Depository
Institutions Deregulation and
Monetary Control Act (1980)
Diesel engines, in fishing industry,
I:318–20, I:319
Diesel tractors, I:146
Dighton Academy, I:43
DiGiorgio Corporation, II:1039
Digital Audio Disk Corporation,
II:937
Digital audio tapes, II:937
Digital electronics, II:665
Digital Equipment Corporation,
II:963
Digital high-definition television,
II:862
Digital video disks, II:938
Digitora, II:1046
Diller, Barry, II:683
Dillon, John A., II:839
DiMaggio, Joe, II:722
Dingley Tariff Act (1897), I:174,
179, 245, II:983, 1035
Dinwiddie, Robert, I:346
Dionne, Joseph L., II:617–18
Diplomacy
big stick, I:95–96
dollar, I:250–52
Direct mail
financial services, II:623
retail industry, II:871
Direct marketing, I:5, II:1028–29
DIRECTV, I:66
Disability Rights Movement, I:450
Disabled
legislation for, I:246
Samuel Howe and, I:449–50
Discount rates, I:245–46
Discount stores, II:872
K-Mart, I:547
Wal-Mart (See Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc.)
Discover Card, II:905
Discovery and exploration
of Africa, II:1009
of Alaska, I:28–29
of Asia, II:1009
of Caribbean area, II:1010
of Latin America, II:1010
Lewis and Clark (See Lewis
and Clark Expedition)
of South America, II:1010
Treaty of Tordesillas and,
II:1009–10
Index
Discrimination, I:246. See also
specific types of discrimination,
e.g., Race discrimination
Dishwashers, II:613
Disincentives, I:246–47
Disk Operating System. See DOS
Diskman. See Compact disc players
Dismal Swamp, II:679
Disney, Walt Elias, I:45–46, I:247,
I:247–48, 287
Disney World, I:281, 325
Disneyland, I:45–46, 248, 287
Displaced Persons Act of
1948, I:467
Disposable diapers. See Diapers,
disposable
Disposable income, I:248–49
Disqualifying Act (1787), II:914
A Disquisition on Government,
II:981
Diversified Systems Division, of
Otis Elevator Company, II:761
Divestiture, of AT&T, I:63–66
Dividends, I:249, 291–92, II:963
Divine right of kings, II:944
Diving boats, I:353
Division of labor, I:249
international, I:198
in manufacturing, I:40–41
in mass production, II:608
Division of powers, I:313–14
Dix, Dorothea Lynde, I:249–50,
I:250
Dixies, in New Orleans, II:716
Dixon, Maynard, II:566
DJIA. See Dow Jones
industrial Average
Dodge, Henry, I:99
Dodge Caravan, I:165
Dodge City, Kansas, I:221–22
Dodge Corporation, I:67, 165, 167
Dodge Main factory, II:888
Dodge Revolutionary Union
Movement, II:888
DOE. See Energy Department (U.S.)
Dole, James D., I:424
Dole, Sanford B., I:424
Dollar diplomacy, I:250–52
Domestic service, women in, II:1121
Dominican Republic, I:468, II:657
Donald Duck, I:247, I:247–48
Dorrance, Arthur, I:136
Dorrance, John Thompson, I:136
DOS
from IBM, I:199
Stephen Case and, I:144
1171
 Index
DOT. See Transportation
Department (U.S.)
Doubleday, Abner, I:82
Douglas, Donald, I:21
Douglas, Stephen, I:350, 523, II:805
Douglass, Frederick, II:928, 1034
Dow, Charles Henry, I:252,
I:252–54, II:1075
Dow, Jones and Company, I:252,
I:252–53, II:683, 1003, 1074–75
Dow Chemical, I:238, II:631
Dow Jones Industrial Average,
I:252, I:252–54
Down payments, for mortgages,
II:669
Downsizing, I:216
Downtown districts. See Central
business districts
Doyle, Bernard, II:1028
Dr. Garfield and Associates, I:428
Draft, I:513, II:908, II:908–9
Drake, Edwin, I:98, II:786
Drake, Sir Francis
in Oregon, II:755
potatoes in Britain and,
II:815–16
Washington state and, II:1090
Dream City, I:45
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857),
I:208, 253–54, II:649
Dredges, II:959
Dreft detergent, II:823
Drew, Daniel, I:254–55, II:1058
Drew, Robinson, and Company,
I:254–55
Drew Seminary for Young
Ladies, I:255
Drew Theological Seminary, I:255
Drexel Burnham Lambert, I:517
Dried milk. See Powdered milk
Drills, I:97
Drive-in movies, I:69
DRM. See Disability Rights
Movement
Droughts
in Kansas, I:522
Native Americans and, II:944
in North Dakota, II:734
in Oklahoma, II:748
in South Dakota, II:941–43
in Texas, II:995
in Utah, II:1051
Drucker, Peter Ferdinand, I:255–56
Drug Enforcement Agency, I:461
Drugs
illegal, I:227, 459–62
1172
regulation of, II:843–45
Drugstores, II:788
DRUM. See Dodge Revolutionary
Union Movement
Dry farming, I:256–57
Dust Bowl from, I:264–66,
I:265
by Native Americans, II:943
on prairies, II:818
Du Bois, W.E.B., II:1094
du Pont, Alfred, I:258
du Pont, Éleuthère Irénée, I:235,
258–61, I:260
du Pont, Pierre S., I:258
du Pont, T. Coleman., I:235
Du Pont Chemical Corporation
antitrust legislation against,
II:654–55
Clayton Act and, II:655
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
Du Pont family
New Deal and, II:705
in U.S. Rubber Company,
II:1042
Duane, William, I:78
Dubinsky, David, II:1038
Dubuque, Julien, I:497
Duffy-Mott, I:42
Dukakis, Michael, II:610
Duke, Benjamin N., I:41
Duke, James Buchanan, I:41,
257–58, II:731, 916, 1007–8
Duke, Washington, I:41, II:1008
Duke Endowment, I:258
Duke of York
in New Jersey, II:710
in New Netherlands, II:715
in New York, II:718
Dumping (International Trade), of
steel, II:961
Dun and Bradstreet, II:724
Duncan, Sherman, and
Company, II:663
Duncan Foods, I:185
Dunlop, John Boyd, II:1005
Duplex Printing Company v.
Deering (1921), I:114, II:555–56
DuPont, Pierre, II:930
DuPont Company, I:235, 258–60,
II:1001, 1028, 1084
Dupont Highway, I:235
DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical
Company, I:259
Duquesne Amusement Supply
Company, II:1089
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Durable goods, I:208, 261–62
Duracell, I:376
Durant, Thomas Clark, I:43,
262–63, II:1036
Durant, William C., I:167, 263–64,
366, 530, II:631, 930
Durant Motors, I:264
Duryea, Charles, I:67, 94
Duryea, Frank, I:67
Duryea Motor Wagon
Company, I:68
Dust Bowl, I:256–57, 264–66, I:265
Dutch Mennonites, II:1054
Dutch West India Company, II:715
Duties, customs. See Customs duties
DVDs. See Digital video disks
Dwight D. Eisenhower System of
Interstate and Defense
Highways, I:493
Dymaxion Corporation, I:351–52
The Dynamic Firm: The Role of
Technology, Strategy,
Organizations, and Regions, I:155
Dynamometers, II:721
E
e-commerce. See Electronic
commerce
e-mail, I:199
E.A. Pierce and Company, II:624
Eads, James B., II:855
Eagle automobile, I:165
Eagle Credit, I:419
Earl S. Tupper Company, II:1028–29
Earl S. Tupper Research and
Conference Center, II:1029
Earle, George H., II:780
Early American Republic, I:267–70,
I:268, II:1078–82, II:1079
agriculture in, I:16
economy of, I:473–75, II:1082
state rights in, I:11–12
Earnings per share, II:819
Earp, Wyatt, I:221
Earthquakes
Alaskan pipeline and, I:31
in Missouri, II:646
San Franciso, I:135
East Texas Oil Fields, II:995
Eastern Airlines, I:19, 21, II:1024
Eastern Europe
command economy in, I:197
Marshall Plan and, II:604
Eastern Shore, II:1002

Eastern Woodlands Indians, I:164,
270, II:1078
Eastman, George, I:270–72,
I:271, II:1094
Eastman Chemical Products, I:273
Eastman Dry Plate Company, I:272
Eastman Kodak Company, I:271,
272–73, II:719, 871
Easton Branch Railroad, I:43, 44
Ebert, Horatio B., II:885
E.C. Knight Company, II:1045
ECA. See Economic Cooperation
Administration
ECOA. See Equal Credit
Opportunity Act
Econometric Society, II:900
Economic and Social Council, of
UN, II:1040
Economic assistance
dollar diplomacy in, I:250–51
to post-WW II Europe,
I:186–87, II:603–4
Economic Cooperation
Administration, II:604
Economic Cooperation and
Development, I:335
Economic depression. See also
Recessions
of 1836-1844, II:999
of 1870s in Nevada, II:700, 702
of 1890 in North Dakota, II:733
of early 1890s, in
Colorado, I:193
in colonial America, II:951–52
during American Revolution,
I:12
Great (See Great Depression)
national debt and, II:685
in New England, II:1000
after Panic of 1819, II:769
after Panic of 1837, II:770
after Panic of 1873, II:773
after Panic of 1893, II:773
Panic of 1907 and, II:771
vs. recessions, II:866
in Southern states, II:981
Economic development, I:275–76.
See also Industrial development
after the American Revolution,
I:506–8
from agriculture, I:16
in Alabama, I:22, 24
in Alaska, I:25–28
in Arizona, I:51
in Arkansas, I:53, 55
in California, I:133–36
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
colonial, II:909–12
in Colorado, I:192–94
in Connecticut, I:202–4
in Constitution, I:207–8
in Delaware, I:233, 235–36
externalitites in, I:300–301
federal involvement in,
I:273–75
in Florida, I:324–25
in Georgia, I:367, 369
Homestead Act and, I:178
in Idaho, I:457, 459
in Illinois, I:464, 465
in Indiana, I:475, 477
in Iowa, I:495, 497
in Kansas, I:520–22
in Kentucky, I:532–34
in Maine, II:598
in Maryland, II:605, 607
in Massachusetts, II:610
in Michigan, II:631–32
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
in New York, II:719, 720
in Oregon, II:757–58
over-production in, I:341
savings and, II:895–96
in 19th century, I:267–70, I:268
urbanization and, II:1048
in West Virginia, II:1104
after World War I, I:363
before World War I, I:362
Economic Development Incentive
Program, II:610
Economic forecasting, II:571–72
Economic growth, I:275–76. See
also Economic development
Economic Opportunity Act (1964),
I:276, 403, II:814
Economic Policy Institute, II:728
Economic recovery
after Civil War, I:179
after WW II, II:603–4
Economic Recovery Tax Act of
1981, I:239
Economic reform, Michael
Harrington on, I:421–22
Economic sanctions, by UN, II:1040
Economic Stabilization Program of
1971-1974, II:1070
Economic target areas, in
Massachusetts, II:610
Economic theory. See under specific
economists, e.g., Smith, Adam
Economics
circular flow of, I:168
market theories of, II:601–2
Index
models in, II:877–78
psychology and, II:1059–60
Reaganomics, I:211–12,
II:863–65
ripple effect in, II:879
sectionalism and, II:906–7
supply-side (See Supply-side
economics)
surplus in, II:976
trickle-down, II:863–65
Economies of scale, I:276–77
chain stores and, II:625
in monopolies, II:693
in steel industry, II:960
Economists. See specific economists,
e.g., Keynes, John Maynard
Economy
agricultural (See Agricultural
economy)
centrally planned, I:196
command, I:196–97
of early American Republic,
I:473–75, II:1082
global, I:377–78, II:955
during Great Depression,
I:394–95, I:395, 396,
I:396–98, I:397
instability of 1897-1920,
I:292–94
Internet and, I:488–89
underground, II:602
war (See War economy)
Economy (Utopian community),
II:1055
Edge cities, II:972
EDIP. See Economic Development
Incentive Program
Edison, Thomas Alva, I:277,
I:277–78, 534
electricity and, II:1052, 1107
founding General Electric,
II:719
inventions of, I:174
motion pictures and, II:670, 831
phonograph by, I:87
Edison Electric, I:278, II:719. See
also General Electric company
Edison General Electric
Company, I:364
Edison Universal Stock Printer,
I:277
Editorials, by Joseph Pulitzer, II:839
Edsel automobile, I:332
Education. See also Universities and
colleges
for African Americans, I:89–91,
II:1093–94
1173
 Index
in Alabama, I:24
discrimination in, I:170
Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50,
I:250
as human capital investment,
I:452–53
Kennedy/Johnson programs for,
I:402–3
Education opportunity zones, II:1047
Educational publishing, II:616–18
Educational reform, II:889
Educators, African Americans, I:142,
I:142–43, II:1093–94
EEC. See European Economic
Community
EEOC. See Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Efficiency (Business), I:277, 278–79
after WW I, II:1084
deregulation and, I:211
in factories, II:983–84
in present day, I:212
at UPS, II:1041
E.I. du Pont de Nemours &
Company, I:258–60
Eighteenth Amendment, I:119, I:279,
I:279–80, II:829, II:829. See also
Prohibition
temperance movement and,
II:987
Twenty-First Amendment
and, II:1030
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
on Andrew Higgins, I:441
annexation of Hawaii and, I:424
arms race and, I:56
on educational
discrimination, I:170
highway construction and, I:493
John Kenneth Galbraith
and, I:358
Korean War and, I:546
on labor unions, II:556
military-industrial complex and,
I:233, II:637
nuclear reactors and, II:739
The Papers of Dwight David
Eisenhower, I:155
Reconstruction Finance Corp.
and, II:868
St. Lawrence Seaway and,
II:892
Vietnam and, II:1063
WW II and, II:811, 812,
813, 1132
Eisenhower-Remon Treaty, II:768
Eisner, Michael, I:280–81
1174
Elderly
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
policy for, I:392–94, I:393
social security and (See Social
security)
Townsend clubs and, II:1010
Elections, presidential, I:359–60
Electra Glide, I:418
Electric arc furnaces, II:961
Electric cars, I:68, 367
Electric equipment, II:702
Electric light bulbs. See Light bulbs
Electric motors, I:364
Electric starters, autombile, I:366
Electric tools. See Power tools
Electric utilities, II:1052
growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832
Electrical energy, vs. nuclear
energy, II:739
Electricity
Benjamin Franklin and, I:339
George Westinghouse and,
II:1106–7
Rural Electrification
Administration and, II:888
Tennessee Valley Authority
and, II:991–92
Electromagnetism, Samuel Morse
and, II:667–68
Electronic commerce, I:199, 488–89,
II:653, 699–700, 872
Electronic Data Systems, I:367
Electronic funds transfer
systems, II:653
Electronic information resources,
II:617
Electronic mail, I:199
Electronic shopping. See Electronic
commerce
Electronics industry
in Alabama, I:24
in Arizona, I:53
in Colorado, I:193
in Florida, I:325
by General Motors Corporation,
I:366, 367
in Mississippi, II:645
in Missouri, II:648
in New Jersey, II:712
in Oregon, II:758
in Rhode Island, II:876
Sony Corporation and,
II:664–65
Elevated streetcars, II:967
Elevators, II:761–62, 1049
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Elevonic 101 elevator system, II:762
Eli Lilly, I:477, II:788
Elixirs, consumer protection
against, II:844
Elizabeth I, II:1065
Elkins, Stephen B., II:1104
Elkins Act (1903), I:274, 491
Elks Clubs, II:948
Ellington, Duke, I:122
Ellis, Samuel, I:281, I:281–83
Ellis Island, I:281, I:281–83, 466
Ellsworth Air Base, II:943
Elmer’s Glue, I:110
Els. See Elevated streetcars
Elysian Fields, I:82
Emancipation Proclamation, I:1, 156,
282–83, II:1001
‘‘Embalmed beef’’ scandal, II:844
Embargo Act of 1807, I:283, 284,
I:284, II:1087
Embargo Act of 1812, I:283
Embargoes, I:283–84
in early Republic, II:1081
during Napoleonic Wars, II:678
on oil, II:1052 (See also OPEC
oil embargo)
on textile, II:949
in Vermont, II:1060
against Vietnam, II:1065
Embassy Book Company Ltd.,
II:616
Embroidery, I:39
EMC Corporation, II:963
Emergency Banking Act (1933),
II:703
Emergency Conservation Work. See
Civilian Conservation Corps
Emergency Court of Appeals, I:284
Emergency Price Control Act
(1942), I:284–85, II:1069
Emergency Relief Act (1932), II:868
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
(1935), II:1129
Emergency Tariff Act (1921),
II:1035
Emergency Tariff Act (1924), II:831
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, I:120, 421
Emhart Corporation, I:97
Emigration and immigration,
I:465–67, I:466
after Civil War, I:174, 179–80
assimilation after, II:681
in Delaware, I:233
at Ellis Island, I:281, I:281–83
for factory work, II:846
to Massachusetts, II:610

vs. migrant workers, II:635
to Missouri, II:646
to Montana, II:661
to Nebraska, II:697
to New Hampshire, II:709
to New Jersey, II:710
to New Netherlands, II:715
to New York, II:718
to North Dakota, II:733
to Old Northwest, II:688
potatoes to America via, II:816
restriction of (See
Immigration law)
to Rhode Island, II:874,
876, 877
slums and, II:931, 932
urbanization and, II:1046,
1048, 1049
Warren G. Harding and, II:726
in West (See Westward
expansion)
to Wisconsin, II:1118
Emissions
regulation of, I:67
of sulfur dioxide, II:992
EMP Foundation. See Experience
Music Project Foundation
Empire Brushes, Rubbermaid
and, II:886
Employee benefits, I:349, 383
C.W. Post and, II:808, 809
at IBM, II:1097
at Proctor and Gamble,
II:822–23, 824
reform of, I:516
sick leave (See Sick leave)
Employee incentives. See Incentives
Employee motivation, I:470
Employee training
for fast food restaurants, I:548
in scientific management, II:901
Employers Reinsurance, I:364, 365
Employment. See also
Unemployment
after Prohibition, II:1030
civil rights in, I:246
deindustrialization effects
on, I:229
discrimination in, I:303,
II:1122–23
fair practices in, I:303–4, I:304
full (See Full employment
policies)
General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade, I:362–63
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
during Great Depression,
I:394–95, I:395, 396
in Keynes’ economic
theory, II:847
labor unions in (See
Labor unions)
medical leave in, I:305–6
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
part-time, I:212–13
practices, I:42
during recessions, II:866
in supply-side economics,
II:976
temporary, I:211–12
through Tennessee Valley
Authority, II:991–93
urban, I:372, I:373
in Vermont, II:1060, 1062
of women, II:1029
Employment Act (1946), I:124, 536
Employment discrimination, I:170
affirmative action and, I:6–7
by age, I:303
Employment Standards
Administration, I:304
Empowerment zones, in urban
renewal, II:1047
Encarta, II:634
Encomienda, I:285, II:692, 717
Encyclopedia of World Art, II:617
Energy, nuclear. See Nuclear energy
Energy crisis. See Energy shortages
Energy Department (U.S.), II:741
Energy Research and Development
Administration, II:739–40
Energy shortages, II:739,
751–53, 752, 815
aggregate supply during,
I:13–14
Engels, Friedrich, I:525
Engineering
Carrier Engineering
Corporation, I:141
CoAxial Systems Engineering
Company, II:1003
Compositek Engineering
Corporation, I:531
genetic, I:17
John Roebling in, II:881–82
Tokyo Telecommunications
Engineering Corporation,
II:664–65
Engines
diesel, I:318–20, I:319
Harley Davidson V-twin, I:417
jet, I:531
Index
marine, I:122
steam (See Steam engines)
V-8, I:366
England. See Great Britain
England’s Royal Society of
Arts, I:143
English Civil War, I:398
Enlightenment, I:508
Enola Gay (Airplane), I:105
Enterprise zones, in inner
cities, II:1047
Entertainment industry, I:285–88,
I:286
motion pictures and, II:670–71
Sony in, II:936
vaudeville (See Vaudeville)
in Washington state, II:1092
Entrepreneurship, I:288
in business cycles, II:899–900
Environmental protection. See also
Conservation
Clean Air Act, I:289, II:992
Clean Water Act, I:289
on emission regulation, I:67
TVA and, II:992
in Washington state, II:1092
wildlife and (See Wildlife
preservation)
Environmental Protection Agency,
I:211, 289, II:868
on smoking, II:1008
trucking industry and, II:1020
Environmentalism, I:288–90. See
also Conservation
in Alaska, I:27, 29–31
nuclear reactors and, II:740–41
in Oregon, II:758
recycling and, II:868–69
EOA. See Economic Opportunity
Act; Equal Opportunity Act
EPA. See Environmental
Protection Agency
EPCA. See Emergency Price
Control Act
Ephrata (Utopian community),
II:1054–55
EPI. See Economic Policy Institute
EPS. See Earnings per share
Equal Credit Opportunity Act,
II:1125
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, I:170, 303, 304,
II:1123, 1124
Equal Opportunity Act, I:290–91
Equal Pay Act (1963), I:246,
303, II:1123
Equilibrium price, II:818
1175
Index
Equipment
agricultural (See Agricultural
machinery)
automotive (See Automobile
equipment and supplies
industry)
commercial laundry, II:613
communications (See
Communications equipment)
electric, II:702
industrial (See Industrial
equipment)
lawn and garden, I:97
office (See Office equipment
and supplies)
as personal property, II:819
sports, I:83–84, 122, II:936
transportation (See
Transportation equipment
industry)
Equity, I:291–92
Equity securities, II:673–74
ERA. See Emergency Relief
Act (1932)
Erburu, Robert, II:1004
ERDA. See Energy Research and
Development Administration
Erdman Act (1898), II:1143
Ericsson, John, I:499
Ericsson, Leif, II:553
Erie Canal, II:891
building of, I:294–96, I:295
Michigan development and,
II:629
New York Central Railroad
and, II:720
New York development
and, II:718
Ohio Valley and, II:747
Old Northwest and, II:750
success of, I:267
Erie Railroad, I:254, 386–87,
I:387, II:1058
Erie War, I:254
Erosion, soil. See Soil erosion
Erskine, Albert Russell, II:969
Escalators, II:762
Eskimos
in Alaska, I:28
land rights of, I:29–30
Espy, Mike, II:1031
Esso, II:954
Estee Lauder, Inc., II:568
ETAs. See Economic target areas
Ethnic diversity. See
Multiculturalism
1176
Ethnic groups, neighborhoods
for, II:1049
Ettor, Joseph J., II:850
Euro Disney, I:281
Europe
airline routes to, II:1019
economic recovery in, after
WW II, II:603–4
Marshall Plan and, II:811
Monroe Doctrine and,
II:656–58, 659
in NATO, II:729, 730
Open Door Policy and,
II:753–54
potatoes introduced to, II:815
European automobiles, I:366
European Economic Community,
I:341
European loans, I:296–97
European Recovery Program. See
Marshall Plan
Evans, Oliver, I:297–98
Evers, Medgar, I:170
Evolution, teaching of, II:990. See
also Darwinism
Examinations, civil service, II:950
Exchange rates. See Foreign
exchange
Exchange Stabilization Fund, II:627
Excise taxes, I:298–99
Executive Order 8802, II:859
Executive Order 9981, II:859
Executive Order 11246, I:6
Exemptions, from custom
duties, I:227
Exercise equipment, I:122
Existentialism, publishing industry
and, I:544
Exodusters, I:299
Expansionism. See Imperialism
Expansionists, I:299–300. See also
Westward expansion
Expenses
profit and, II:827
vs. revenue, II:872
Experience Music Project
Foundation, I:32
Explorer browser, by Microsoft, I:48
Explorer I, II:945
Explosives, I:58, 233, 235, 258
Exports, I:300
agricultural, I:16, 17
in American Revolution, I:11
in colonial America, II:1006
colonial reliance on
Britain, I:12
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
in early Republic, II:1080
effect on Asian finance, I:59
Embargo Act and, I:284
expansion policies in, I:389
impact of NAFTA on,
II:727, 728
impact of Navigation Acts
on, II:695
during Napoleonic Wars,
II:677–78
as naval stores, II:694
quotas on, II:848
Report on Manufacturers
and, II:870
restraints on, II:833
from Rhode Island, II:874
in textile industry, I:363
of tobacco, II:1006
Externalitites, I:300
Exxon Corporation, I:300–302,
II:786, 787, 954. See also Standard
Oil Company
merger with Mobil, I:210
oil spill by, I:27, 300, 301
Exxon Valdez, I:27, 300, 301
Eye Care Centers of America, II:905
Eye glasses, I:339
F
FAA. See Federal Aviation
Administration
Fabulous 40’s, II:803
Factories. See also Industrialization
after Civil War, II:1027
child labor in, I:160–61, I:161
efficiency in, II:983–84
mass production in, II:608
during Napoleonic Wars, II:678
in New Hampshire, II:709
in New York, II:718
for Pullman cars, II:841
vs. putting-out system, II:846
reinforced concrete in, II:870
in Rhode Island, II:874, 876,
892–94, 924–25
in rust belt, II:888–89
Samuel Slater and,
II:892–94, 949
sugar, II:973
in textile industry, II:999
urbanization and, II:1048
women in, II:718, 1124
working conditions in, I:426,
II:1127–28

in WW II, women in, II:884,
II:884–85
Factory Girls Association, II:590
Fair Employment Practices
Commission, II:1022
Fair Employment Practices
Committee, I:121, II:859
Fair Housing Act (1968), I:373, 511
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938),
I:162, 303–4, I:304, I:524–25,
II:556, 638, 703
Fairbanks Scale Company, II:938
Fairfax Resolves, II:1095
Fairless, Benjamin, II:1044
Fallam, Robert, II:1102
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, I:304–5,
475, II:1115
Families
industrialization and, II:1124
medical leave for, I:305–6
Family and Medical Leave Act
(1993), I:305–6
Family Assistance Plan, II:1100
Family channel, I:287
Family Medical Leave Clarification
Act, I:306
Family Support Act of 1988, II:935
Famine, relief for, I:414
Fans, by General Electric, I:364
Fansler, Percival E., I:20, 21
Fanta (Soda), I:185
FAP. See Family Assistance Plan
Far Western Indians, I:306
Fargo, William G., II:1101
Farm Bloc, in 1920’s, II:832
Farm Credit Administration, I:306–7
Farm Credit System, I:306–7
Farm equipment. See Agricultural
machinery
Farm Equipment Workers, II:851
Farm Holiday Association, I:309
Farm laborers. See Agricultural
laborers
Farm loans, I:242, 306, 374
Farm machinery. See Agricultural
machinery
Farm mechanization, I:14, 16, 292,
II:1075–76
Farm products, industrial
applications for, I:142–43
Farm protest movements, I:307–9
Farm Security Administration, II:703
Farm workers. See Agricultural
laborers
Farmall tractor, I:15
Farmer-Labor Party, II:639, 641
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Farmers. See also Farming
during the 1920s, I:240
foreclosure protection of,
I:275, 394
Irish tenant, I:114
John Hancock and, I:416
loans for, I:306, 374
Paleo-Indians as, II:765
on prairies, II:818
protest movements of, I:307–9
sole proprietorships for, II:936
Farmers’ Alliance, I:307–9
federal involvement and, I:274
Henry Wallace in, II:1076
Kentucky and, I:533
overproduction and, I:16
platform of, I:490
populism and, I:522, II:686,
805–6
Farmers cooperative stores. See
Cooperatives
Farmers’ Holiday Association,
I:498, II:782
Farmers’ Protective Association,
II:1076
Farmers Regional Cooperative,
II:562
Farming, I:16–17. See also
Agricultural economy;
Agriculture; Crops
after WW II, II:810
cotton (See Cotton growing)
dry (See Dry farming)
electricity in, II:888
vs. factory jobs, II:1127
government policy on (See
Agricultural policy)
government subsidies on,
I:389, 390
Greenback Party and, I:404–5
in Idaho, I:457, 459
in Illinois, I:464–65
by immigrants, II:941
in Indiana, I:475, 477
industrialization’s effect on,
I:479, 481–82
in Iowa, I:495, 497–98
in Kansas, I:521–22
in Kentucky, I:532–34
in Louisiana, II:584
by Native Americans, II:943–44
New Deal and, II:883
price drops in, I:340
railroads and, I:497, II:854
rice (See Rice industry)
in 1920’s, II:831, 832
Index
strikes, I:394–95
sugar (See Sugar industry)
techniques in, I:106–7
technological advances in (See
Agricultural innovations)
tenant (See Tenant farming)
in Texas, II:995
westward expansion for,
II:574, 576
Farms. See also Farming
bonanza, I:106–7
increase in, I:16, 17
Farnum, Henry, I:262
Farragut, David, II:717
Farrell, Frank, II:721
Farwell, Field, and Company, I:315
FAS. See Federation of American
Scientists
Fashion shows, Neiman Marcus
and, II:600
Fast food restaurants
assembly lines, I:548
employee training programs
for, I:548
franchises, I:338, 548
MacDonald’s, I:548–459
Fasteners, I:97
Faucets, I:97
FBI. See Federal Bureau of
Investigation
FCA. See Farm Credit
Administration
FCC. See Federal Communications
Commission
FDA. See Food and Drug
Administration
FDIC. See Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation
FDIC Improvement Act (1991),
I:310
FE. See Farm Equipment Workers
Featherstonhaugh, George W., II:720
Fed Ex. See Federal Express
Corporation
Federal Advisory Council, I:311
Federal Aid Highway Act
(1938), I:492
Federal Aid Highway Act
(1944), I:493
Federal Aid Highway Act
(1952), I:493
Federal Aid Highway Act
(1954), I:493
Federal Aid Highway Act
(1956), I:493
Federal Aviation Administration
on air traffic control, I:17, 18
1177
 Index
deregulation and, I:210
Western Union and, II:1106
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Armand Hammer and, I:415
control of mafia by, I:279
the war on drugs and, I:461
weapons smuggling and, I:462
Federal Communications
Commission, I:287, 492
investigation of AT&T by,
I:64, II:655
radio and, II:681, 852
Federal Credit Union Act
(1934), I:224
Federal debt. See National debt
Federal deposit insurance. See
Deposit insurance
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation, I:242, 310, 377,
II:703, 704, 897
Federal Economy Act (1932),
II:1122
Federal Emergency Management
Agency, II:743
Federal Emergency Relief
Administration, I:275, 446,
II:703, 704
Federal Employee’s Retirement
System, II:783
Federal Express Corporation, vs.
UPS, II:1041
Federal Farm Board, I:388, II:832
Federal government
agencies of (See names of
specific agencies)
agricultural subsidies of,
I:16–17
in air mail service, I:20–21
airline regulation by, I:19, 21
under Articles of Confederation
(See Articles of
Confederation)
Congress (See Congress of the
United States)
under Constitution, I:10, I:12
Continental Congresses as (See
Continental Congress)
effect on supply and
demand, I:13
Louisiana Purchase by,
II:587–88
in market revolution, II:602
public land and, II:563
in Utah, II:1052
Federal Highway Act, I:69
Federal Highway Administrator,
I:493
1178
Federal Home Loan Bank Act, I:241
Federal Home Loan Bank
Board, II:897
Federal Insurance Contribution
Act, II:783
Federal Labor Relations Authority,
I:172–73
Federal Land Banks, I:241
Federal Office of Education of
Negroes, I:91
Federal Open Market Committee,
I:245, 246, 312
Federal Radio Commission,
I:286, II:853
Federal Railroad Administration,
I:310–11
Federal regulations. See Government
regulations
Federal Reserve Act (1913), I:293,
311–12, 313, II:681, 772, 846
Federal Reserve banks, I:274,
II:772, 846
discount rates and, I:245–46
FDIC and, I:310
prime rate and, II:819
Western Union and, II:1106
Federal Reserve Board. See also
Federal Reserve System
Alan Greenspan and, I:405–6,
I:406
creation of, II:1117
monetary theory and, II:652
money supply and, II:653
Federal Reserve District, I:312
Federal Reserve Notes, I:293, II:772
Federal Reserve System, I:152,
312–13, I:313, II:580, 772. See
also Federal Reserve Board
federal involvement and, I:274
interest rates and, I:223
Jacob Coxey on, I:223
Nelson Aldrich and, II:876
purpose of, I:293
in stock market crash of
1929, II:965
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance
Corporation, I:310, II:897
Federal Slitting Mill, II:590
Federal Tariff Commission, II:980
Federal Trade Commission,
I:531–32, II:832, 916
creation of, I:182, II:581, 655,
656, 1026, 1117
Microsoft and, II:634
Packers and Stockyards Act
and, II:765
Xerox Co. and, II:1026
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Federal Trade Commission Act
(1914), I:293, II:1026
Federalism, I:313–14. See also
Federal government
Alexander Hamilton and,
I:413–14, II:1081
constitutional ratification
and, I:12
in Massachusetts, II:609
public lands and, I:390–91
The Federalist Papers, I:412,
413, II:948
Federated Metals Incorporated, I:40
Federation of American
Scientists, I:462
Federation of Organized Trade and
Labor Unions. See American
Federation of Labor
Fellowship of Reconciliation, II:1001
FEMA. See Federal Emergency
Management Agency
Female Labor Reform
Association, II:590
The Feminine Mystique,
II:1123, 1124
Feminism. See Women’s movement
FEPC. See Fair Employment
Practices Commission
FERA. See Federal Emergency
Relief Administration
Ferber, Edna, on Gertrude
Lane, II:564
Ferdinand, Franz, II:1129
Ferries, II:959
Ferris, George W. Gale, I:45
Ferris wheels, I:45
FERS. See Federal Employee’s
Retirement System
Fessenden, Reginald, II:852
FHA. See Farm Holiday Association
FHLBB. See Federal Home Loan
Bank Board
Fiberglass, II:799
Fibers, synthetic, I:258, 260, II:1000
FICA. See Federal Insurance
Contribution Act
FICA taxes, I:393
Field, Benjamin, II:840
Field, Cyrus W., II:668, 1014, 1105
Field, Leiter, I:315
Field, Marshall, I:238, 314–15, I:315
Field and Stream, II:1003
Field Museum of Natural
History, I:315
Fields, W.C., II:1059
Fifteen Passenger Act (1879), I:163

Fifteenth Amendment, I:316, II:801,
802, 867, 1001
Nineteenth Amendment and,
II:724
poll tax and, II:804
reentry to the Union and, I:316
Fifth Amendment, minimum wage
laws and, II:638
Fifth Avenue (Automobile), I:165
Filene, Edward, I:224
Filene’s, II:901
Filling stations. See Service stations
(Motor vehicles)
Fillmore, Millard
Fugitive Slave Act and, I:350
Japan and, I:505–6
Film industry. See Motion pictures
Films. See Motion Pictures
Finance Authority of Maine, II:598
Financial analysis, price-earnings
ratio and, II:819
Financial crises
Asian, I:59–60
depressions (See Economic
depression)
history of, I:316
panics (See terms beginning
with Panic)
recessions (See Recessions)
Financial Institutions Rescue,
Recovery, and Enforcement Act
(1989), II:897, 898
Financial News Network, II:683
Financial services industry
Amasa Walker in, II:1071–72
direct mail in, II:623
Merrill, Lynch and, II:623–25
in Minnesota, II:641
in New York, II:719, 720
in North Carolina, II:732
in Pennsylvania, II:779–80
Financial World, I:155
Findley, John, I:107
Fire prevention, II:1016
Fire-resistant clothing, I:259
Firearms industry, I:194–96, I:195,
II:950–51
in Connecticut, I:202, 203
mass production in, II:608
Remington/Colt, I:420
Firefly, Microsoft Corporation
and, II:634
Fires
Great Chicago (See Chicago
Fire of 1871)
in New Orleans, II:716
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
at Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
(See Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory)
Fireside Chats, II:681, 852
Firestone, Harvey Samuel, I:317–18
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company,
I:317–18, II:1005
Firewood, I:435
FIRREA. See Financial Institutions
Rescue, Recovery, and
Enforcement Act (1989)
First Bank of the United States, I:76,
150–51, 274, II:602, 957
Alexander Hamilton and, I:76,
311, 413, II:1079
Andrew Jackson and, I:76,
77–78, 94–95, 504, II:770
bank war, I:77–78
money supply and, II:653
Nicholas Biddle, I:94–95
Panic of 1819 and, II:768
in Philadelphia, II:779
First Continental Congress, I:10, 495
First Navigation Act (1651), II:694
First Union bank, I:210
Fiscal policy, I:318
aggregate demand and, I:13
business cycles and, I:132
Fish, Frederick, II:969
Fish and Wildlife Service,
II:1115–16
Fish industry
in Alaska, I:27
environmentalism and, I:289
in Oregon, II:757
Fisher, Irving, II:966
Fisher, Joshua, II:924
Fisher, Shelton, II:617
Fisheries, I:318–20, I:319
in Alaska, I:27, 28
in Delaware, I:233
Grand Banks in, I:392
loans in, I:374
in Maine, II:597, 598
in Massachusetts, II:608–9, 610
in New England, I:177
in Oregon, II:758
Fishing, by Native Americans, II:738
Fishing equipment, I:122
Fisk, James, I:254, II:879–80
Fitch, John, II:959, 962
Fitzgerald, George, II:850
Five Civilized Tribes, I:320,
II:1013–14
Cherokees (See Cherokees)
Chickasaws (See Chickasaws)
Index
Choctaws (See Choctaws)
Creeks (See Creeks (Native
Americans))
Native American policy
and, II:690
Seminoles, I:320, II:749,
1013–14
Fixed income, I:320
Fixed rate mortgages, II:669
Flagler, Henry, I:301, 324, II:954
Flappers, II:1007
Flat tax, I:320–22, II:924
Flatiron building, I:129
Fleetwood, Moses, I:83
Fleming, Peter, II:720
Fletcher v. Peck (1810), I:207
Flight control systems, I:18
Flint, Charles Ranlett, I:485, II:1042
Flivver. See Model T automobile
Float glass, II:800
Floppy discs, design of, II:1134
Florida, I:322–25, I:323
Department of Environmental
Protection, I:325
Native Americans in, II:1014
from Old Southwest, II:751
right-to-work laws in, II:879
slavery in, II:928
Florida (Confederate warship), I:25
Flour milling, I:267
Flour-mills, II:585
FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards
Act (1938)
Flying Cloud (Ship), I:182
FM transmission
by General Electric, I:364
by Zenith, II:1145
FMLA. See Family and Medical
Leave Act (1993)
FNN. See Financial News Network
Folsom culture, I:183, II:765
FOMC. See Federal Open Market
Committee
Food
during the Great Depression,
I:239–41, I:243
labeling of, II:843–45
price regulation of, I:284
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(1938), II:788, 845
Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and
Allied Workers, II:851
Food additives
causing allergies, II:886–87
dangers of, II:677
regulation of, II:844–45
1179
 Index
Food Administration, I:294
Food and Drug Administration,
I:293, II:845
pharmaceutical industry and,
II:788
Food colorings, regulation of, II:844
Food containers, Pure Food and
Drug Act and, II:844–45
Food industry. See also Farming
Borden Incorporated,
I:109–10, 137
Campbell, I:431, II:886–87
chocolate (See Chocolate
industry)
in Florida, I:325
Gerber, I:370–71, I:371, I:431
Heinz, I:430–32, I:431
Kellogg, I:526–30
Land O’Lakes, Inc., II:561–63
meat (See Meat industry)
Nabisco Foods Group,
II:675–76
regulation of, II:843–45
Food preservatives, regulation
of, II:844
Food processing industry, I:325–27
in Idaho, I:459
in Iowa, I:498
in Maine, II:598
in Minnesota, II:641
in Pennsylvania, II:780
reform in, II:920–21
Tyson Foods, Inc., II:1031–32
Food stamps, I:291, 327, I:328
Food waste disposers, II:613
Football, I:436, II:1024
Foote, Cone & Belding, I:4,
5, II:567
Footwear, rubber. See Rubber
footwear
Footwear industry. See Shoe and
footwear industry
Forbes, I:327–29
Forbes, Malcom Stevenson, I:327–29
Force Bill (1833), I:551, II:982
Ford, Davis, and Bacon, II:1044
Ford, Gerald R.
deregulation by, I:210
disbanding Atomic Energy
Commission, II:739–40
Ronald Reagan and, II:863
Ford, Henry, I:60, 329–30,
I:330, II:608
Alfred P. Sloan and, II:930, 931
assembly line and, I:279
Ford Motor Company, I:331–32
1180
Frederick Winston Taylor
and, II:983
gasoline-powered tractors
and, I:15
in labor relations, II:833
labor unions and, II:554
life of, I:329–30, I:330
Model T and, II:650–51
petroleum industry and, II:786
in 1920’s, II:831
Thomas Edison and, I:278
Ford, Henry II, I:455
Ford, John B., II:799
Ford Credit, I:331
Ford F-Series trucks, I:332
Ford Motor Company, I:330,
I:331–33
assembly line in, I:60
assembly plant in Missouri,
II:648
efficiency of, II:983
vs. General Motors, II:930
Henry Ford and (See
Ford, Henry)
Lee Iacocca and, I:455
mass production and, II:608
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
Model T and (See Model T
automobile)
R & D labs for, II:871
Studebaker and, II:969
TQM and, I:238
unionization of, II:554
U.S. Rubber Company and,
II:1042
using scientific management,
II:901
wheels for, I:530–31
wrongful death suits
against, I:332
“Fordism,” II:931
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act
(1922), I:333, II:831, 1035
Fordson tractor, I:15
Foreclosures. See also Bankruptcy
on farms, I:309
mortgages and, II:669
Foreign affairs. See International
relations
Foreign aid. See Economic
assistance
Foreign coins, circulation of, II:642
Foreign competition, in automotive
industry, I:334
Foreign exchange, I:298
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
money and, II:653
UN and, II:1040
Foreign immigrants. See Immigrants
Foreign investments, I:468–69. See
also International trade
after Civil War, I:175
direct, I:335
in U. S. companies abroad,
I:335–36
in the United States, I:333–35
Foreign laboratories, in automotive
industry, I:334
Foreign markets. See
International markets
Foreign policy. See International
relations
Foreign trade. See International trade
Forest conservation, II:593. See also
Reforestation
Gifford Pinchot and, II:794–95
in Oregon, II:757–58
Forest management, II:794
Forest Practices Act (1971), II:758
Forest products industry, II:591–93.
See also Lumber industry
in Alabama, I:24
in Alaska, I:27
in Arizona, I:51
in Arkansas, I:55, 56
in Florida, I:324
in Idaho, I:459
in Maine, II:597
in Michigan, II:631
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
in Mississippi, II:645
in Missouri, II:648
in Pennsylvania, II:778, 780
in Washington state, II:1092
Weyerhaeuser Company in,
II:1110–11
wood products, I:354
Forest reserves, II:593
Forest Service (U.S.), II:978
action on Dust Bowl
from, I:266
Division of Forestry, II:593
Gifford Pinchot as head
of, II:794
river protection by, II:1115–16
Forests, in Georgia, I:369
Formosa Bakery (Mexico), II:675
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, I:551
Fort Boonesborough, I:532
Fort Gibson, II:1013
Fort Howard Paper, II:1120
Fort Miami, I:304

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, I:297, 304
Fort Wayne, Treaty of, II:985
FORTRAN, for personal computers,
II:632, 633
Fortune Brands, I:42
Forward market, I:197
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, II:934
Foster, Rube, I:83
Foster Grandparents, II:1099
The Fountainhead, II:857, 858
401(k) plans, II:783
Fourdrinier, Henry, II:774
Fourdrinier, Sealy, II:774
Fourier, Charles, II:1055
Fourteenth Amendment, I:336–37
adoption of, I:314
Black Codes and, I:98
Civil Rights Act of 1866
and, II:867
Dred Scott case and, I:208
federal/state legislation and,
I:169
Plessy v. Ferguson and,
II:801–2
reentry to the Union and, I:316
Thirteenth Amendment and,
II:1001
women’s rights and, II:1124
Fox Indians, I:99–100
Fox Network, I:287
FRA. See Federal Railroad
Administration
Fractional reserve system, I:337
France
in American Revolution, I:37
embargo against, I:283
laissez-faire in, II:561
Louisiana and, II:642, 645, 716
Mississippi territory and,
II:644, 645
Missouri and, II:646
Texas and, II:997
trade restrictions with, II:1087
Vietnam and, II:1063
Franchise Associates, Inc., I:449
Franchises, I:338
fast food restaurants, I:548
Howard Johnson’s, I:448
Francis Case Lake, II:943
Franciscan friars, I:51
Franklin, Benjamin, I:338, I:338–39,
II:928, 1011
minister of France, I:509
at Second Continental
Congress, I:213
on westward expansion, I:495
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Franklin Life Insurance, I:42
Fraud, in securities industry, II:907
Frazer, Joseph, I:519
FRB. See Federal Reserve Banks
FRC. See Federal Radio Commission
Frears bakery (England), II:675
Free enterprise, I:339–40
Adam Smith on, II:579–80, 933
after WW I, II:1084
laissez-faire and, II:561
price and, II:818
private property rights in, II:819
private sector in, II:820
resources for, II:1108
in supply-side economics,
II:976
Free market. See Free enterprise
Free silver, I:340, II:806. See also
Silver coins
gold standard and, I:380–82
Greenback Party and, I:404–5
in monetary systems, I:102,
123, 245, 340
Nevada and, II:701
Free Soil party, I:1, 156
Amasa Walker in, II:1072
John Brown and, I:420
on public lands, I:442, 444
Free trade, I:340–42
John Keynes and, I:534–35
NAFTA and, II:728, 729
during Napoleonic Wars,
II:677–78
Freed slaves, in Liberia, II:581
Freedmen’s Bureau, I:343,
I:343–44, II:867
Freedom of religion, II:737
Freedom of speech
for labor unions, II:979
Louis Dembitz Brandeis
and, I:117
Freedom Rides, I:170, 202
Freedom to Farm Act (1996), I:210
Freeman, Daniel, I:444
Freeze-drying, I:326
Freight
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
by steamboats, I:267
Freight transportation industry. See
Shipping industry
Frémont, John C., I:192,
344–46, II:759
in Nevada, II:700
Oregon Trail and, II:760
Fremont Canning Company, I:370
Index
French and Hecht, Inc., I:531
French and Indian War, I:340,
346–48, I:347
Britain’s war debt from, I:10,
35–36
British role in, I:112
George Washington in, II:1095
Indiana after, I:475
Iroquois and, I:499
Louisiana after, II:584
mercantilism after, II:621
Mississippi River and, II:645
Missouri and, II:646
in New France, II:707
Ohio after, II:743
Ohio Valley and, II:747
Stamp Act and, II:951
Sugar Act and, II:973
Virginia in, II:1066
westward expansion after, I:495
Wisconsin and, II:1118
French Canadians, Native American
conflicts with, I:304
French colonialism, Louisiana
and, II:584
French exploration
Alabama and, I:22
in Colorado, I:192
in Wisconsin, II:1118
French Revolution, I:506,
II:1080, 1087
French West Indies, II:1017–18
Frequency modulaton transmission.
See FM transmission
Frequent flyer programs, I:19–20
Fresca (Soda), I:185
Freud, Sigmund, I:544
Frick, Henry Clay, I:443, II:960
Friedan, Betty, II:1123, 1124, 1125
Friedman, Milton, I:13, 348–49,
II:864
opportunity cost and, II:755
theories of money and, II:847
Fringe benefits, I:349
Frobisher, Martin, II:738
Frobisher Bay, II:738
Fruehauf Corporation, I:531
Fruit crops, I:135, 389
in Florida, I:324, 325
in Georgia, I:369
Fruit juices, I:185
Fruitopia, I:185
FSA. See Farm Security
Administration
FSLIC. See Federal Savings and
Loan Insurance Corporation
1181
Index
FTA. See Food, Tobacco,
Agricultural and Allied Workers
FTC. See Federal Trade Commission
Fuel Administration, I:294
Fuels
from Exxon Corporation,
I:301–2
Hill, Griggs and Company,
I:435
petroleum, I:98–99
price regulation of, I:284
whaling industry and, I:423
wood as, II:592
Fugitive Slave Act (1793), I:350
Fugitive Slave Act (1796), II:679–80
Fugitive Slave Act (1850),
I:349–51, II:1033
Fugitive slaves
attorney for, I:156
black market and, I:100
Fugitive Slave Acts, I:349–50,
II:679–80, 1033
underground railroad and,
II:1033
Full Employment Act, I:313, 351
Full employment policies, I:313,
351, II:1035–36
Fuller, Margaret, I:120
Fuller, Richard Buckminster, Jr.,
I:351–53, I:352
Fulton, Robert, I:353–54, II:959,
962, 1057
Funding, of UN, II:1040
Fur trade
in Alaska, I:28
canals and, II:891
during colonial peirod, II:911
in Illinois, I:462
Lewis and Clark Expedition
and, II:576
in Massachusetts, II:608
in Minnesota, II:639
in Missouri, II:646, 648
on Missouri River, II:649
in Montana, II:659, 660
with Native Americans, II:693
in Nebraska, II:696
in New France, II:707
in New Netherlands, II:715
in New Sweden, II:717
in New York, II:718
in North Dakota, II:733
in Ohio Valley, II:747
in Oregon, II:757
in Oregon Country, II:758
on Oregon Trail, II:760
1182
in Washington state, II:1090
in Wisconsin, II:1118
in Wyoming, II:1139
Furnaces
basic oxygen, II:960
electric arc, II:961
Furniture industry, I:354–55, I:355
expanded use of, I:261
by Gerber, I:370
in North Carolina, II:732
Sears, Roebuck and Company
in, II:905
Fuses, I:97
Futures markets, I:197
F.W. Dodge Corporation, II:617
G prices in the 1970s, I:67
Gadsden, James, I:357
Gadsden Purchase, I:51, 357, II:598
Gagarin, Yury, II:945
Gage, Thomas, I:494
Gail, John, I:109
Gaines Pet Food, II:809
Galbraith, John Kenneth,
I:357–59, II:814
Gale, Leonard, II:668, 986
Galena and Chicago Union
Railroad, II:854
Gallatin, Albert, II:688, 1087
Gallman, Robert E., I:276
Gallup, George Horace, I:359–60
Gama, Vasco da, II:1010
Gamble, James, II:821–22, 824
Gambling industry
in Louisiana, II:586
in Nevada, II:702
Pinkerton National Detective
Agency and, II:797
vs. speculation, II:949
Gambs, John S., I:358
Games
computer, I:199
video, II:938
Gamesa (Mexico), II:676
Gaming industry. See Gambling
industry
Gandhi, Mohandas, I:143, 539
Garden tools, I:97
Garfield, James A.
assassination of, II:950
Marcus Alonzo Hanna and,
I:417
Garn-St. Germain Act (1982),
II:896–97
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Garner-Warner Act, I:241
Garrison, Cornelius K., II:1058
Garrison, William Lloyd, I:1,
II:928–29
Garrison Dam, II:734
Garvey, Marcus, I:400
Gary, Elbert H., II:960, 1044
Gas, natural. See Natural gas
Gas leases. See Oil and gas leases
Gasoline
demand for, II:998
from Exxon Corporation,
I:301–2
from Firestone, I:317
OPEC oil embargo and,
II:751–52, II:752
in petroleum industry, II:786
processing of, II:998
rationing of, II:860
from Standard Oil Co., II:954
subcompact automobiles
and, I:332
Gates, Bill, I:360–62, I:361,
II:632–34
DOS and, I:199
Internet and, I:488
Microsoft and, I:288
Paul Gardner Allen and,
I:31–32
Steve Jobs and, I:512
Warren Buffet and, I:127
Gates, Horatio, I:37
GATT. See General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
Gauchos, I:85, 147
Gaudette, Frank, II:634
Gauge Act (1846), II:854
Gayle v. Browder (1956), I:170
GDP. See Gross domestic product
GE. See General Electric Company
GE Information Services, II:699
Gehrig, Lou, II:722
Gelatin, Albert, II:588
Gemini space program, II:946
Gender discrimination. See Sex
discrimination
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade, I:362–64, 389, II:658, 728,
811, 834, 983
General Allotment Act (1887),
II:690
General Assembly, of UN, II:1040
General Electric Company, I:364–66,
I:365
antitrust action against, II:655

Edison Electric as, II:719
GE Information Services, II:699
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
NBC and, II:681, 683
photographic products by, I:273
R & D labs for, II:871
RCA-Victor and, II:860–61
General equilibrium theory, II:571
General Foods Corporation,
II:641, 808, 809
General Land Office, I:99
General Maximum Price
Regulation, II:743
General Mills, Inc., I:327, II:1004
General Motors, I:67, 366–67, 477
Alfred P. Sloan in, II:929–31
antitrust action and, II:655
assembly plant in Missouri,
II:648
automobile safety and, II:677
vs. DuPont, I:258–59
vs. Ford Motor Company, I:331
managerial revolution at,
II:1001
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
in Ohio, II:746
Oldsmobile Division, I:67
R & D labs for, II:871
sit-down strikes against, II:923
Studebaker and, II:969
TQM and, I:238
U.S. Rubber Company and,
II:1042
William Durant and, I:263–64
General Paper Company, I:529
General strikes. See Strikes
Generic drugs, II:788
Genetic engineering, I:17
Geneva Arbitration, I:25
Gentlemen’s Agreement, I:466
Geodesic domes, I:352
George H. Burr and
Company, II:623
George III, I:38, 213, II:1011
Stamp Act of 1765 and,
II:951, 952
George Peabody Company, II:663
George Washington Carver, Scientist
and Symbol, I:143
Georgia, I:367–70, I:368
during American Colonial
period, II:939
Cherokees in, II:1014
as proprietary colony, I:191
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
rice in, II:878
Sherman’s march through,
II:917–18
slavery in, II:928
Gerard, James W., II:1089
Gerber, Daniel, I:370
Gerber, Dorothy, I:370
Gerber, Frank, I:370
Gerber Foods, I:431
Gerber Products Company, I:370–71,
I:371
German Americans, in
Wisconsin, II:1118
German laborers, great migration
and, I:399
Germantown Statement, II:928
Germany
embargo against, I:283
missile development by,
II:944–45
war reparations from, I:362
in WW I, II:1129–30
in WW II, I:57
Gerstner, Louis, I:486, II:676
Gesner, Abraham, I:534, II:786
Getty, Jean Paul, I:371–72
Getty Oil Company, I:372
Ghent, Treaty of, II:1087, 1088
Ghettos, I:372–73, I:373. See also
Inner cities
GI Bill, I:243, 373–74, II:811
Giannini, Amadeo Peter, I:374–75
Giant Enterprises: Ford, General
Motors, and the Automotive
Industry, I:155
Gibbons, Thomas, II:1057
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), I:207
Gide, Andre, I:544
Gifford, Walter S, I:64
Gila City, I:51
Gilbreth, Frank, II:901
Gilded Age, I:205
Gillette, King Camp, I:375–77
Gillette Blue Blade, I:375
Gillette Company, I:127, 375–76,
376–77
Gilman, George, I:154
Gilpin, Thomas, II:774
Giovannitti, Arturo M., II:850
Girard, Stephen, II:1087–88
Gist, Christopher, I:532
Gladden, Washington, II:934
Glass, plate. See Plate glass
Glass fibers, II:799
Glass-Owen bill, I:311. See also
Federal Reserve System
Index
Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933),
I:241, 275, 377, II:704
for creation of FDIC, I:310
current view of, I:210
Glass waste, recycling of, II:868
Glassware, tariff on, I:245
Glauber, Robert R., II:897
Glenn, John, II:946
Glibreth, Lillian, II:901
Global economy, I:377–78, II:955
Globe Soap Company, II:824
GM. See General Motors
GMT. See Greenwich mean time
GNP. See Gross national product
Godowsky, Leopold, I:122
Goethals, G.W., II:767
Going public (Securities). See Public
offerings
Gold coins, II:948
Gold eagles, from the mint, II:642
Gold industry, I:542
in Alaska, I:25, 27, 29,
II:773–74
in Arizona, I:51
in Black Hills, II:942
in Colorado, I:192
Cornelius Vanderbilt and,
II:1058
in Montana, II:660, 661, 941
in Nevada, II:700, 702
in New Spain, II:717
in Oregon, II:757
in Washington state, II:1091
Gold Reserve Act (1934), I:381. See
also Gold standard
Gold Resumption Act, I:378
Gold Rush of 1849, I:43, 133, 147,
378–80, I:379
Chinese laborers and, I:162–63
Cornelius Vanderbilt and,
II:1058
gold resumption act and, I:378
Wells, Fargo and Company
and, II:1101
westward expansion from,
II:1108
Gold standard, I:380–82, 487, II:642
after Panic of 1873, II:733
balance of payments and, I:72
Colorado economy and, I:192
exchange rate and, I:298
IMF and, I:487
inflation and, I:225–26
Marcus Alonzo Hanna
for, I:417
money supply and, II:653
1183
 Index
during New Deal, II:704
in panics of late 19th
century, II:733
price manipulation of, I:387,
I:387
Richard Nixon and,
II:725–26, 815
William Cullen Bryant on,
I:123
Gold Standard Act (1900), I:382,
II:725–26
Golden Gate Bridge, construction
of, I:374
Golden Rule Mercantile
Company, II:777
Goldwater, Barry, I:20–206, 348,
II:814, 1064
Golf, II:1003
Golf channel, I:287
Golf equipment, I:122
Gompers, Samuel, I:33, 382–84,
I:383, II:555, 558, 655, 1012
Good and Plenty, I:434
Good Neighbor Policy, II:657
Good Roads Bill, I:222, 223
Goodman, Andrew, I:170
Goodman, Benny, I:122
Goodnight-Loving Trail, I:148
Goodrich, Benjamin Franklin,
I:92–93
Goodrich Tire, II:1043
Goodwin and Company, I:41
Goodyear, Charles, I:202, I:384,
I:384–85, II:1005
Goodyear Tire and Rubber
Company, I:53, II:1005
Gookin, R. Burt, I:431
Gorbachev, Mikhail, I:188
Gordon, Colin, II:706
Gordon, John Steele, II:902–3
Gore, Albert Jr., II:990
Gorgas, William, II:767
Gorges Foodservice, Inc., II:1032
Gorham Silver, II:874
Gorman, Leon Arthur, I:385–86
Gortari, Carlos Salinas de, II:728
Gott, Rodney C., I:418
Gough, John B., II:987
Gould, Jay, I:386–88, I:387
Daniel Drew and, I:254
as robber baron, I:478, 481,
II:880, 1074
Union Pacific and, II:1037
Government, federal. See Federal
government
Government contracts
1184
in automobile industry, II:969
of Cornelius Vanderbilt, II:1057
spoils system and, II:950
Government corruption. See Political
corruption
Government debt. See National debt
Government employees. See Public
employees
Government housing. See Low-
income housing
Government insurance. See
Medicaid; Medicare
Government intervention. See
Government regulations
Government lending, to Chrysler
Corp., I:165
Government purchasing, vs.
subsides, II:971
Government regulations. See also
Deregulation
on business, II:579–80, 1025–27
conservatism and, I:205
Constitution and, I:207
environmental, I:211
in free markets, II:601–2
for illegal drugs, I:459–60
of interstate commerce (See
Interstate Commerce
Commission)
on labor unions, II:979
on liquor, II:1030
on railroads, II:1015–16
on sewer systems, II:1053
on stock market, II:964
on trade, II:957
of transportation, II:611–12
on utilities, II:1052
Government securities, II:681
Government spending policy
aggregate demand and, I:13
on highways, II:967
Keynesian economics and,
II:653, 673
Lyndon Johnson and, II:814
national debt and, II:685
reduced, II:976
in supply-side economics,
II:976
Grable, Errett M., II:885
Graco, Rubbermaid and, II:886
Graduated payment mortgages. See
Adjustable rate mortgages
Graduated taxation. See Progressive
taxation
Graduation Act, I:391
Graff, Robert F. de, II:835
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Graham Act (1921), I:64
Grain elevators
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
regulation of, II:673
Grain Stabilization Corporation,
I:241
Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, I:73
Grand Banks, I:392
Grand Coulee Dam, I:500, 519,
II:757–58
Grand Rapids, Michigan, II:631
Grand River, II:943
Grand Teton National Park, II:1141
Grandfather clauses, II:804
Grange, I:497, II:685–86, 948
in Alabama, I:24
for farmers, I:307, 308–9
influence of, I:274
in Minnesota, II:639, 685
Montgomery Ward catalog for,
II:595, 662
railroads and, II:673, 855
Granger laws, II:673, 685–86
Granger movement, I:497, 533,
II:805
Granose (Cereal), I:526
Grant, Cary, II:1059
Grant, Ulysses S.
on civil service, I:172
Ku Klux Klan and, I:551
spoils system and, II:950
in Vicksburg, II:717
Grape boycott, II:1039
Grape Nuts, II:807, 809
Grapes, I:135
Graphical user interfaces, II:633, 698
Graphophones, I:87
Grasses, on prairies, II:818
Grave Creek Mound, II:670
Gray, John, I:111
Gray, Robert, II:575
in Oregon, II:755
in Oregon Country, II:758, 759
Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea
Company, I:154
Great Britain
advertising in, I:3
Alabama claims against, I:25
colonial Massachusetts and,
I:494
colonial taxation by, II:951–53,
973–74
colonial workforce from, I:8
common law of, II:1025
embargo against, I:283

gold standard and, I:72
government of (See Parliament)
investments in the U. S., I:333
Loyalists to, I:37–38
Mississippi territory and, II:644
national debt of, II:951, 973
Native Americans and, I:304,
II:691–93
Oregon Territory and,
II:758, 759, 989
Pacific Northwest and,
II:1090–91
Pan American Airways in,
II:1019
Panama Canal and, II:766
spinning mills in, II:949
Texas and, II:997
trade restrictions by,
II:1081, 1087
war with (See American
Revolution; War of 1812)
WW I blockade of, I:103
in WW II, I:57
Great Chicago Fire. See Chicago
Fire of 1871
Great Depression, I:394–96, I:395,
396. See also New Deal
A.C. Nielsen in, II:723
agricultural economy during,
I:307, 309
agricultural programs during,
I:17
air conditioning during, I:141
Alabama during, I:24
alcoholic beverage industry
during, II:987
Amana society and, I:497
Arizona during, I:53
Arkansas after, I:55
Arsenal of Democracy in, I:57
ASARCO during, I:40
AT&T during, I:64
automobile industry during,
I:67, II:969
baby boom after, I:71
Black & Decker during, I:97
book publishing during, II:835
boycotts during, I:114
Brunswick Corporation
during, I:122
California during, I:135
causes of, I:313, 316, 396–98,
I:397
child labor reform during, I:526
Chrysler Corporation during,
I:165, 167
Connecticut during, I:203
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
cotton industry during, I:106
dairy industry during, II:562
Dust Bowl and, I:256–57
effect on economic
liberalism, II:581
effect on free enterprise, II:580
end of, II:812
entertainment industry during,
I:285–86
federal involvement and, I:275
federalism and, I:314
financial panic of 1929
and, I:313
Firestone during, I:317–18
foreign trade and, I:341
foreign trade and, I:362
Franklin D. Roosevelt in,
II:882, 883
General Motors during,
I:366, II:930
Georgia during, I:369
Gillette Company during, I:375
gold standard and, I:72,
380–82, 382
gross national product during,
I:132, 394–95, I:395, 396
H. J. Heinz Company
during, I:431
Hawaii during, I:424
Hershey Foods Corporation
during, I:433–34
Hooverville during, I:444–45
Huey Long and, II:583–84
Hugh Samuel Johnson
after, I:512
ICC during, I:492
Idaho during, I:457
Illinois during, I:464
IMF during, I:487
immigration during, I:49
Iowa during, I:498
isolationism during, I:501
Jean Paul Getty during, I:372
John Keynes and, I:535
Kansas during, I:522
Kentucky during, I:534
Keynesian economics and,
I:536, II:673
Kroger Company during, I:550
labor unions during, I:183,
II:558, 727
Levitt and Sons during, II:573
Louisiana during, II:586
Martin Luther King Jr.
and, I:538
Maryland during, II:607
Index
Massachusetts during, II:610
Maytag Corporation during,
II:613
McGraw-Hill during, II:616
Merrill, Lynch during, II:624
Michigan during, II:631
minimum wage law during,
I:526
Minnesota during, II:641
Mississippi during, II:645
money supply and, I:13, II:653
Montana during, II:661
Montgomery Ward during,
II:662
motorcycle industry during,
I:417–18
Nabisco Foods during, II:675
national economy during, I:292,
293–94
National Recovery
Administration in, II:688
Neiman Marcus during, II:600
Nevada during, II:702
New Deal and, II:702–5 (See
also New Deal)
New Hampshire during, II:707
New Jersey during, II:712
New Mexico during, II:713
New York during, II:719
North Dakota during, II:733
Ohio during, II:746
Otis Elevator Company
during, II:761
Pennsylvania during, II:780
Pennsylvania Railroad in, II:782
penny auctions in, II:782
photographs during, II:565–66
prohibition and, I:280,
II:830, 1030
protectionism before, II:834
quantity theory of money
and, II:847
radical unions during, II:851
radio broadcasting during, I:219
radio during, II:852
rationing during, II:860
Reconstruction Finance Corp.
in, II:868
Rhode Island during, II:876
savings during, II:895
Second New Deal and, II:906
Smoot-Hawley Tariff and,
II:933
social climate of, I:290
society during, I:279–80
South Dakota during, II:942–43
1185
 Index
steel industry during, II:1044
stock market crash of 1929
and (See Stock market
crash of 1929)
tanks in, I:146
Texas during, II:995
textiles industry and, II:1000
Thomas Edison during, I:278
tire sales during, II:1042
Townsend clubs and, II:1010
tractor use in, I:146
trust-busting during, II:1026
UMW during, II:577, 1039
UPS during, II:1040
Utah during, II:1051
war economies and, II:1084
Washington state during,
II:1092
Wells, Fargo during, II:1101
West Virginia during, II:1104
Weyerhaeuser Company in,
II:1110
wheat demand during,
I:256, 265
William Randolph Hearst
during, I:430
Wooster Rubber during, II:885
working women during, II:1122
world trade and, I:362
WW II and, I:239–43, I:241
Wyoming during, II:1139
Zenith Radio during, II:1145
Great Lakes, II:938
Great migration. See also Emigration
and immigration
from 1630-1640, I:398–99
from 1910-1920, I:399–400
of Puritans, II:845
Great Northern Paper Company,
II:597
Great Northern Railroad, I:434–35,
I:435
in Northern Securities case,
II:735–36
strike by, I:35
in Washington state, II:1091
Great Plains. See also Prairies
agriculture in, I:16
sod houses on, II:936
Great railroad strike, I:400–402,
I:401
Great Serpent Mound, I:402
Great Society, I:290–91, 401–4,
II:814
Medicare and, II:618
welfare system and, II:1098
1186
The Great Train Robbery (Motion
picture), II:832
Great Western Tea Company, I:549
Greeley, Horace, I:87, 120
Green, Adolphus, II:675
Green, William, I:111
Green Giant, II:641
Green Party, II:677
Greenback Party, I:404–5, II:916
influence of, I:274
Jacob Coxey in, I:222–23
James Weaver and, I:307
Greenbacks, I:405, II:1116
farmers’ interests and, II:686
Legal Tender Act of 1862
and, II:681
Greenbelt, Maryland, II:607
Greene, Katherine, I:218
‘‘Greenmailing,’’ II:790
Greenspan, Alan, I:59, 312–13,
405–6, I:406
Greenspan and Company,
Incorporated, I:405
Greenville, Treaty of, I:304–5, 462,
475, II:745, 984, 1087, 1115
Greenwich (England), II:955
Greenwich mean time, II:955
Gregg Publishing Company, II:616
Grenville, George, II:820–21,
951, 952, 973
Greyhound Bus Lines, II:782
Griffen and Sons (New
Zealand), II:675
Griffiths, John W., I:182
Grimes, Annie, II:624
Grocery trade
King Kullen supermarkets,
II:872
Kroger Company and, I:549–50
Wal-Mart in, II:1071, 1077
Grodin, Charles, II:683
Grosh, Ethan Allen, I:200
Grosh, Hosea Ballou, I:200
Gross domestic product, I:248–49,
406–7, I:407. See also Gross
national product
durable goods and, I:262
environmentalism and, I:289
Gross income, I:471
Gross national income, I:471
Gross national product, I:407, I:408,
I:471. See also Gross
domestic product
from 1897-1920, I:294
after WW I, II:1086
vs. debt, I:230
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
economic development and,
I:276
during Great Depression, I:132,
394–95, I:395, 396
during recessions, I:132, II:866
Groundwater, for irrigation, I:499
Groups, special interest. See Special
interest groups
Growth equity funds, II:673
Gruen, Victor David, I:408
GTE Directories Corporation,
II:1004
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of,
II:598, 628, 997, 1051, 1108
Guam
Spanish-American War and,
II:947
Treaty of Paris and, II:789, 837
Guangdong, China, I:163
Guaranteed annual income, II:1100
Guatemala, Monroe Doctrine
and, II:658
Guerrila forces, in South
Vietnam, II:1064
Guggenheim, Daniel, I:39–40, I:409,
I:409–10
Guggenheim, Isaac, I:39
Guggenheim, Meyer, I:39–40, 409
Guggenheim, Murray, I:39, 40
Guggenheim, Simon, I:39, 40
Guggenheim, Solomon, I:39–40
Guggenheim Exploration
Company, I:39
Guggenheim Foundation, I:410
Guggenheim Museum, II:1136,
II:1137
GUI. See Graphical user interfaces
Gulf and Western, publishing
and, II:836
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, II:1064
Gulf Oil Company, II:620, 790
Gulfport, Mississippi, II:645
Gum, chewing, II:1137–38
Gunpowder, I:258, 260
Gunpowder industry, I:477
Guns. See Firearms
H
Hachette (Magazine), I:144
Hague, Frank, II:712
Hague Opium Treaty, II:788
Hair care products, II:1073
Hair dryers, I:97
Haiti

Monroe Doctrine and, II:657
as protectorate, II:834
U.S. intervention in, I:469
Hakluyt, Richard, II:909
Hall, John, I:420
Hall, Robert, I:322
Hallidie, Andrew Smith, II:966
Hallman, Michael, II:634
Hallmark Cards, Incorporated, II:648
Hallowell, Benjamin, II:952
Halpin, James, I:411–12
Ham ’n Eggs Plan, I:135
Hamburger University, I:548
Hamilton, Alexander, I:412–14
after the American Revolution,
I:473–75, 507, II:1079
Articles of Confederation
and, I:58
Bank of the U.S. and, I:76,
311, II:1079
central bank issue and,
I:150, 152
on Constitution, I:12
federalism of, II:1081
first tariff from, I:177
George Washington and,
II:1095
mercantile interests of, I:340
national debt and, II:684, 1082
public lands and, I:391
Report on Manufacturers
and, II:870
Thomas Jefferson and, I:509
on Whiskey Rebellion, II:1115
whiskey tax and, I:100, II:1114
Hamilton, Virginia Van der
Veer, I:22
Hammer, Armand, I:414, I:414–15
Hammond, George, I:326
Hammond, James Henry, I:538
Hampton Institute, II:1093
Hancock, John, I:415–16, II:1011
on Constitution, I:12
merchant activities of,
I:110, 113
Paul Revere and, II:873
at Second Continental
Congress, I:213
Hancock, Thomas, I:385, II:1005
Handicap discrimination
in employment, I:303
federal legislation
prohibiting, I:246
Handicapped Organized Women,
II:826
Handicraft, Native-American, II:944
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Hanford Reservation nuclear
research center, II:1092
Hanna, Marcus Alonzo, I:416–17
Harbors
early American cities and,
II:1048
in New Jersey, II:712
New Orleans as, II:716
Harding, Warren G.
Ida Tarbell and, II:980
Jacob Coxey and, I:223
normalcy and, II:726
prosperity and, II:831
William Cooper Proctor
and, II:823
William Howard Taft and,
II:978
Hardware stores, I:384
Harlan, John Marshall, II:802
Harlem Railroad, II:1058
Harlem renaissance, II:859
Harley, William, I:417–19, 418
Harley-Davidson, Incorporated,
I:417–20, I:418
Harley Owners Group, I:419
Harlow, Jean, I:451
Harmonicas, by Benjamin
Franklin, I:339
Harper, Lawrence A., II:621
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
arsenal in, II:950
John Brown’s Raid on, I:1,
420–21, 450
Harpers Ferry Armory, I:420, II:950
Harriman, Edward, II:639, 641,
735–36, 894, 1037
Harrington, Michael, I:421–22
Harris, Townsend, I:506
Harrison, Benjamin
antitrust legislation and, II:654
populism and, II:806
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
and, II:773
William Howard Taft and,
II:977
Harrison, William Henry
in Ohio, II:745
Tecumseh and, II:985, 1087
trust-busting by, II:1026
Harrison Narcotic Act (1912), II:788
Harry N. Abrams, Inc.,
II:1003, 1004
Hart-Scott-Rodino Act (1950). See
Concentrated Industries Act (1950)
Hartford, George Huntington, I:154
Hartford Convention, II:1088
Index
Hartford Courant, II:1003
Harvard Economic Research
Project, II:571
Harvard University, II:845
Harvesting machinery, I:14–15
from Caterpiller, I:145–47
by Cyrus McCormick,
II:613–16
Hassel, Karl E., II:1145
Hatch Act (1940), I:172, II:950
Hawaii, I:422–25, I:423
Spanish-American War and,
II:947
sugar industry in, II:947
Hawkins, John, II:1006
Hawley, Ellis, II:706
Hawley, Willis, II:933
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930), I:241
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, I:120
Hay, John, I:425–26, 468,
II:753–54, 946
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, II:767,
768
Hay-Herran Treaty, II:766
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, II:766
Hayes, Clarence B., I:530–31
Hayes, Rutherford B., I:102
Charles Fremont and, I:345
on Chinese immigration, I:163
on civil service reform, I:172
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
and, I:400, 401
during Reconstruction, II:867
Hayes Wheel Company, I:530
Haymarket Riot, I:426–27, I:427,
II:554, 555, 842
Haywood, William, I:480,
II:849, 850
Hayworth, Rita, I:42
Hazardous wastes, II:641
HBO. See Home Box Office
HDTV. See High Definition
Television
Head Start, I:291, 403, II:814,
816, 1099
Health Care Financing
Administration, II:618
Health care industry
in Alabama, I:24
children and, II:915
costs in, I:428
environmentalism and, I:288–89
familiy medical leave and,
I:305–6
HMOs in, I:428
1187
 Index
Kennedy/Johnson programs,
I:402–3
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
in Nebraska, II:697
prenatal care, II:915
public health, I:288–89
tobacco and, II:732, 1007
trends in food industry, I:327
Health insurance
HMOs, I:427–28, 819–520
Kaiser Health Plan, I:519
Medicaid (See Medicaid)
Medicare (See Medicare)
at Proctor and Gamble, II:822
Health Maintenance Organization
Act, I:428
Health maintenance organizations,
I:427–28, 519–20
Hearst, George, I:200, 429
Hearst, William Randolph, I:200,
I:429, I:429–30
Southern Pacific Railroad
and, II:894
Spanish-American War and,
II:947
Hearst Foundation, I:430
Heating
by Benjamin Franklin, I:339
fuels for, I:98–99
Hedge trimmers, I:97
Heilbroner, Robert L., I:155
Heinz, Henry John, I:430–32, I:431
Heinz Noble & Company, I:430
Heinz Pet Products, I:431
Heller, Walter, II:814
Heller Financial Corporation, I:419
Helms-Burton Act, I:432
Henderson, Richard, I:108
Henrietta Maria of France, II:605
Henry, Joseph, II:668
Henry, Patrick
on plantations, II:801
on Stamp Act of 1765, II:952
Henry Varnum Poor: Business
Editor, Analyst, and Reformer,
I:154
Hepburn, William Peters, I:432
Hepburn Act (1906), I:274, 293,
432–33, 490–91, II:771, 1015
Herald of Freedom, Phineas T.
Barnum and, I:79
Herjolfsson, Bjarni, II:553
Heroin, I:459–61, II:788
Hershey, Milton, I:433, I:433–34
1188
Hershey, Pennsylvania, I:433,
I:433–34
Hershey Foods Corporation, I:433,
I:433–34
Hershey Industrial School for
Orphans, I:433
Hershey Kisses, I:433
Hertz Corporation, I:331
Heth, Joice, I:79
Hewes, George, I:114
Hewlett-Packard
in Colorado, I:194
HTML and, II:699
as Netscape reseller, II:698
Heyl, Frederick W., II:1046
Hickock, Bill, I:221
Hideyoshi, I:505
Higgins, Andrew, I:441
High definition television, I:287,
II:862, 1146
High-rise buildings. See also
Skyscrapers
in inner cities, II:1047, 1049
reinforced concrete in, II:870
High technology industry. See also
Microsoft Corporation; Netscape
Communications Corporation
in Colorado, I:194
in Massachusetts, II:610
in New Hampshire, II:707
in New Jersey, II:712
in New Mexico, II:713, 715
in North Carolina, II:731, 732
stocks on NASDAQ, II:680
High yield bonds. See Junk bonds
Higher Education Group, II:1004
Highland v. Russell Car & Snow
Plow Company (1929), II:572–73
Highway Trust Fund, I:493
Highways. See also Roads
construction of, I:492–93, 533
development of, I:69
government funding for,
I:492–93, II:967
Hikino, Takashi, I:155
Hill, George Washington, I:41–42
Hill, Griggs and Company, I:435
Hill, James Jerome, I:434–35, I:435
in Northern Securities Case,
II:735–36, 855
as robber baron, I:478, 481,
528, II:639, 641, 879
Weyerhaeuser Company and,
II:1110
Hill, Joe, II:1051
Hill, John A., II:616
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Hill, Percival, I:41
Hill, Wills (Lord Hillsborough),
I:110, II:1011
Hill Publishing Company, II:616
Hillman, Sidney, II:1038
Hillsborough, Lord, I:110, II:1011
Hilton, Conrad, I:436
Hilton, William Barron, I:436–37
Hilton Corporation, I:436
Hire, Charles Elmer, I:437–38
Hires Root Beer, I:437–38
Hiroshima, bombing of, I:105,
II:1132
His and Hers, II:601
Hispanic Americans, I:158, II:715
Hispanic Civil Rights
Movement, I:158
Historical Records Survey, II:1129
History of the Standard Oil
Company, II:980
Hitler, Adolph
on German reparations, II:1130
invasion of Poland by, I:242
Ivy Lee and, II:570
Mein Kampf, I:330
relations between Soviet Union
and United States and, II:637
WW II and, II:1131
H.J. Heinz Company, I:430–32,
I:431
H.M. Goush Company, II:1003
HMOs. See Health maintenance
organizations
HMS Leopard, II:1087
Ho Chi Minh, II:1063
Ho Ti
invention of paper and, II:774
Hoffa, Jimmy, I:438–39, I:439,
II:556, 557, II:850
Hoffman, Paul G., II:604, 969–70
HOG. See Harley Owners Group
Hogate, ‘‘Casey,’’ II:1075
Hohokam, II:943–44
Holding companies, II:736
Holiday Rambler Corporation, I:419
Holland, Pilgrims and, II:793
Hollerith, Herman, I:199,
439–40, 485
Holly Farms Corporation, II:1031–32
Hollywood, golden era of, II:1089
Hollywood Pictures, I:280–81
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, II:736
Holmes-Manley process, II:998
Holt, Benjamin, I:145
Holt, Charles, I:145–46
Holt Company, I:145

Homart Development, II:904
Home appliances
by Maytag Corporation,
II:612–13
rebates for, II:866
Home Box Office, I:287
Home Depot, I:411
Home front, in WW II, I:440–41,
I:442
Home Loan Bank Act, I:394
Home loans. See Mortgages
Home Mechanix, II:1003
Home ownership zones, II:1047
Homebrew Computer Club,
I:511, II:1133
Homeless persons, in Great
Depression, I:444–45
Homestead Act (1862), I:441–43.
See also Westward expansion
expansion due to, I:266
Great Plains and, II:962
homesteaders and, I:444
impact on North and
West, II:1084
impact on North Dakota, II:733
northern economic development
and, I:178
open range and, II:754
provisions of, I:173, 391, 521,
II:696–97, 818, 941
Homestead-exemption law, in
Texas, II:993
Homestead steel strike, I:139,
443–44, II:960
Homesteaders, I:444
Honda automobiles, I:67
Honda Motor Company, II:746
Honda motorcycles, I:418
Honduras, dollar diplomacy
and, I:251
Honeywell, I:53
Hong Kong, inexpensive labor
in, I:229
Hood, Zachariah, II:952
Hoover, Herbert C.
on advertising, I:4
aviation industry and, II:831
Charles Coughlin on, I:219
Great Depression and, I:239,
394–95, I:395, 396
Hooverville and, I:445
international relations and,
I:500–501
prohibition and, II:830
prosperity and, II:831
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine and, II:657
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Smoot-Hawley Tariff and,
II:933
St. Lawrence Seaway and,
II:891
Tennessee River development
and, II:991
WW II and, I:239
Hoover, J. Edgar, I:34
Hoover Commission on Home
Building and Home
Ownership, I:91
Hoover Dam, I:85, 500, 519,
II:686, 702
Hooverville, I:444–45, I:445
Hopewell culture, II:670
Hopis, I:51
Hopkins, Harry Lloyd,
I:445–47, II:1129
Hopkins, Johns, II:607
Hopkins, Mark, I:152, II:956
Horizontal integration, in tobacco
industry, II:1008
Horizontal mergers. See Acquisitions
and mergers
Horses, I:447
Hospitality industry, I:448–49. See
also Hotels and motels
Hospitals, psychiatric, I:249–50,
I:250
Hostess Company (Canada), II:809
Hostile takeovers
vs. acquisitions and
mergers, II:622
Northern Securities Case
and, II:736
Hotels and motels
competition in, I:448–49
Hilton, I:436–37
Howard Johnson’s, I:448–49
impact of interstate highways
on, II:812
Hotmail, Microsoft Corporation
and, II:634
Hours of labor. See Work hours
House of Commons. See Parliament
House of Morgan, in stock market
crash of 1929, II:966
House Un-American Activities
Committee, II:570, 784
Housewares industry
P & G in, II:821–23
Rubbermaid in, II:885
Housing
low-income (See Low-income
housing)
single-family, II:573–74, II:574
Index
tenements (See Tenement
houses)
Housing Act (1954), II:1047
Housing and Urban Development
Department (U.S.), I:403
on city planning, II:1047
creation of, II:814
Housing Authority (U.S.), II:1046
Housing discrimination, I:373
Houston, Sam, II:996
Howard, Oliver, I:343, 344, II:918
Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, I:452
Howard Johnson International, Inc.,
I:447–49
Howe, Elias, I:202
Howe, Julia Ward, I:450
Howe, Samuel Gridley, I:449–50
Howe, William, I:38
HTML, II:699
HUAC. See House Un-American
Activities Committee
Hubbard, Edward, I:104
Hubbard, Gardiber, I:86
HUD. See Housing and Urban
Development Department (U.S.)
Hudson, Henry
in New Jersey, II:710
in New York, II:718
Northwest Passage and, II:738
Hudson Bay, II:738
Hudson (Company), I:67
Hudson Foods, Inc., II:1032
Hudson River
Northwest Passage and, II:738
settlements, II:911
steamboats on, II:962
Hudson River Railroad, II:720, 1058
Hudson River Rubber
Company, I:93
Hudson River Steamboat
Association, II:1058
Hudson’s Bay Company
in Oregon, II:755
in Washington state, II:1090
Huges Electric Heating
Company, I:364
Huggies (Diapers), I:537
Huggins, Miller, II:721
Hughes, Howard, I:450–52,
I:451, II:702
Hughes, Langston, I:544
Hughes Aircraft Company,
I:238, 367, 451
Hughes Missile Systems, I:53
Hughes Tool Company, I:451
1189
Index
Hughes Tool Division, I:452
Hugoton Production Company,
II:790
Hull, Charles, I:2
Hull, William, II:1087
Hull-Alfaro Treaty, II:768
Hull House, I:2–3, II:783
Human capital, I:452–53
Humble Oil, I:29
Hume, David, II:847
Humphrey, Hubert H., II:641
Hundred Days, II:991
Hungary, in NATO, II:730
Hunt, Jane, II:1124
Hunting
by Native Americans, II:738
in Ohio, II:743, 745
Paleo-Indians and, II:765
Plains Indians and, II:800
of sea otters, I:25, 133
Hunting equipment, I:83–84
Huntington, Collis, I:133,
II:880, 956
Hupas, I:306
Hurons, I:499, II:629
Hurricane Andrew, I:325
Hurricane Donna, I:325
Hurricane Opal, I:325
Hurricanes, I:325, II:940
Hussey, Obed, I:106
Hutchinson, Elisha, I:113
Hutchinson, Thomas, I:110–13,
494, II:952
Hutson, Cecil K., I:149
Hutton, Edward F., I:205,
II:808, 809
Huxley, Aldous, I:330
Hyatt Corporation, II:1023
Hyatt Roller Bearing Company,
I:366, II:930
Hydroelectric power plants, I:257.
See also Water power
Hydrofoil craft, II:920
Hydrogen bombs, I:58
Hypermart USA, II:1077
Hypertext Markup Language.
See HTML
Hypodermic needles, II:788
I IMF. See International
‘‘I Have a Dream’’ speech, I:170
Iacocca, Lido Anthony, I:165,
455–56, I:456
Iberian Peninsula, II:973
1190
IBM, I:439, 485–87
in Colorado, I:194
DOS from, I:199
Mark I computer from, I:199
Microsoft and, II:633
as Netscape reseller, II:698
punch card systems and,
I:534–35
R & D labs for, II:871
Thomas Watson and, I:485,
II:1096–98
IBM computers, I:361
IBM Global Network, I:66
IBM World Trade Corporation, I:486
IBT. See International Brotherhood
of Teamsters
Ibuka, Masura, II:664, 937
ICC. See Interstate Commerce
Commission
ICC Termination Act, I:492
Ice chests, I:122
Ice cream industry
Borden, I:110
brewing industry and, I:119
Howard Johnson’s in, I:447–48
Iceberg sonar detection, I:87
Iceland, whaling in, II:1113
Ickes, Harold L., II:998
Idaho, I:457–59, I:458
Idei, Nobuyuki, II:937
IFAWA. See International Fishermen
and Allied Workers of America
IFLWU. See International Fur and
Leather Workers Union
I.G. Farben, II:570
Il Sung, Kim, I:544
ILGWU. See International Ladies
Garment Workers Union
Illegal aliens, employment of, I:390
Illegal drugs, I:227, 459–62, I:460.
See also specific types of
illegal drugs
Illinois, I:99, 462–65, I:463
Illinois Bureau of Labor
Statistics, I:525
Illinois Steel, II:1044
I.M. Singer and Company, II:922
IMBs. See Intercontinental ballistic
missiles
Monetary Fund
Immigrant laborers, I:174
in California, I:135
Cesar Estrada Chavez and,
I:157, I:157–58
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Great Migration and, I:398–99,
399–400
in Knights of Labor, I:426
Lowell system and, II:590
railroad, I:153–54
Immigrants
birds of passage, I:96
in Connecticut, I:203
farming by, II:941
Great Migration and, I:398–99,
399–400
in Illinois, I:464
loans to, I:374
public lands for, I:442
subsistence agriculture and,
II:971
in sweatshops, II:1016
in Texas, II:993
in textile industry, II:999
tobacco and, II:1007
Immigration. See Emigration and
immigration
Immigration and Nationality
Act, I:467
Immigration law, I:467, II:831
Chinese Exclusion Act,
I:162–64, 466
history of, I:48–49
Immigration quota system,
I:164, 467
Impeachment
of Frances Perkins, II:784
Richard Nixon and, II:726
Imperial Group Ltd., I:449
Imperial Hotel, II:1136, 1137
Imperialism, I:467–69, 505. See also
Westward expansion
after Panic of 1837, II:771
European, FDR against, II:882
Manifest Destiny and, II:598
in mid-19th century, I:28
Oregon Country and, II:759
Imports, I:469–70. See also
International trade
in American Revolution, I:11
during colonial period,
II:911, 912
colonial reliance on
Britain, I:12
custom duties on, I:227
impact of NAFTA on,
II:727, 728
impact of Navigation Acts
on, II:695
quotas on, II:848

Report on Manufacturers
and, II:870
Richard Nixon and, II:815
of steel, II:961
tariffs and, II:982–83, 1035
taxes on, I:333
in textile industry, I:363, II:949
trade negotiators in, I:74
INA. See Insurance Company of
North America
Inca, I:216, 470, II:815, 1010
Incentives, I:470
Income, I:471. See also specific
types of income
disposable, I:248–49
fixed, I:320
pay equity and, II:777
quantity theory of money
and, II:847
during recessions, II:866
vs. revenue, II:873
vs. spending, II:672–73
tax on (See Income tax)
Income gap, I:471–72, I:472
Income statements, I:471
Income tax, II:923–24
constitutionality of, II:804
as progressive tax, II:828
state, II:830
tariff reduction and, II:1035
tariffs and, II:983
Incontinence aids, I:537
Incorporation, laws for, I:217
Indentured servants, I:472–73, I:473
in colonial period, I:8, 191,
II:910, 926
on plantations, II:801
in Virginia, II:1065–66
Independence, Missouri, II:895
Independent Political Council, II:859
Independent producers, in petroleum
industry, II:747
Index equity funds, II:673
India, sugarcane in, II:973
Indian Citizenship Act (1924), II:690
Indian Civil Rights Act
(1968), II:691
Indian Creek Massacre, I:99
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
(1988), II:691
Indian Mineral Development Act
(1982), II:691
Indian Motorcycle Company, I:418
Indian Point Two nuclear
reactor, II:740
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Indian Removal Act (1830), I:164,
320, II:696, 1013
Indian Reorganization Act (1934),
II:690–91
Indian reservations, II:690, 749
Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act
(1975), II:691
Indian Territory, II:696
Choctaws in, I:164
Native American policy
and, II:690
in Oklahoma, II:749
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
(1790), II:689
Indian Wars, I:270
Black Hawk War, I:99–100
in Colorado, I:192
Indian Creek Massacre, I:99
in Oklahoma, II:749
Pueblo Revolt, II:837
Seminole War, I:324
Sioux War, II:942
Whiskey Rebellion and,
II:1114, 1115
Indiana, I:475–77, I:476, II:879
Indiana Agricultural College, II:843
Indiana Refining Company, II:998
Indians. See Native Americans
Indigo industry, I:477–78, II:695
Individual retirement accounts,
II:783, 896
Individualism, Ayn Rand and,
II:857–58
Indonesia, Asian financial crisis
in, I:60
Industrial accidents, II:1127
Industrial capitalism. See Capitalism
Industrial Conference of 1919, II:980
Industrial development. See also
Economic development
from 1897-1920, I:292–94
environmentalism and, I:288–89
federal involvement in,
I:273–75
Great Migration and, I:398–99,
399–400
in Northeast, I:268–69
in 19th century, I:267–70, I:268
Industrial equipment
innovations in, I:174
as physical capital, II:789
Industrial management, II:608, 984
Industrial policy, I:477
Industrial pollution
in inner cities, II:1047
Index
in Ohio, II:743
Industrial productivity. See
Productivity
Industrial Revolution, I:478–80. See
also Industrialization
agriculture and, I:14
David Ricardo and, II:877–78
Francis Lowell and, II:588
imperialism triggered by, I:467
John D. Rockefeller in, II:881
labor unions during, I:183
lumber industry during, II:592
spinning mills in, II:949
Springfield Armory during,
II:950
standard time and, II:955
in textile industry, II:999
Industrial safety
fires and, II:1126
in food industry, I:327
in late 19th century, II:1127
with nuclear reactors, II:740
Industrial unions. See Labor unions
Industrial Workers of the World,
I:480–81, 516, II:554, 727,
1000, 1051
headquartered in Seattle,
II:1092
as radical union, II:849–51
unskilled labor in, II:1128
Industrialization, I:481–83. See also
Factories; Industrial Revolution
effect on family life, II:1124
labor conditions and, II:727
in North, I:176–77
in North Carolina, II:730
special interest groups and,
II:948
telegraph and, II:667
temperance movement and,
II:986–87
urbanization and, II:1046
in West Virginia, II:1104
working conditions and, II:1127
Industry, defined, II:820
Industry regulations, of interstate
commerce, I:490–92
INF. See Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces Treaty
Infant diapers. See Diapers
Infant foods, I:370–71, I:371, I:431
Inflation, I:483, I:483
during American Revolution,
I:11–12
from Confederate dollars, I:200
CPI and, I:209, 217–18
1191
 Index
in early 1920s, II:832
effect on Iowa, I:498
Emergency Price Control
Act, I:284
fiscal policy and, I:318
Lyndon Johnson and, II:814
monetary policy and, I:225–26
OPA and, II:1069
before Panic of 1837, II:770
Reaganomics and, II:864–65
real wages and, II:865
Richard Nixon and, II:725, 815
Ronald Reagan and, II:863
stagflation and, II:951, II:951
in 16th century Spain, II:717
theories of money and, II:847
from Vietnam War, II:1064
WW II and, I:440, II:811, 812
Information, in free markets, II:601
Information services, II:616–18
Information superhighway, I:483–84,
488, II:634
Infrastructure, I:484
Ingalls, John J., II:569
Ingalls Building. See Transit
Building
Ingersoll, Jared, II:952
Initial public offerings, I:484
Inland Waterways Commission,
II:795
Inner cities, I:372, I:373, II:1046–47
slums in, II:932
Inner Harbor, in Baltimore, II:607
Input-output analysis, II:571–72
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations. See
Wealth of Nations
Insider trading (Securities), I:517
Insurance
General Motors Corporation
and, I:367
government (See Medicaid;
Medicare)
health (See Health insurance)
muckraking movement and,
II:671
unemployment, II:705, 706, 934
Insurance Company of North
America, II:778
Insurance Company of the State of
Pennsylvania, II:778
Insurance industry
in Connecticut, I:202
in Minnesota, II:641
during Napoleonic Wars, II:677
in Nebraska, II:697
1192
in New Jersey, II:712
in Pennsylvania, II:778, 780
in Rhode Island, II:876
Sears, Roebuck and Company
in, II:904
Sony in, II:936
Intangible personal property. See
Personal property
Integrated circuit board, II:786
Integration, racial. See Racial
integration
Intel Corporation, I:31–32, 53, 144
Intellectual property rights, II:728.
See also Copyrights; Patents
Interchangeable mechanisms, in
mass production, II:608
Intercontinental ballistic missiles,
I:56–57
Interest (Finance), I:223, 484
Interest rates, I:484
after American Revolution,
II:1082
aggregate demand and, I:13
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
by Federal Reserve System,
I:223, 245–46
fixed income and, I:320
in Great Depression, I:397
in monetary theory, II:652
on mortgages, II:669–70
national debt and, II:684
Interior Department (U.S.), II:978
Interlocking directorates, II:1045
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
Treaty, II:863
Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act (1991), II:1020
Internal combustion engines
in fishing industry, I:318–20,
I:319
in Model T, II:650
Internal migration. See also Rural-
urban migration
to Alabama, I:24
from South to North,
II:1046, 1049
westward (See Westward
expansion)
Internal Revenue Service, II:924
criticism of, I:321–22
depreciation, I:239
disincentives and, I:247
the war on drugs and, I:461
International Association of
Machinists, II:851
International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, II:1020
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
AFL-CIO and, II:556–57
Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438–39
RICO and, II:849, II:850
UFW and, II:1039
UPS in, II:1040
International Business Machines
Corporation. See IBM
International Court of Justice, of
UN, II:1040
International equity funds, II:674
International finance, II:570
International Fishermen and Allied
Workers of America, II:851
International Fuel Tax Agreement
(1998), II:1020
International Fur and Leather
Workers Union, II:851, 852
International Harvester Company,
I:15, 464, II:614, 616
International Intellectual Property
Alliance, II:799
International Labor Office, I:162
International Ladies Garment
Workers Union, II:851, 1016, 1121
Socialist Party of America
and, II:851
WTUL and, II:1126
International Longshoremen’s
Association, II:757
International markets
from 1897-1920, I:292
advertising and, I:5
Anheuser-Busch in, I:131
competition in, I:229
currency in, I:117
dollar diplomacy and, I:250–51
economies and, I:377–78
pre-Civil War South and,
II:1083
tobacco industry in, II:1008
Upjohn Company in, II:1046
UPS in, II:1041
International Monetary Fund, I:487,
II:811, 1040
effect on Asian financial
crisis, I:59
formation of, I:117
intervention in 1998, II:879
post WW I and, I:363
International Multifoods
Corporation, II:1032
International organizations. See
specific organizations, e.g.,
United Nations
International Paper Company, II:597
International Registration Plan,
II:1020

International relations, I:500–501,
508, 546. See also World War I;
World War II
in American Revolution, I:35
big stick policy, I:95–96
with China, I:425
Lend-Lease Act and, II:571
Richard Nixon and, II:725–26
Ronald Reagan and, II:863
whaling and, II:1112–13
International Tax Agreement Act
(1953), I:335
International Telephone and
Telegraph, I:206–7
International trade, I:117. See also
Exports; Imports
after American Revolution,
I:473, II:1080–81
barriers in, I:363
comparative advantage and,
I:197–98
by federal government, in
Constitution, I:206
free trade in, I:340–42
import taxes on, I:333
mercantilism and, II:579,
620–21
during Napoleonic Wars,
II:677–78
negotiatiors in, I:74
protectionism and, II:833–34
reform of, I:362
RICO and, II:849
in 1920s, II:831
in South Carolina, II:941
tariffs and, II:983
War of 1812 and, II:1087
WW I and, I:362–63, II:1084,
1129–30
International Trade
Administration, II:961
International Trade Commission,
I:419, II:961
International Union of Mine, Mill,
and Smelter Workers, II:851
International Whaling
Commission, II:1113
Internet, I:487–89, I:488
America Online and (See
America Online)
competition and, I:198
computer program piracy
and, II:799
development of, I:199
economy and, I:488–89
Explorer browser for, I:48
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
financial transactions over,
II:699
first browser for, I:47–48
Microsoft and, II:634
Netscape (See Netscape
Communications Corporation)
shopping via, II:872
Internet commerce. See Electronic
commerce
Internet Explorer, II:699
Internment camps. See
Concentration camps
Interpublic Group of Companies, I:5
Interstate commerce, I:489–90
aircraft industry and, I:491
deregulation of, I:490–92
in early Republic, II:1080
Gibbons v. Ogden and, I:207
industry regulations of,
I:490–92
labor unions and, II:555–56
Louisiana’s role in, II:585
Northern Securities Case
and, II:736
prohibition and, II:987
railroads and, I:490–92
RICO and, II:849
shipping industry and, I:491
truck industry and, I:491–92
trust-busting and, II:1025–26
waterways and, I:491
Interstate Commerce Commission,
I:293, 310–11, 489–91, II:771
formation of, II:1069
Granger laws and, II:673, 686
Hepburn Act and, I:432
investigating Southern Pacific
Railroad, II:894
Mann-Elkins Act and, II:599
purpose of, I:274
rate controls by, I:24
regulatory power of,
II:978, 1015
robber barons and, II:880
time zones and, II:955
Interstate Commerce Commission
Act (1887), I:489–92, II:580,
771, 956
Mann-Elkins Act and, II:599
monopolies and, II:654, 735
railroads and, II:855
Interstate Highway Act (1956),
I:492–94
Interstate highway system, II:812–13
Intolerable Acts. See Coercive
Acts (1774)
Index
Intolerable Acts (1774), I:36, 114,
494–95, II:847
Intranet, Netscape and, II:699
Inventions
after Civil War, I:174
agricultural (See Agricultural
innovations)
George Westinghouse and,
II:1106
patents for (See Patents)
Thomas Edison and (See
Edison, Thomas Alva)
Investment Advisors Act
(1940), II:907
Investment banking
Jay Cooke in, I:214–16
John Pierpont Morgan in,
I:174–75, II:663
speculators and, I:127–28
underwriting for, I:377
Investment Company Act
(1940), II:907
Investments, I:495
foreign (See Foreign
investments)
IRAs, II:783, 896
Keynesian economics and,
II:673
national debt and, II:684
opportunity cost and, II:755
real estate, II:897
regulation of (See Securities and
Exchange Commission)
return on (See Return on
investment)
by savings and loan
associations, II:896–98
vs. speculation, II:948–49
Invincible Techonolgies
Corporation, I:412
Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku
Klux Klan, Inc. See Ku Klux Klan
Iowa, I:495–98, I:496
Iowa State College of
Agriculture, I:142
Iowa State Improved Stock-
Breeders’ Association, II:1076
IPO. See Initial public offerings
Iran-Contra hearings, I:461–62
IRAs. See Individual retirement
accounts
Ireland
potatoes in, II:816
tenant farmers in, I:114
Irish immigrants
Great Migration and, I:399
Lowell system and, II:590
1193
 Index
in Massachusetts, II:610
in Missouri, II:646
Irish National League, II:569
Iron
Dingley tariff on, I:245
for railroads, II:960
in steamboats, II:960
vs. steel, II:959–60
‘‘Iron Curtain,’’ I:187
Iron industry
after Civil War, I:174, 179
after Panic of 1873, II:773
after War of 1812, I:267
in Alabama, I:22
in Delaware, I:233
machinery and, I:269
mining in Minnesota, II:641
in New Jersey, II:710
in Ohio, II:745
in Pennsylvania, II:778–80, 779
Rebecca Lukens in, II:590–91
Iron lung, I:87
Iron ores, II:891
Ironclads, I:498–99
Irons (Appliances), I:97
Iroquois, I:499, II:800
Erie Canal and, I:294
in French and Indian War,
I:346, 347
Ohio country conflict with,
I:304
in West Virginia, II:1102
Iroquois League. See Iroquois
Irrigation, I:499–500
in North Dakota, II:734
tailwater recovery systems,
II:611
in Texas, II:995
IRS. See Internal Revenue Service
Irwin, Richard D., II:1003–4
Irwin Professional Publishing,
II:1004
Isolationism, I:500–502
Japan and, I:505
normalcy and, II:726
Israel, Mideast war and, II:815
Isthmian Canal Commission, II:767
Isthmus of Panama, II:766, 768
ITT. See International Telephone and
Telegraph
IUMUSW. See International Union
of Mine, Mill, and Smelter
Workers
Iverson, Clarence, II:734
Ivory soap, II:822, 825
1194
Ivy Lee and Associates, II:570
Ivy Lee and T.J. Ross, II:570
IWC. See International Whaling
Commission
IWW. See Industrial Workers of
the World
J Jams (Food), I:430
Jackson, Andrew, I:503, I:503–5
Alabama and, I:22
in Battle of New Orleans,
II:716
Black Hawk War and, I:99
central bank issue and,
I:150–52, II:770
child labor and, I:160
on economic equality, II:1108
first banks of the U.S. and,
I:76–77, 77–78, 94–95
Florida and, I:324
intrastate public works and,
II:611–12
Kitchen Cabinet of, II:949–50
Martin Van Buren and,
II:949–50
Mississippi Native Americans
and, II:644
on national banking, II:580
Native Americans and,
II:985, 1013
on nullification, I:177, II:982
Samuel Slater and, II:892,
925, 949
spoils system and, II:949–50
states’ rights and, II:957–58
on Tariff of Abominations,
II:981–82
Tennessee roots of, II:989
War of 1812 and, II:1088
on wildcat banks, II:1116
Jackson, Charles Thomas, II:667
Jackson, Kenneth T., II:967
Jacksonian democracy, I:504, II:1108
Jacobssen, Cornelis, II:778
Jails, I:249–50, I:250
Jamaica, II:1010
James, Edwin, I:192
James, Frank, II:749, 796
James, Jesse, II:749, 796
James Beam Distilling, I:42
James I, I:189, II:845, 1006, 1065
James II. See Duke of York
James J. Hill Company, I:435
James O. Welch Company, II:675
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
James River, II:941
James S. Kirk & Company
(England), II:824
Jamestown, Virginia, II:1065
economic development of,
II:909–10
first sawmill in, II:591
slavery in, I:8
Jannus, Anthony H., I:20
Japan
Asian financial crisis in, I:60
atomic bomb on, I:56
automobile industry in,
I:68, 367
economic effect on U.S., II:879
investments in the U.S.,
I:333–34
Matthew Perry and, II:785
motorcycles from, I:418, 419
Open Door Policy and, II:754
opening of, I:505–6
steel dumping by, II:961
textiles industry in, II:1000
TQM and, I:238
U.S. factories in, I:334
Vietnam and, II:1063
whaling in, II:1113
William Howard Taft and,
II:978
WW II and, I:93, II:1131, 1132
Japanese Americans
in concentration camps,
I:441, II:566
in WW II battles, I:441
JavaScript, II:699
Jay, John, I:507
Alexander Hamilton and, I:413
on Constitution, I:12
Spanish negotiations of, II:1114
Jay Cooke and Company,
I:215, II:773
Jay Treaty, I:506–8, II:678, 1115
The Jazz Singer (Motion
picture), II:670
J.C. Penney, II:624
J.Crew Company, I:386
J.E. Liggett and Brother, II:1007
Jeep automobile, I:165–66
Jefferson, Thomas, I:508–10, I:509
after the American Revolution,
I:473–74
agricultural economies and,
I:341, II:1079
vs. Alexander Hamilton,
II:413, 870

Articles of Confederation
and, I:58
Barbary States and, I:79,
II:1019
coinage and, II:642
Declaration of Independence
and, II:929
embargo and, I:283
on French Revolution, II:1080
James Monroe and, II:658
Lewis and Clark expedition
and (See Lewis and Clark
expedition)
Louisiana Purchase and (See
Louisiana Purchase)
on national bank, I:76, II:1079
on national debt, II:1081
New Orleans and, II:716
on nullification, II:981
Ordinance of 1784 and, II:737
on plantations, II:801
public lands and, I:391
on representative
government, I:507
at Second Continental
Congress, I:213
on slavery, II:928
spoils system and, II:949
states’ rights and, II:958
War of 1812 and, II:1087
on westward expansion, II:563
on whiskey tax, II:1115
Jefferson Embargo of 1807, II:949
Jeffersonian democracy, I:181,
508–9, II:1109
Jell-O, II:809
Jellies, I:430
Jenkins, Francis C., I:285
Jenney, William Le Baron, I:128
Jeppensen and Co., II:1003
Jeppensen Sanderson, II:1003
Jersey Standard, II:954
Jervis, John B., II:720
Jet engines, I:531
Jewelry industry, I:261
in Rhode Island, II:874, 876
Richard W. Sears and, II:902
J.I. Case, I:15
Jigsaws, I:97
Jim Crow laws, I:510–11
Black Codes and, I:98
in Georgia, I:369
Plessy v. Ferguson and, II:801
racial caste system and, II:868
South and, I:169
in Tennessee, II:989–90
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
J.M. Brunswick and Balke
Company, I:122
J.M. Guffey Petroleum
Company, II:620
Job Corps, I:276, 291, II:1098–99
War on Poverty and, II:814
Jobs, Steven Paul, I:511–12, II:633,
786, 1133
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers
Ferry, I:1, 420–21, 450
John Deere, I:106–7, 464
John Deere and Company, II:962
Johns Hopkins University, II:607
Johnson, Andrew
Abraham Lincoln and, II:989
Black Hawk War and, I:99
on civil rights legislation, I:169
on Homestead Act, I:444
Nebraska and, II:696
opposition to civil rights
of, I:98
Proclamation of Pardon and
Amnesty, I:343–44
Reconstruction and, II:867
Tennessee roots of, II:989
Johnson, Hiram, I:501, II:894
Johnson, Howard, I:447–48
Johnson, Hugh Samuel, I:512–14
Johnson, John, I:38
Johnson, Lady Bird, II:1003
Johnson, Lyndon Baines
on civil rights, I:6, 7, 170
dollar diplomacy and, I:251
economic growth with,
II:814–15
expansion policy of, I:367
Great Society of (See Great
Society)
illegal drugs and, I:460
John Kenneth Galbraith and,
I:357–58
Keynesian economics and, I:536
Michael Harrington and,
I:421–22
poverty and, II:816
right-to-work law and, II:879
Trade Expansion Act and, I:341
Vietnam War and, II:1064
on welfare system, II:1098–99
Johnson, Reverdy, I:25
Johnson, William, I:347
Johnson & Son, II:1120
Johnson-Clarendon Convention of
1869, I:25
Johnson County War, II:1139
Johnston, Augustus, II:952
Index
Johnston, Joseph, II:918
Joiner, C.M., II:995
Joint-stock companies, I:217, 514
Jolliet, Louis, I:55, II:1118
in Mississippi, II:645
in Missouri, II:646
Missouri River and, II:649
in New France, II:707
Jolly Rancher, I:434
Jolson, Al, II:670, 1059
Jones, Edward, II:1075
Jones, Mary Harris, I:480, 514–16,
I:515
Jones, Samuel Milton, I:516–17
Jones, William, I:77
Jordan Marsh and Company, II:662
Journalism. See also Muckraking;
Yellow press
James Gordon Bennet and,
I:87–88
political, I:225
William Randolph Hearst
in, I:429
yellow (See Yellow journalism)
Journey in the Back Country, I:22
J.P. Morgan and Company,
II:663, 966
J.P. Stevens and Company, II:732
J. Paul Getty Museum, I:372
Judicial restraint, intrastate public
works and, II:611–12
Juices, by Gerber, I:371
Juicy Fruit gum, II:1138
Julius II (Pope), II:1010
The Jungle, I:92, II:844–45, 920–21
Junk bonds, I:517, II:897
Jupiter Communications, I:144
Just in time inventory
systems, II:1020
Justice Department (U.S.)
antitrust actions and, II:1026
antitrust law and, II:654
on AT&T, I:64, 65
Microsoft and, II:634
tobacco trust and, II:1008
J.Walter Thompson, I:4, 5
K
K-car, I:165
K-H Corporation, I:532
K-Mart, I:547
Kahn, Albert, II:870
Kaiser, Henry J., I:428, 519–20,
II:582, 758
1195
Index
Kaiser Aluminum and
Chemicals, I:519
Kaiser-Frazer Automobile
Corporation, I:519
Kaiser Health Plan, I:519
Kaiser Industries, I:519
Kaiser Paving, I:519
Kaiser Permanente, I:428
Kaiser Steel, I:519
Kalamazoo, Michigan, II:631
Kansas, I:520–23, I:521
acquisition of, II:989
antitrust legislation in, II:654
federal grants for railroads
in, II:856
popular sovereignty and, II:805
slavery and, I:102–3, II:649
Kansas City, Missouri, II:648
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), I:523,
I:524
Gadsden Purchase and, I:357
Missouri Compromise and,
I:520, II:649
Nebraska’s role in, II:696
Salmon Portland Chase
and, I:156
sovereignty and, II:805, 944
Kant, Immanuel, I:120
Kaufman House, II:1136, 1137
Kawasaki motorcycles, I:418
KDFW-TV (Dallas), II:1003
Kearney, Denis, I:163
Kearney, Stephen Watts, I:51, 345
Keating, Edward, I:162, II:1128
Keating-Owen bill, I:92
Keelboats, I:524
Keith, Benjamin, II:1059
Keller, Helen, II:921
Kelley, Florence, I:524–26,
I:525, II:783
Kelley, Oliver Hudson, II:685
Kellogg, Frank Billings, I:528–29
Kellogg, John Harvey, I:216,
526–30, II:807
Kellogg, Will Keith, I:526–30
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), I:529
Kellogg Cereals, II:631
Kellogg Company, I:526–28,
I:527, I:530
Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake
Company, I:527
Kelly, William, I:89, 269
Kelly Act (1925), I:21
Kelsey, John, I:530–31
Kelsey-Hayes Corporation, I:530–32
1196
Kelsey-Hayes Group of
Companies, I:532
Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Corporation,
I:531
Kelsey Wheel Company, I:530–31
Kendall, Amos, II:950
Kennedy, Edward, I:358
Kennedy, George, I:531
Kennedy, John E., I:4
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
on civil rights, I:170, 290, 539
Cuban Missile Crisis and,
I:57, 103, 188
defeating Richard Nixon, II:725
expansion policy of, I:367
Keynesian economics and, I:536
Massachusetts and, II:610
Michael Harrington and,
I:421–22
New Economy and, II:814
programs of, I:402–4, 421–22
in space race, II:945
on television, II:682
Vietnam War and, II:1064
on wage and price controls,
II:1069–70
on working women, II:1123–24
Kennedy, Robert F.
on civil rights, I:202
on union corruption, II:556
Kennicott, I:40
Kent State University, II:1065
Kentucky, I:181, 532–34, I:533
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
of 1798, II:981
Keogh plans, II:783
Kerkorian, Kirk, I:456
Kerosene, I:98, 534
gasoline and, II:998
in petroleum industry, II:786
from Standard Oil Co., II:954
Kerosene oil lamps, II:786
Kerry, John, I:461
Kettering, Charles, I:366
Kevlar, by DuPont, I:259
Key, Francis Scott, II:605
Keynes, John Maynard, I:13, 318,
348, 351, 534–36, II:581, 673
on national debt, II:685
vs. quantity theory of
money, II:847
Keynesian economics, I:536
CPI and, I:209
money supply in, II:653
multiplier effect in, II:673
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Keystone Bridge Company, I:139
Khrushchev, Nikita, I:188
Kibon Company (Brazil), II:809
Kidder, Peabody, I:365
Kiekhaefer Corporation, I:122
Kilby, Jack, II:995
Kilgore, Barney, II:1075
Kimberly and Clark Company, I:536
Kimberly, John A., I:536
Kimberly-Clark Corporation,
I:536–37
Kimbies (Diapers), I:537
Kimsey, James, I:144
Kinetograph, I:278
Kinetoscope
invention of, I:285
motion pictures and, II:670
King, Martin Luther, Jr., I:170–71,
538–40, I:539
activism of, I:157
in Alabama, I:24
assassination of, I:171, II:990
in Georgia, I:369
King, Richard, I:540–41
King Kullen supermarkets, II:872
King Philip’s War, II:608
King Ranch, I:540–41
Kingsbury, James W., I:99
Kinney Tobacco Company, I:41
Kirkendall, Richard S., II:1075
Kissinger, Henry, II:1065
Kitchen Cabinet, II:949–50
KKK. See Ku Klux Klan
Kleenex, I:537
Klondike Gold Rush, I:27, 29,
541–42, I:542, II:773–74
Knickerbocker Baseball Club, I:82
Knickerbocker Trust Company,
II:771
Knights of Labor, I:464, 515,
543, II:948
vs. AFL, I:33
in Colorado, I:192
founding of, II:558
method of labor
organization, II:554
at Proctor and Gamble, II:824
radical unions and, II:849
Terence Powderly and, II:816
Knights of the White
Camellia, II:801
Knives, electric, I:97
Knopf, Alfred A., I:543–44
Knopf, Blanche, I:543–44
Knopf Publishing Corporation, I:543

Knowles, Toby, I:27
Knox, Henry, II:914
Knox, Philander C., I:251, II:736
Kodak cameras, I:271
Kohlberg, Kravis Roberts and
Company, I:110
Kool-Aid, II:809
Korea, Republic of, I:544–45
Korean War, I:544–46, I:545
aircraft part production for,
I:531
Cold War and, I:188
Colt firearms in, I:195
costs of, II:1083
credit during, I:223–24
highway construction during,
I:493
military-industrial complex
and, II:638
New York in, II:719
Otis Elevator Company in,
II:761
wage and price controls
in, II:1069
Kosovo, Yugoslavia, NATO forces
in, II:730
Kotex feminine napkins, I:536
Kraft Foods, Incorporated, II:809
Krazy Glue, I:110
Kresge, Sebastian Spering, I:546–47
Kresge Foundation, I:547
Kresge Stores, II:623–24
Krispy Kitchens, II:1031
Kroc, Raymond Albert, I:548–49,
I:549
Kroger, Bernard H., I:549–50
Kroger Company, I:438, 549–51
Kroger Grocery and Baking
Company, I:550
KTBC-TV (Austin), II:1003
KTTV-TV (Los Angeles), II:1003
Ku Klux Klan, I:400, I:551,
I:551–52
Freedom Riders and, I:202
during Reconstruction,
II:801, 899
in Tennessee, II:989
Kwakiutl, II:738
L Labor law, II:1128. See also Child
La Causa, I:157–58
La Favorita Bakery
(Venezuela), II:675
La Follette, Robert, Jr., I:501
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
La India (Venezuela), II:809
La Mothe Cadillac, Antoine Laumet
de, II:629
Labadie, Jean de, II:1054
Labor. See also Labor force
activists in, I:135
anti-labor, I:425
child (See Child labor)
convict, I:22
demand from 1897-1920, I:294
division of, I:249, II:999
federal involvement in, I:275
during the Great Depression,
I:239–41, I:243
Lowell system of, II:589–90
Rhode Island system, II:874,
876–77, 925
skilled, I:426, II:1070
unskilled (See Unskilled labor)
Labor contracts, yellow dog. See
Yellow dog contracts
Labor Department (U.S.), I:306
AFL and, I:33
automobile safety and,
II:676–77
Labor disputes. See also Strikes
arbitration in, I:51
against ASARCO, I:39, 40
Pinkerton National Detective
Agency and, II:796–97
Pullman strike and, II:842–43
War Labor Board for, II:1086
Labor force
agricultural (See Agricultural
laborers)
Chinese, in late 1800s, I:162–63
contemporary changes in,
I:211–12
Great Migration and, I:398–99,
399–400
illegal alien, I:390
immigrant laborers (See
Immigrant laborers)
Mexican (See Mexican workers)
retirement of, I:392–94, I:393
unemployment in (See
Unemployment)
women in, II:813, II:1029 (See
Working women)
Labor incentives. See Incentives
Labor; names of specific laws
Alien Contract, I:48
Frances Kelly and, II:784
National Recovery
Administration and, II:687
Index
in New Deal, II:556
for women, I:116
Labor-Management Relations Act.
See Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Labor-Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act, II:556
Labor markets, in developing
countries, I:363
Labor movement, II:553–57, II:554,
II:558–59
air traffic controllers strike
and, I:18
in Alabama, I:24
American Plan and, I:34
Florence Kelley and, I:525–26
in Illinois, I:464
Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438
John Mitchell and, II:649–50
Knights of Labor and, I:543
Mary Jones and, I:515
Molly Maguires and, II:652
in New Deal, II:706
in New Jersey, II:712
radical unions and, II:851
sit-down strikes in (See Sit-
down strikes)
yellow dog contracts during
(See Yellow dog contracts)
Labor organizations. See Labor
unions
Labor Policy Association, I:306
Labor relations
air traffic controllers strike
and, I:18
at Proctor and Gamble,
II:822–23, 824–25
RICO and, II:849
in 1890s, II:841–42
William Howard Taft and,
II:978
Labor strikes. See Strikes
Labor unions, I:480–81, II:557–59,
649–50, 1012. See also Labor
law; Labor movement; specific
labor unions, e.g., American
Federation of Labor
from 1897-1920, I:294
Amasa Walker on, II:1072
Asa Philip Randolph in,
II:858–59
in automobile industry, II:1038
in baseball, I:82–83
Clayton Antitrust Act and, I:275
closed shops and, I:183
coal mining and, I:543
collective bargaining by (See
Collective bargaining)
1197
 Index
communism and, II:979
contemporary, I:212
corruption in, II:556–57
C.W. Post and, II:807, 808, 809
decline during 1920s, II:833
density of, II:554
at Dodge Main factory, II:888
freedom of speech for, II:979
in General Motors, II:931
growth of, in WW II, II:1085
Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438
in Michigan, II:631–32
for migrant agricultural
workers, II:1038–39
on minimum wage laws,
II:1128
in mining, II:1039, 1051 (See
also United Mine Workers)
movements against, I:34
NAFTA and, II:728
National Industrial Recovery
Act and, II:686, 703
National Recovery
Administration and, II:687,
703
under New Deal, II:577
in New Jersey, II:712
Norris-Laguardia Act and,
II:726–27
in North Carolina, II:732
in Ohio, II:745–46
in Oregon, II:757
in Pennsylvania, II:780
radical (See Radical unions)
in railroads, I:120–21, I:121,
I:229, II:855, 859
reform of, II:556–57
right-to-work laws and,
II:878–79
Samuel Gompers for, I:382–84
sit-down strikes by, II:923
in South Carolina, II:939,
940–41
as special interest groups, II:948
in steel industry, II:960
strikes and, II:967–68
Taft-Hartley Act and, II:978–79
in textile industry, II:1000
Times Mirror Co. and, II:1003
United Auto Workers (See
United Auto Workers)
United Farm Workers (See
United Farm Workers)
in Utah, II:1051
wages and, II:1070
women in, II:1126
1198
working conditions and,
II:1127–28
yellow dog contracts and (See
Yellow dog contracts)
Laboratories
for R & D, II:871
research, II:712
after WW II, II:810
Lace production, I:39, 409
Lachine Canal, II:891
Laffer, Arthur B., II:864, 976
Laffer curve, II:864, 976
LaFollette, Philip, II:1120
LaFollette, Robert Marion,
II:559–61, 1120
Lager beer, I:118
LaGuardia, Fiorello H., II:727
Laissez-faire, I:206, II:561, 580
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern
railroad, II:720
Lakes, II:943. See also names of
specific lakes
Lamont, Thomas W., II:966
Land Between the Lakes, II:992
Land-Grant Act. See Morrill Land
Grant Act (1862)
Land-Grant College Act (1862),
II:843
Land grant colleges, II:561, 843
Land grants
for railroads, II:855,
856–57, 1036
for universities, II:561, 843
Land O’Lakes, Inc., II:561–63
Land Ordinance (1784), I:474
Land Ordinance (1785), I:391, 392,
474, II:563–64, 737
Ohio and, II:745
Land policy, I:390–92, II:1109. See
also specific legislation, e.g.,
Northwest Ordinance
Land reform, populism and, II:805–6
Land settlement
British restrictions on, I:10
in colonial times, I:190–91,
II:909–12, II:910
Land speculation
in colonial times, II:1114
Robert Morris and, II:666
Landlords, II:877–78
Landon, Alfred M., I:522
Landrum-Griffin Act. See Labor-
Management Reporting and
Disclosure Act
Lands, public. See Public lands
Land’s End, I:386
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Lane, Allen, II:835
Lane, Gertrude Battles, II:564–65
Laney, Lucey Craft, I:89
Langbo, Arnold, I:527
Lange, Dorothea Margaretta,
II:565–66
Langlade, Charles, I:346
L’Anse aux Meadows, II:553
Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917
Laos, II:1065
Laramie Treaty of 1868, II:942
Larson, T.A., II:1139
Las Casas, Bartolome de, II:692
Las Vegas, Nevada, II:702
Laser disk recorders, II:937
Lasker, Albert David, I:4, II:566–67
Latex, II:1004
Lather Company, I:531
Lathes, II:950
Lathrop, Julia, I:160–61, II:915,
1128
Latin America
exploration of, II:1010
Monroe Doctrine and, II:656–59
as protectorate, II:834
Standard Oil Co. in, II:954
Lauder, Estee, II:567–68
Lauder, Joseph, II:568
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, I:258,
260–61
Law, John, II:716
Law enforcement, during
Prohibition, II:987
Law of the Sea, I:319
Lawn and garden equipment, I:97
Lawn mowers, I:97
Lawrence strike, II:850–51
Laws of Burgos in 1512, II:692
Lawson, H.J., I:94
Lawsuits. See Actions and defenses
Lead, Dingley tariff on, I:245
Lead mining
in Colorado, I:39, 192
in Missouri, II:646, 648
in Montana, II:661
in Wisconsin, II:1118
Lead refining, ASARCO and, I:40
League for Industrial
Democracy, II:1001
League of Black Women, II:826
League of Five Nations, I:499
League of Nations, I:500,
II:754, 1117
vs. United Nations, II:1040
Warren G. Harding and, II:726

League of Six Nations, I:499
Lease, Mary Elizabeth, II:568–69,
II:569
Lease and rental services, I:485
Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak
Express, I:520
Lee, Ann, II:1055
Lee, Arthur, I:207
Lee, Harris, and Lee, II:570
Lee, Henry, I:109
Lee, Ivy Ledbetter, II:570–71
Lee, Robert E.
John Brown and, I:420, 421
vs. William Tecumseh
Sherman, II:918
Legal Tender Act (1862), I:405,
II:680–81
Lehigh valley, I:49
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
I:199
Leisure, motion pictures and, II:671
Leiter, Levi, I:315
Leland, Henry, I:366
Leland Stanford Junior University.
See Stanford University
Lelia College, II:1073
Lend-Lease Act (1941), I:57, 242,
501, II:571, 582, 1131
Leni-Lanape Native Americans. See
Delawares (Native Americans)
Lenin, Valdimir Ilyich, I:414
Lenzer, Robert, I:127, 128
Leon, Alonso de, II:993
Leontief, Wassily, II:571–72
Leontif inverse, II:572
Leopard (Ship), II:1087
Leroux, Pierre, II:935
Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, I:109
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, II:767
Letters from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania, II:1011
The Letters of Theodore
Roosevelt, I:154
Lettuce, labor activists and, I:135
Leuchtenburg, William, II:706
Levant Company, I:514
Lever Food Control Act (1917),
II:572–73
Leveraged buyouts, II:662, 789–91
Levitt, William Jaird, II:573–74
Levitt and Sons, II:573
‘‘Levittown,’’ II:573
Lewis, Eddy, I:379
Lewis, John Llewellyn, I:201, II:556,
559, 576–78, II:577, II:704, 851,
1038, 1039
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Lewis, Meriwether, II:575, 941. See
also Lewis and Clark expedition
Lewis, Michael, I:128
Lewis, Sinclair, II:578–79
Lewis and Clark expedition,
II:574–76, II:575, II:588
in Idaho, I:457
in Kansas, I:520
on Missouri River, II:649
in Montana, II:659
in Nebraska, II:696
Northwest and, II:1090
in Oregon, II:755
in Oregon Country, II:759
on Oregon Trail, II:760
westward expansion and,
II:1108
Lewis and Clark Lake, II:943
Lewisohn, Adolph, I:39
Lewisohn, Leonard, I:39
Lexis-Nexis, II:1004
LG Group, II:1146
Liability
in partnerships, II:775
of tobacco industry, II:1007–8
Liaison Office for Personnel
Management, I:172
Libby, II:641
Liberalism, II:579–81
Liberia, II:581
Liberty bonds, I:107, 203,
II:581–82, 1129
Liberty Fleet Day, II:582
Liberty Media, II:683
Liberty Notes, I:294
Liberty Party, I:156
Liberty ships, II:582
Liberty Tree, II:952
Libraries, II:780, 835
Library of Congress, II:835
Licenses
for commercial truck
drivers, II:1020
for steamboats, II:958–59
tariffs and, II:983
The Life of Abraham Lincoln, II:980
Life Savers Company, II:676
Liggit and Myers, I:41, 257
Light bulbs
from General Electric
Company, I:364
incandescent, I:278
invention of, I:277
Light tenders, II:959
Lighting, fuels for, I:98–99, II:1111
Index
Lightning, Benjamin Franklin and,
I:338, 339
Lilienthal, David, II:991
Liliuokalani (Queen), I:423–24
Limited liability companies, I:217
Limited partnerships, II:582
Lincoln, Abraham
Allan Pinkerton and, II:796
Andrew Johnson and, II:989
biographies of, I:425
Black Hawk War and, I:99
Central Pacific Railroad
and, I:152
Civil War loans of, I:215
Emancipation Proclamation of,
I:1, 156, 281–83, II:1001
Francis P. Blair and, II:950
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:882
on Homestead Act, I:444
Ida Tarbell on, II:980
northern economy and, I:178
Pony Express and, II:804
Pullman railroad car for, II:840
on railroads, II:1036
Reconstruction and, II:867
Southern vote against, II:958
Lincoln, Benjamin, II:914
Lincoln County War, II:713
Lincoln Motor Company, I:331
Lind, Jenny, I:80
Lind, John, II:639, 891
Lindbergh, Charles, I:21, 93, 501,
II:681, 1019
Link Belt Combined Harvester, I:145
Liquid Paper, I:376
Liquor industry. See Alcoholic
beverage industry
Lisa, Manuel, II:659
Lisa (Computer), I:512, II:1134
Litchfield Connecticut
Association, II:828
Literacy, I:453
Literacy tests (Election law), II:804
Literary Guild, II:835
Lithic Indians. See Paleo-Indians
Lithographs, I:130
Little Big Horn, Battle of, II:660
Little Juliana, II:962
Little New Deal, II:780, 1120
Little Tikes, Rubbermaid and, II:886
Little Turtle’s War, I:305–6, II:737,
1080, 1087
Livestock industry, II:584, 1139–40
Livestock in Porkopolis, II:807
1199
Index
Livingston, Robert, I:354, II:716,
962, 1057
L.L. Bean Company, I:83–84,
385–86
Lloyd, John Henry, I:83
Loans. See also Banking industry
during Civil War, I:215
collateral for, I:189
debt and, I:230
from decentralized banking,
I:274
defaults, I:316
European, I:296–97
farm, I:306–7, 388–90, I:389
to foreign governments,
I:250–51
during Great Depression, I:394
national debt and (See
National debt)
to railroads, II:856
restrictions on for savings and
loan associations, II:897
short-term, prime rate and,
II:819
student, I:453
Lobbying, II:582–83. See also
Special interest groups
Lobsters, Maine, II:598
Local government, urban renewal
and, II:1047
Locke, John, I:11, II:847, 929
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation,
II:637
Lockheed Corporation, I:21
Lockheed Martin, I:103, II:638
Locks (Hardware), I:97
Locks (Waterways)
defined, II:938
Soo, II:938–39
Welland Canal and,
II:1100–1101
Locomotives
Dingley tariff on, I:245
by General Electric
Company, I:364
by General Motors Corporation,
I:366, 367
Log Cabin Syrup, II:809
Logged Off Land Company, II:1110
London Company, II:1065
Long, George, II:1110
Long, Huey Pierce, I:219, 395,
II:583, II:583–84, 586
Long, Stephen, I:192
Long-haul rates, II:599
Long Island Airways, II:1019
1200
Long Island Cablevision
Corporation, II:1003
Longhorn cattle, I:147, II:584
Longshoremen, in radical
unions, II:850
Looms, power, II:588, 589
Loos, Clifford H., I:428
Lord & Thomas. See Foote, Cone
& Belding
Lorenzo, Frank, I:19
Lorilland, P., I:257
Los Alamos, New Mexico, II:713
Los Angeles Aqueduct, I:145
Los Angeles Chargers, I:436
Los Angeles Daily Times, II:1002
Los Angeles Times, II:1002–4
Lotta gum, II:1138
Lottery, for the draft, II:909
Lotus Development Corporation,
II:633
Louis Kemp Seafood Company,
II:1032
Louis XIV
Louisiana and, II:584
Louisiana territory and,
II:642, 645, 716
Louis XV
Louisiana and, II:716
Louisiana, II:584–86, II:585
acquisition of, II:707
Huey Long in, II:583
Mississippi and, II:642, 645
purchase of (See Louisiana
Purchase)
rice in, II:878
slavery in, II:928
sugarcane in, II:973
Louisiana Purchase, I:1, 390,
II:586–88, II:587, II:941, 996
affect on Lewis and Clark
Expedition, II:575
Arkansas and, I:55
claims from, I:94
Colorado in, I:192
Daniel Boone and, I:108
Florida in, I:324
Thomas Jefferson and,
I:441–42, 509, 520, II:1081
westward expansion from,
II:1108
Louisiana Territory
acquisition of, II:598,
678–79, 716
exploration of, II:792–93
Minnesota in, II:639
Mississippi River in, II:645
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Montana in, II:659
Nebraska in, II:696
New Mexico in, II:713
Love, Spencer, II:1000–1001
Low-income housing, II:1046–47
Lowell, Francis Cabot,
II:588–89, 999
in Rhode Island factories, II:877
system of labor, II:589–90
Lowell Machine Shop, I:269
Lowell textile mill, II:609, 707
Lower class, during
Reaganomics, II:864
Loyalists
vs. patriots, I:37–38
reactions to, I:11, 38
Lubricants
from Exxon Corporation,
I:301–2
fuels for, I:98–99
whale-oil as, II:1111, 1113
Lubricating oils, II:786
Lucas, George, I:512
Lucas County Unemployed
League, II:851
Lucent Technologies, I:65
Lucite, by DuPont, I:259
Lucky Strike cigarettes, I:41–42
Lucre, by DuPont, I:259
Luhan, Mabel Dodge, II:566
Lukens, Rebecca, II:590–91
Lukens Iron Works, II:590, 591
Lukens Steel, II:590
Lumber, Chicago Fire of 1871 and,
I:158–59
Lumber industry, II:591–93, II:592.
See also Forest products industry
in Alaska, I:27
in Arkansas, I:55
Gifford Pinchot and, II:794
in Kansas, I:521
in Louisiana, II:585
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
naval stores and, II:693–94, 695
in New York, II:718, 719, 720
in Oklahoma, II:748
in Oregon, II:757
in Pennsylvania, II:780
technological advances in,
II:1110
in Washington state,
II:1091, 1092
in West Virginia, II:1104
Weyerhaeuser Company in,
II:1110–11

Lumberjacks, in radical unions,
II:850
Lusitania, I:103, 124
Lustig, Nora Claudia, II:728, 729
Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable
Compound, II:797
Lydius, Joseph, I:347
Lye, manufacture of, I:39, 409
Lynch, Edmund, II:623
Lynching, laws against, I:400
Lynn, John, II:1113–14
Lynn Female Anti-Slavery
Society, II:797
Lyrca, by DuPont, I:258, 259
M on trade restrictions,
M1, in money supply, II:653
M2, in money supply, II:653
M3, in money supply, II:653
M-16 full-automatic rifles, I:195
M-60 machine guns, I:196
M4A1 rifle, I:196
MacArthur, Douglas
Korean War and, I:545–46
in Philippines, II:789
Macey, R.H., I:238
Machine guns, I:196, 531. See also
Firearms
Machine tool industry, I:269
Machinery. See also Equipment
agricultural (See Agricultural
machinery)
in 20th century, II:1059
water power for, II:589–90
Macintosh, Charles, II:1005
Macintosh, Ebenezer, II:952
Macintosh computers. See Apple
computers
MacKenzie, John D., I:40
Mackinac Bridge, II:631
Macmillan, Kirkpatrick, I:93
Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School
Publishing Company, II:617
Macon’s Bill, Number Two,
II:1081, 1087
MacPhail, Larry, II:722
Macune, Charles, I:308
MAD. See Mutual Assured
Destruction
Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing
Company, II:1073
Madison, James, I:58
agricultural economies and,
I:341
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Alexander Hamilton and, I:413
in American Colonization
Society, II:928
conservatism and, I:205
on Constitution, I:12
Erie Canal and, I:295
James Monroe and, II:658
on national bank, II:1079
National Road and, II:688
on nullification, II:981
Old Southwest and, II:750
on plantations, II:801
public lands and, I:391
on special interest groups,
II:948
states’ rights and, II:958
II:1081, 1087
War of 1812 and, II:1087, 1088
Mafia
FBI and, I:279
Jimmy Hoffa in, I:438
Pinkerton National Detective
Agency and, II:796
Magazine advertising. See Print
advertising
Magazine publishing, II:564–65
Magazines. See Periodicals
Magins (Security trading), II:965
Magnetic Telegraph Company,
II:668, 1105
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, II:753
MAI. See Multilateral Agreement on
Investment
Mail-order business, II:595, 872
book clubs and, II:835
Carson, Pirie, Scott and
Company in, II:662
J.C. Penney in, II:777–78
John Wanamaker in, II:662
Jordan Marsh and Company
in, II:662
Montgomery Ward in,
II:661–62
Neiman Marcus in, II:600–601
in retail industry, II:871
Richard Sears in, II:901–3
Sears, Roebuck and Company
in, II:662
Mailgrams, II:1105
Mailing lists, for direct
marketing, II:871
Main Line Canal, II:747
Main Line of Public Works,
II:778, 781
Maine, II:595–98, II:596
Index
L. L. Bean in, I:83–84
prohibition in, II:828
as proprietary colony, I:191
slavery in, II:649
Mainframe computers, I:486
Mainstreet, II:579
Malcolm Baldridge National Quality
Award, I:74
MAN. See Materials as
needed program
Management
Alfred DuPont Chandler on,
I:154–55
Peter Drucker on, I:255–56
Manchuria, Open Door Policy
and, II:754
Mangement
Spencer Love and,
II:1000–1001
Manger, George, I:118
Manhattan Elevator Railroad, I:387
Manhattan Island, acquisition
of, II:715
Manhattan Project, II:713
Manifest destiny, II:598–99, 803.
See also Westward expansion
Oregon Country and, II:759
Puerto Rico and, II:837
westward expansion and,
II:1107–8
Mann, James Robert, II:599
Mann-Elkins Act (1910), I:274, 490,
II:599, 1015
Manufacturers Hanover, I:235
Manufacturing industry. See also
Assembly lines
in 1860s, I:267
from 1970-1997, II:820
acquisitions and mergers in,
II:622–23 (See also
Acquisitions and mergers)
after Civil War, II:1027
Alfred P. Sloan in, II:929–31
division of labor in,
I:40–41, 249
durable goods and, I:261–62
in early Republic, II:1080
environmentalism and, I:288–89
firearms and, II:950–51
in Georgia, I:367
Hamilton report on, II:870
Hershey Foods Corporation,
I:433–34
in Idaho, I:459
in Iowa, I:497
legislation for, I:92
1201
 Index
in Maryland, II:607
mass production in, II:608
methods by Du Pont, I:261
milk bottle cap machines, I:96
in Mississippi, II:645
in Missouri, II:648
in New Hampshire, II:709
in New York, II:718, 719, 720
in North Carolina, II:730–32
in Ohio, II:745, 746
real wages in, II:865
refined methods in, I:276
reforms in, II:984
in Rhode Island, II:874, 876–77
in rust belt, II:888–89
spinning mills in, II:949
Taylorism in, II:984
trusts in, II:1025, 1027
in Vermont, II:1060
during War of 1812, II:1082
in Washington state, II:1092
water power for, II:589–90
Maples, Mike, II:634
Marathon Oil Company, II:1044
March on Washington, I:121, 170
Marconi, Guglielmo, II:852
Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph
Company, Ltd., II:852
Marcus, Herbert, II:599–600
Marcus, Stanley Harold, II:599–601
Marcy, William, II:949
Marine engines, I:122
Maritime industry
in Rhode Island, II:874
Soo Locks in, II:938–39
subsidies for, II:971
Mark, Karl, I:426
Mark I (Computer), I:199, 485
Market price, II:818
Market research, I:5
in advertising industry, I:4, 5
by magazine reader panels,
II:565
at Proctor and Gamble, II:825
Market revolution, II:602–3
Marketing
Agricultural Marketing Act,
I:241
integrated programs for, I:5
by Texas Co., II:998
in tobacco industry, I:257
of Tupperware, II:1028–29
Markets, II:601–2
revolution in, II:602–3
Maroney, Terah, I:103
1202
Marquette, Jacques, I:55, 475, 497,
II:629, 1118
in Mississippi, II:645
in Missouri, II:646
Missouri River and, II:649
in New France, II:707
Marriott Corporation, I:449
Marsh, John, I:238
Marshall, George C., II:603–4
Marshall, James, I:378
Marshall, John, I:207, II:928, 1013
Marshall Field (Department store),
I:238, 314–15, I:315
Marshall Plan, I:187, II:603–4, 811
Marshall Trilogy, Native American
policy and, II:689–90
Martial law, in Hawaii, I:424
Martin, Billy, II:722
Martin, Homer, II:1038
Martin Company, II:607
Martinez, Arthur C., II:905
Martinique, II:973
Martins, Joseph W., I:546
Marx, Karl, I:229, 525, 535
Marxist socialism, II:936
Maryland, II:605–7, II:606
plantations in, II:801
population of colony, II:910
as proprietary colony, I:191
Stamp Act of 1765 and, II:952
Maryland Drydock, II:607
Mason, Roswell B., I:159
Mass communication technology.
See Communications
Mass production, II:608
of agricultural equipment,
II:614, 615
of firearms, II:950
of housing, II:573–74
of Model T, II:651
quality control in, I:237–38
Mass transportation, in
Michigan, II:631
Massachusetts, II:608–10, II:609
in American Revolution, I:36
establishment of colony, I:189
Francis Lowell in, II:588
Great Britain and, I:494
minimum wage laws in, II:638
Native Americans in, II:693
population of colony, II:910
Puritans in, II:845
Shays’ Rebellion in, II:913–14
Springfield Armory in,
II:950–51
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Stamp Act and, II:952
Massachusetts Bay Colony, II:794,
910–11
Massachusetts Bay Company, I:514
minting coins, II:791
Navigation Acts and, II:694
Puritans and, II:845
Massachusetts Economic
Development Incentive
Program, II:610
Massachusetts Government Act
(1774), I:494
Massachusetts Society for the
Suppression of Intemperance,
II:986
Master Card, Secure Courier
encryption for, II:699
Matches, Dingley tariff on, I:245
Materials as needed program, I:419
Matewan Massacre, II:1104
Mathematics
in economics, II:877–78,
899–901
Mayas and, II:611
Mathews, R.H.G., II:1145
Matthew, Henry, I:400
Matthew Bender and Co.,
II:1003, 1004
Maverick, Ebenezer, I:110
Maximilian, II:657
Maxwell, Hamish, II:809
Maxwell Company, I:67. See also
Chrysler Corporation
Maxwell House Coffee, II:809
Maxwell Motor Company, I:165,
167, II:969
Mayas, I:216, II:611, 626, 1005
Mayflower Compact, II:794
Mays, Benjamin E., I:539
Maysville Road Bill, II:611–12
Maytag Corporation, II:612–13
Maytag, Frederick Louis, II:612–13
Maytag, L. B., II:613
Mazda Motor Corporation, I:331
MBS. See Mutual Broadcasting
System
McCarren-Walter Act (1952), I:467
McCarthy, Eugene, I:358
McCarthy, Joseph, I:546
McCarty Farms, II:1032
McClellan, John L, II:556
McClintock, Mary Ann, II:1124
McClure, Samuel S., II:980
McClure’s, II:980–81
McCormick, Cyrus Hall, I:14, 16,
106, II:613–15, II:614

McCormick, Cyrus Hall Jr., II:614
McCormick Harvesting Machine
Company, I:426, II:614, 615
McCormick reaper, II:613–16,
II:615, II:818
McCoy, James G., I:147
McCraw, Thomas, I:155
McCrory, J.G., I:547
McCrory Stores, II:623, 624
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819),
I:77–78, 151, II:957
McDonald, Eugene F., Jr., II:1145
McDonald’s Corporation, I:548–49
McDonald’s University, I:548
McDonnell Douglas, I:21, 103,
104, 105
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
in Missouri industry, II:648
McGovern, George, I:358
McGraw, Curtis, II:616
McGraw, Donald C., II:616–17
McGraw, Harold III (Terry),
II:617–18
McGraw, Harold Jr., II:617
McGraw, James H., II:616–18
McGraw, James Jr., II:616
McGraw-Edison, II:970
McGraw-Hill, Inc., II:617
McGraw-Hill Broadcasting
Company, II:617
McGraw-Hill Companies, II:616–18,
953, 1004
McGraw-Hill Company of Canada,
Ltd., II:616
McGraw Publishing Company,
II:616
McGraw Ryerson, II:616
McGuire, Robert, II:797
MCI Telecommunications
in Colorado, I:194
suit against AT & T by, I:65
McKay, Donald, I:182
McKenzie, Alexander, II:733
McKinley, William
assassination of, I:425
free silver advocates and,
I:226, 382
Marcus Alonzo Hanna and,
I:416–17
Puerto Rico and, II:837
Spanish-American War and,
II:947
trust-busting by, II:1026
William Howard Taft and,
II:977
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
vs. William Jennings Bryan,
I:245, 307, 309
McKinley Tariff Act (1890),
I:39, II:1035
McLane, Louis, I:78
McLoughlin, John, II:755
McLoughlin, William G., II:876
McNar-Haugen Bill, II:832
McParlan, James, II:652
McSweeney-McNary Act, II:757
McVeigh, Timothy, II:750
M.D. Anderson Medical Center,
II:791
Meany, George, I:34, II:556–57
Meat
import quotas on, II:848
rationing of, II:860
Meat industry
from 1897-1920, I:293
abuses in, II:765
in Illinois, I:464
in Minnesota, II:641
muckraking movement and,
II:671
in Porkopolis, II:807
in radical unions, II:850
regulation of, I:327, II:676, 677
transport in, I:326
unsanitary conditions in,
II:844, 845
Meat Inspection Act (1906), I:327
Mechanization. See also
Industrialization
in early Republic, II:1080
effect on labor unions, II:577
Medicaid, I:249, 403, 428,
II:618, 814
Medical industry. See Health care
industry
Medical leave. See Sick leave
Medical publishing, II:616
Medical technology, space race
and, II:946
Medicare, I:403, 404, 428,
II:618–19, 814
Medieval corporations, I:217
Medium of exchange, II:619, 642,
652–53
Meet the Press (Television
show), II:682
Megalopolis, II:972
Meganetworks. See Internet
Mein Kampf, I:330
Melaren Consolidated Cone
Company, II:675
Index
Mellon, Andrew, II:619–20,
780, 831
Mellon, Thomas, II:619–20
Mellon, William L., II:620
Mellon Bank Corporation, II:619–20
Mellon Plan, II:620
Mennonites, II:1054
Mental disorders
ADA and, I:42
Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50,
I:250
services for, I:449–50
Mental hospitals. See Psychiatric
hospitals
Mentzer, Josephine Esther. See
Lauder, Estee
Mercantilism, II:620–22, 677
in colonial America, I:9–10
vs. laissez-faire, II:561
liberalism and, II:579–80
monopolies and, I:340
Navigation Acts and, II:694
Mercedes Benz, I:24
Mercenaries, II:622
Merchandising
department stores and,
I:238–39, I:239
in entertainment industry, I:285
L. L. Bean in, I:83–84
Merchant Marine Act (1920), II:919
Merchant Marine Act (1936), II:919
Merchant Marine (U.S.), Alabama
claims and, I:25
Merchant ships, liberty, II:582
Merchants Parcel Delivery, II:1040
Mercury outboard motors, I:122
Mercury space program, II:945
Meredith, James, I:170
Mergers. See Acquisitions and
mergers
Merill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and
Beane, II:624
Merill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and
Smith, II:624
Merit System Protection Board,
I:173
Merrill Center of Economics, II:625
Merrill, Charles Edward, II:623–25
Merrill Foundation for the
Advancement of Investment
Knowledge, II:625
Merrill, Lynch stockbrokerage,
II:623–25
Mesa Corporation, Inc., II:790
Mesa Limited Partnership, Inc.,
II:790
1203
Index
Mesa Verde, Colorado, I:46,
II:625–26
Mesabi Range, mining in, II:641
Mesoamerica, II:626, 1010
Messaging services, during war,
II:1106
Mestizos, II:626
encomiendas and, I:285
Native Americans and, II:692
Metalwork, II:892–93
Meteorology, Benjamin Franklin
and, I:339
Metropolitan Museum of Art, I:415
Metropolitan Water District of
Southern California, II:1053
Mexican Bail-Out, II:626–27
Mexican Cession (1848), II:628–29
Mexican exploration, of Utah,
II:1049
Mexican Revolution, I:133, II:628
Mexican War, I:350, II:772
costs of, II:1083
Matthew Perry and, I:505,
II:785
slavery after, I:523
Texas and, II:994, 997
westward expansion and,
II:598, 1108
Mexican workers, I:39
Cesar Estrada Chavez and,
I:157, I:157–58
Guggenheim industries and,
I:39
in migrant labor, II:635
Mexico
custom duties and, I:227
Nabisco Foods in, II:675
NAFTA and, II:728
New Mexico and, II:713
territory from, II:989
Texas and, II:993–94, 996–97
Tyson Foods, Inc. in, II:1032
U.S. investments in, I:468–69
Mezoamerica. See Central America
MFN. See Most-favored-nation
principals
M.Guggenheim’s Sons, I:39
Miami-Erie Canal, II:745
Miamis (Native Americans), II:629,
745, 1114
Michelin Tire Company, I:93,
II:1005, 1043
Michelob beer, I:131
Michigan, II:629–32, II:630
seasonal unemployment in,
II:906
1204
sit-down strikes in, II:923
Soo Locks in, II:938–39
Michigan State University, II:561
Mickey Mouse, I:46, I:247, I:247–48
Micmacs, II:765
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Systems, I:199, II:632
Microchips. See Semiconductor
chips
Microcomputers. See Personal
computers
Microprocessors, I:199, II:786
Microsoft Corporation, I:512,
II:632–35, II:633
antitrust actions against,
I:217, II:1027
Bill Gates and, I:360–62, I:361
Internet browsers by, I:48
market value of, I:365
MSNBC and, II:683
vs. Netscape Communications
Corp., II:699
Paul Gardner Allen and,
I:31–32
Warren Buffet and, I:127
Washington economy and,
II:1092
Microsoft Network, II:634, 683
Microsoft Office 97, I:199
Middle colonies, slavery in, II:927
Middle East
mercenaries in, II:622
oil pipelines in, II:998–99
Middle Passage, II:635, 927, 1018
Midland nuclear power plant, II:741
Midvale Steel Co., II:983–84
Midwest
agriculture in, I:16
development of, I:179–80
structural unemployment in,
II:968
Migrant labor, II:635–36
in California, I:135
Cesar Estrada Chavez and,
I:157, I:157–58
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
in New York, II:718
in radical unions, II:850
railroad, I:153–54
in seasonal employment, II:906
unions for, II:1038–39
Migration
across countries (See
Emigration and immigration)
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
to cities (See Rural-urban
migration)
to suburbs and rural areas (See
Urban-rural migration)
to urban areas, II:971–72
to the West (See Westward
expansion)
Milan Decree of 1807, II:678
Milbank, Jeremiah, I:109
Miles, Michael J., II:810
Military
blockade strategies in, I:103
during Cold War, I:310
Colt’s Manufacturing Company
and, I:194–96
for evolving technology,
I:232–33
General Motors and, I:366
hardware for, I:419
Harpers Ferry armory and,
I:420
in Hawaii, I:421, 424
motorcycles for, I:418
spending of (See Defense
spending)
Strategic Defense Initiative
in, I:233
tractor use in, I:146
Military Committee, of NATO,
II:730
Military communications, II:1106
Military draft. See Draft
Military-industrial complex, I:233,
II:636–38
after WW II, II:811–12, 1085
Rubbermaid in, II:885
Military occupation, of Cuba, II:947
Military pensions, II:783
Military readiness
for American Revolution, I:36
for WW I, I:220
for WW II, II:1084
Military supplies
Connecticut and, I:202, 203
U.S. manufacture of, I:441,
I:442, II:1084–85
from War Industries Board,
II:1086, 1129–30
Military transport vessels, I:441
Military weapons
missiles (See Missiles)
nuclear (See Nuclear weapons)
production of, I:522
Militias, in American
Revolution, I:11
Milk

Borden, I:109–10
bottle cap machines, I:96
during Great Depression, I:394
powdered (See Powdered milk)
Milk-Bone Dog Biscuits, II:675
Milken, Michael, I:517
Milkshake machines, I:548
Miller Brewing Company,
I:118, II:1120
Miller, Nathan, I:205
Miller-Tydings Act (1937)
as antitrust legislation, II:655
Mills, II:1000
assembly line in, I:60
spinning (See Spinning mills)
sugar (See Sugar industry)
textile, II:1000
Milosevic, Slobodan, II:730
Milton Hershey School, I:433
Milwaukee breweries, I:118, 119
Mimeographs, I:278
Mincemeat, I:109–10
Minding the Store, II:601
Mineral industry. See Mining
industry
Minicomputers, I:486
Minimum optimum scale, I:277
Minimum wage, I:304, II:935. See
also Fair Labor Standards
Act (1938)
establishment of, I:525–26
New Deal and, II:703
during Progressive Era, II:1128
regulation of, II:638–39, 686
Minimum Wage Board, II:638
Mining industry
after Civil War, I:174
in Alabama, I:22
in Alaska, I:25, 27, 29
in Arizona, I:51
coal (See Coal Mining)
in Colorado, I:192–94
copper (See Copper mining)
gold (See Gold industry)
in Idaho, I:457, 459
in Illinois, I:465
John D. Rockefeller in, II:881
in Kansas, I:520
labor unions in, II:649, 1039
(See also United Mine
Workers)
lead, I:39
in Michigan, II:631
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
in Missouri, II:646, 648
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Molly Maguires and, II:652
in Montana, II:660, 661
Native Americans and, II:738
in Nevada, II:700, 702
in New Mexico, II:713
in Oklahoma, II:748
radical unions in, II:849, 850
safety standards in, II:676, 677
silver (See Silver mining)
Soo Locks and, II:938
strip mining (See Strip Mining)
in Tennessee, II:989
trusts in, II:1027
unions in (See United Mine
Workers)
uranium (See Uranium industry)
Utah International in, I:364
in Vermont, II:1062
Ministry of International Trade and
Industry, I:478
Minneapolis, Minnesota, II:641
Minnesota, II:639–42, II:640, II:856
Minnesota Cooperative Creamery
Association, Inc., II:561–62
Minnesota Federation of Labor,
II:639
Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing Company, II:641
Minolta Company, Ltd., I:273
Minorities. See also specific
minorities, e.g., African Americans
affirmative action for, I:6–7
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
minimum wage laws effect
on, II:638
publishing industry and, I:544
in slums, II:932
Minority business enterprises, II:826
Mint Act (1792), I:380, II:642
Minuit, Peter, II:715
Minute Maid Corporation, I:185
Minute Tapioca, II:809
MIP. See Monthly Investment Plan
Mir, II:946
Mirabella, Grace, II:568
Miramax, I:281
The Mirror, II:1003
Mirror Printing and Binding
House, II:1002
Mismatch unemployment, II:968–69
Missiles
American, II:945
German, II:944–45
intercontinental ballistic,
I:56–57
Index
Russian, II:945
during WW II, II:944–45
Mission Indians, I:306
Missions
French, I:346
in Kansas, I:520
Native Americans and, II:692
Mississippi, II:642–45, II:643, II:928
Mississippi Red-Shirts, II:801, 899
Mississippi River, II:645–46
Missouri River and, II:649
Native Americans and, II:800
New Orleans on, II:715–17
Ohio River into, II:746
Porkopolis and, II:807
steamboats on, II:958, 959
Mississippi Territory, II:644, 680
Mississippian culture, II:670
Missouri, II:646–48, II:647, II:804
Missouri Compromise, II:648–49
Dred Scott case and (See Dred
Scott v. Sandford (1857))
Georgia and, I:367
Henry Clay and, I:181
Kansas-Nebraska Act and,
I:520, II:649
Nebraska and, II:696
Salmon Portland Chase
and, I:156
slave states and, I:177, 523,
II:929, 979
Missouri Fur Company, II:659
Missouri Pacific railroad, II:1037
Missouri River, II:649
damming of, II:943
Mississippi River and, II:645
Missouri Territory, II:646, 979
Mitchell, James P., II:556
Mitchell, John, II:649–50, 1039
MITI. See Ministry of International
Trade and Industry
MITS. See Micro Instrumentation
and Telemetry Systems
Mitsubishi, I:333, 334
Mitsubishi Rayon Company, I:259
Mixers (Household), I:97, 548
Mobil Corporation, I:210,
II:662, 787
Mobley, C.C., I:379
Model A automobile, I:330, I:331
Model K automobile, I:331
Model T automobile, II:650–51,
II:651
in 1920s, II:831
assembly line for, II:608,
631, 901
1205
 Index
in industry competition, I:67
vs. motorcycle, I:417
popularity of, I:366
reliability/affordability of,
I:68–69, 329, 331
Modoc War, II:738
Mohawk & Hudson Railroad
Company, II:720, 721
Mohawks, I:499
Molasses, II:973
Molasses Act (1733), II:651–52, 973
Molina, Marle, II:763
Moline Implement Company, I:513
Moline Plow Company, I:513
Molly Maguires, II:652, 796
Molybdenium, I:40
Monadnock building, I:129
Mondale, Walter, II:1099
Monetarism, II:864
Monetary systems
in 1875, I:308
from 1897-1920, I:293, 294
appreciation in, I:49–50
Bland-Allison Act and, I:102
continentals, I:296–97
dollar diplomacy in, I:250–51
exchange rate and, I:298
Federal Reserve System and,
I:312–13, I:313
fractional reserve system, I:337
hard vs. soft, I:225–26
International Monetary Fund
and, I:117
in international trade, I:117
Mint Act and, II:642
reform in, I:222–23
U.S. dollar in, I:72
William Cullen Bryant
and, I:123
Monetary theory, II:652
Money, II:652–53
after the American
Revolution, I:473
as bank reserves, II:846
in colonial America,
II:951–52, 1078
Confederate, I:179, 200, I:201
continentals, I:213–14, 296
federal government and, II:642,
680–81
international, II:653
as medium of exchange, II:619
metallic, II:948
in monetary theory, II:652
national debt and, II:684
1206
paper (See Paper money;
Rag Money)
as personal property, II:819
quantity theory of money
and, II:847
specie as, II:948
transfers of, II:1105, 1106
wampum as, II:1078
Money market funds, I:320,
II:673–74
Money supply, II:653. See
also Money
Great Depression and, I:13
Richard Nixon and, II:815
Mongollon, II:943–44
Monier, Joseph, II:869
Monitor (Ship), I:498
Monkey Trial, I:124
Monongahela River, II:746
Monopolies, I:217, II:653–56. See
also specific antitrust legislation,
e.g., Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
in 1920s, II:832
AT & T as (See AT & T)
acquisitions and mergers
and, II:622
after Civil War, I:175, II:735
in airline industry, I:19
in biscuit production, II:675
break up of, I:528–29
changing views of, I:210
on elevators, II:761
federal control of, I:274–75
Great Northern Railroad (See
Great Northern Railroad)
horizontal, II:954
as industry type, II:820
J.P. Morgan and, II:663, 664
labor movement and, II:553
in meat industry, II:765
Microsoft Corporation and,
II:634
most frequent use of, I:337
natural (See Natural
monopolies)
Northern Securities Company
(See Northern Securities Co.
v. U.S. (1904))
in oil refining industry, II:954
vs. oligopolies, II:751
patents and, II:776
in railroads, II:736, 855, 956
(See also specific railroads)
RCA as, II:861
in shipbuilding, II:695
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Southern Pacific Railroad
and, II:894
Standard Oil Co. (See Standard
Oil Company)
supported by National Recovery
Administration, II:686
Theodore Roosevelt and, I:293
in tobacco industry, I:257,
II:1008–9
trust-busting and, II:580–81,
1025–27
United States v. E.C. Knight
Company and, II:1045
unstable markets and, I:293
U.S. Steel (See United
States Steel)
vertical, II:954
Monopolistic competition, I:198,
II:751, 820
Monroe, James, I:94, II:658–59
Louisiana Purchase by,
II:586–87
Matthew Perry and, II:785
Monroe Doctrine and,
I:250, II:656
National Road and, II:688
Monroe Doctrine, I:468,
II:656–58, 659, 947
defined, I:250
Theodore Roosevelt and,
I:95, 96
Monroe-Pinckney Treaty, II:1081
Monsanto, II:648
Montagu, John (Earl of
Sandwich), I:422
Montana, II:659–61, II:660
in Dakota Territory, II:941
federal grants for railroads
in, II:856
gold mining in, II:941
Missouri River in, II:649
Montana Strip Mine Reclamation
Act (1973), II:661
Montcalm, Marquis de, I:347
Montesinos, Antonio de, II:692
Montezuma, I:69
Montezuma Castle, I:46
Montgomery, Alabama, I:22, 24
Montgomery bus boycott, I:24, 121,
169–70
Montgomery GI Bill, I:374
Montgomery Improvement
Association, I:539
Montgomery Ward, II:595,
661–63, 871, 902
Monthly investment plan, II:624
Monts, Sieur de, II:707

Moody, Paul, II:589
Moody’s Investor Service, Inc.,
II:953
Moon, II:945, II:945–46
Moon god, Aztec, I:69
Moors, II:973
More, Thomas, II:1054
Mores, Marquis de, II:733
Moreu River, II:943
Morgan, Arthur, II:991
Morgan, Charles, II:1058
Morgan, Harcout, II:991
Morgan, John Pierpont, II:663,
II:663–64
investment banking and,
I:174–75
monopolies and, I:198,
II:553–54
Northern Securities Case and,
II:735–36, 855
Panic of 1893 and, II:773
Panic of 1907 and, II:771
as robber baron, I:478, 481,
II:641, 879, 1074
steel industry and, I:139, II:960,
1043, 1044
stock prices and, I:240–41
Morgan, John Pierpont, Jr., II:1044
Morgan-Hill Harriman railroad
holding company, II:654
Morganization, II:663
Morison, Elting M., I:154
Morita, Akio, II:664–65, 937
Mormon Trail, II:760
Mormonism, II:1049, 1051
The Morning Call, II:1003
Morphine, II:788
Morrill, Justin Smith, II:561
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862),
I:173, 178, II:561, 1084
Morrill Tariff of 1861, I:173, 178
Morris, John P., I:92–93
Morris, Robert, I:11, II:665–66
Morris Canal, II:710
Morrison, Samuel Eliot, I:413
Morrissey, Charles T., II:1062
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese,
II:666–69, II:667, II:986, 1105
Morse code, II:666–67, 852,
986, 1105
Mortgages, II:669–70
Amadeo Peter Giannini and,
I:374–75
prime rate and, II:819
rate impact as ripple
effect, II:879
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
savings and loan associations
and, II:896, 897
Morton, Nathan, I:411
Mosaic Communications
Corporation, I:48, II:698
Mosaic (Web browser),
I:47–48, II:699
Mosby College, II:1004
Mosby Inc., II:1004
Moses-Saunders Dam, II:892
Most-favored-nation principals, I:362
Motels. See Hotels and motels
Mothers Against Drunk
Driving, II:987
Motion picture cameras, I:278
Motion picture industry, I:285,
286, 287
growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832
Howard Hughes and, I:451
Michael Eisner and, I:281
Orion, I:286
Paramount, I:281
vaudeville and, II:1059
Walt Disney, I:247, I:247–48
Warner Brothers Pictures in,
II:1088–90
Motion picture projectors, I:277, 285
Motion picture theaters, II:671
Motion pictures, II:670–71
color, II:671
funding for, I:374
made-for-television, II:682
Office of War Information
and, II:743
Ronald Reagan in, II:862
sound, II:670, 832
Motor Carrier Act, I:491
Motor Carrier Safety Assistance
Program, II:1020
Motor homes, I:419
Motor vehicles. See specific vehicle,
e.g., Automobiles
Motorcycles
Harley-Davidson, Incorporated,
I:417–19, I:418
import quotas on, II:848
Motorola, I:53, 199
Motors
airplane, I:366
electric, I:364
by General Motors, I:366, 367
outboard, I:122
Mott, Lucretia, II:724, 1124
Mound builders, I:270, 402, II:670
Mount Saint Helens, II:1092,
1110–11
Index
Mounted Rifles, I:345
Mouse (PC), II:633
Moviefone, I:144
Movies. See Motion pictures
Moving pictures. See Motion
pictures
Mr. Goodbar (Candy), I:433
MS-DOS, I:361
MSNBC
Microsoft and, II:634
NBC and, II:683, 684
MSNBC Online, II:683
Muckraking, II:671–72, 920–21, 954,
979–80
Muller v. Oregon (1908), I:116
Multiculturalism
affirmative action for, I:7
in Louisiana, II:584
in Maryland, II:607
Multi-Fiber Agreement, I:363
Multilateral Agreement on
Investment, I:335
Multilateralism, after the Cold
War, II:658
Multi-Mailing Company of New
York, II:871
Multinational enterprises, II:672,
II:672
Multipliers (Economics), II:672–73
Muni, Paul, I:451
Munitions industry. See Weapons
industry
Munn v. Illinois (1877),
I:490–91, II:673
Murdoch, Rupert, I:287
Murphy, Edgar Gardner, I:24
Murray, John, II:1113
Muscle Shoals, II:704
Muscovy Company, I:514
Museums
Field Museum of Natural
History, I:315
Guggenheim Museum,
II:1136, II:1137
John Scudder’s American
Museum, I:79
J.Paul Getty Museum, I:372
National Gallery, I:415, II:620
P. T. Barnum, I:79–80
Music
in entertainment industry, I:285
on radio, II:681, 852
Mussolini, Benito, II:1131
Mustang automobile, I:455
Mutual Assured Destruction, I:57
Mutual Broadcasting System, II:852
1207
Index
Mutual funds, II:673–74, II:674
Mylar, by DuPont, I:258
N Barbara Proctor in, II:826
NAACP. See National Association
for the Advancement of
Colored People
Nabisco Foods Group, II:675–76
NACA. See National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics
NACW. See National Association
for Colored Women
Nader, Ralph, II:676–77, 948
NAFTA. See North American Free
Trade Agreement
Nagasaki, bombing of, I:105, II:1132
Nagel Meat Markets and Packing
House, I:550
Nance, James J., II:970
Nantucket, whaling in, II:1111
Napa Valley industries, I:136
Napoleonic Wars
U. S. economic impact of,
II:677–79, 1080, 1081
War of 1812 and, II:1087
Narrowcasting, II:601
NASA. See National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
NASD. See National Association of
Securities Dealers
NASDAQ, II:680
as OTC market, II:762
in U.S. stock market, II:963–64
Nash, Charles W., I:166
Nast, Conde, II:600
Nat Turner’s Rebellion, II:679–80
Natchez (Native Americans), II:716
Natchez Trace, II:680
National Academy of the Arts of
Design, II:667
National advertising
by C.W. Post, II:808
by Neiman Marcus, II:600
start of, I:4
National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, I:20
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
Boeing contracts for, I:105–6
creation of, I:56, II:945
National Airspace System Plan, I:18
National American Woman Suffrage
Association, II:724
National Aquarium, II:607
1208
National Association for Colored
Women, I:91
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People,
I:43, 121, 399, 400, 511, 539
origins of, I:169, II:948, 1094
National Association of
Manufacturers, I:351
on American Plan, I:34
anti-labor campaign of, II:555
C.W. Post and, II:809
National Association of
Realtors, II:583
National Association of Securities
Dealers, II:680, 1074
Automated Quotation System of
(See NASDAQ)
National Bank Acts, I:178, 311, 337,
II:680–81, 773, 846, 1084
National Bank of North
Carolina, I:210
National banks, II:772–73. See also
State banks
creation of, II:1116
dismantling of, II:770
establishment of, II:602, 680–81
FDIC and, I:310
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
and, I:311
in Panic of 1907, II:772
National Biscuit Company, II:675
National Brewers Association, II:829
National Broadcasting Company,
I:144, II:681–84, II:682
in entertainment industry,
I:286–87
formation of, II:861
General Electric Company and,
I:364–65
radio and, II:852
National Bureau of Economic
Research, I:348
National Cancer Institute, I:528
National Cash Register, I:65, II:1096
National Cattle Trail, I:148
National Center for Supercomputing
Applications, I:47, II:698
National Child Labor Committee,
I:160, II:1128
National Child Welfare Committee,
I:162, II:1128
National Civic Federation, II:649
National Commission for Child
Welfare, I:91
National Conservation
Association, II:795
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
National Conservation
Commission, II:1076
National Consumers League,
I:526, II:1128
National Cordage Company, II:773
National Council of Negro
Women, I:91
National Council of Women, I:91
National Credit Union
Administration, I:224
National Credit Union Share
Insurance Act (1970), I:224
National debt, I:230, 310, II:684,
II:684–85
after American Revolution,
II:1078, II:1078, II:1081, 1082
after Civil War, I:215
British, I:10, 35–36, II:951
from French and Indian
War, I:10, 35
George Washington on, II:1095
Reaganomics and, II:864
Richard Nixon and, II:725
supply-side economics on,
II:976
National defense. See also Defense
industry
arms race and, I:56–57
Arsenal of Democracy and, I:57
blockade strategies in, I:103
military-industrial complex and,
II:636–38
Presidential advisors for,
I:81–82
women in, I:91
National Defense Act (1916), I:220
National Defense Advisory
Commission, II:636
National Education Association,
II:948
National Endowment for the
Humanities, I:403
National Environmental Policy
Act, I:289
National Farm Workers Association,
I:157, II:1038–39
National Fish and Wildlife
Association, I:320
National Football League, II:1024
National Forest Commission, II:794
National Gallery of Art, I:415, II:620
National Geographic Society, I:87
National Grange of the Patrons of
Husbandry. See Grange
National Highway Program, I:493
National Industrial Recovery Act
(1933), II:686–87

on collective bargaining, I:183
Franklin D. Roosevelt on,
II:638
Hugh Samuel Johnson and,
I:513
industry regulatory boards
and, I:242
on labor unions, II:556,
577–78, 1143
National Recovery
Administration and, II:577–78
purpose of, I:275, II:703
National Industrial Recovery
Administration, II:637, 686
National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health, I:289
National Interregional Highway
Committee, I:492
National Journal, II:1003, 1004
National Labor Relations Act
(1935), II:686
on child labor, I:162
on collective bargaining, I:51,
183, 189, II:556, 558–59
Communist party and, II:851
labor unions and, II:879
NLRB and, II:687
purpose of, II:704, 727, 906
on yellow dog contracts,
II:1143
National Labor Relations Board,
II:687, 704
agricultural workers and,
II:1038
contemporary view, I:212
establishment of, I:189
in New Deal, II:556
settlements by, II:979
National Labor Union, II:557–58
National League of Professional
Baseball Clubs, I:82
National Liberation Front,
II:1064, 1065
National Maternity and Infancy
Protection Act. See Sheppard-
Towner Act (1921)
National Monetary Commission,
I:311, 313, II:772
National Mutual Life Insurance
Company, I:535
National Negro Business
League, II:1094
National Organization of Women,
II:1123, 1125
National Park Service, II:1115–16
National parks
Acadia, II:597
Grand Teton, II:1141
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Yellowstone, II:1141
National Prohibition Party, II:987
National Railroad Passenger
Corporation, II:855
National Recovery Administration,
II:687–88
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:638
Hugh Samuel Johnson and,
I:513
National Industrial Recovery
Act and, II:577–78
wages and, II:703–4
working women and, II:1122
National Resources Committee,
I:348
National Rifle Association, II:582
National Road (U.S. Route 40),
II:605, 688–89, 1116
Ohio and, II:745
Ohio Valley and, II:747
Pennsylvania and, II:779
National Science Foundation, I:487
National Security Council, I:462
National Silver Party, I:123
National Tea, II:624
National Trades and Workers
Association, II:808
National Union for Social
Justice, I:219
National Union of Marine Cooks and
Stewards, II:851
National Wage Stabilization
Board, II:1086
National War Labor Board,
I:243, II:1084
National Welfare Rights
Organization, II:1099
National Woman Suffrage
Association, II:724
National Women’s Political
Caucus, II:1125
National Youth Administration,
I:242
Nationalism, II:689
Herbert Croly and, I:225
Monroe Doctrine and, II:657
in trade, II:1011–12
Native American Graves Protection
and Repatriation Act (1990), II:691
Native American policy, I:391,
II:689–91, II:690. See also Native
Americans
Native Claims Settlement Act
of 1971, I:27
on removal (See Indian
Removal Act (1830))
Index
Native American relocation, II:690,
II:985, 989, 1012–14
Native Americans. See also
specific tribes
in Alabama, I:22
in Alaska, I:28, 29–30
in American Revolution,
II:989, 1013
Andrew Jackson and,
II:985, 1013
in Arizona, I:51
Battle of Fallen Timbers,
I:304–5
canals used by, II:943
in colonial America,
II:909–10, 912, 951
in Colorado, I:46, 192
Columbian Exchange and, I:196
corn and, I:216
displacement of, I:306
drought and, II:944
dry farming and, I:256–57
enslavement of, I:8
European colonization and,
II:691–93, 944
European diseases and,
I:285, 306, 320
farming by, II:943–44
in Florida, I:324
French and Indian War (See
French and Indian War)
government land policy and
(See Native American policy)
Great Britain and, II:691–93
handicrafts by, II:944
homebuilding by, II:944
horses and, I:447
Indian Wars (See Indian Wars)
in Indiana, I:475
Klondike Gold Rush and,
I:541–42
land ownership by, II:690,
II:984–85
Lewis and Clark Expedition
and, II:575, 576
in Louisiana, II:584
Martin Van Buren and, II:1014
in Michigan, II:629
in Mississippi, II:644
in Missouri, II:646
in Montana, II:660
in Nebraska, II:696
in New Hampshire, II:707
in New Mexico, II:713
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
and, II:737
1209
 Index
in Ohio, II:743, 745, 984–85
in Oklahoma, II:748–49,
1013–14
in Old Northwest Territory,
II:984–85
in Oregon, II:755
in Oregon Country, II:759–60
Paleo-Indians, I:88–89
plants cultivated by, I:35
Proclamation of 1763 and, I:100
Proclamation of 1863 and,
II:820–21
recycling by, II:868
relocation of (See Native
American relocation)
roads built by, II:944
slavery of, II:926
in South Dakota, II:941,
942, 943
in southeastern U.S., I:320
Southwestern, II:943–44
Spain and, II:691–93
Spanish exploration and,
I:285, II:944
in Texas, II:993
Trail of Tears and (See Trail
of Tears)
unemployment of, II:943
unity among, II:985
wampum and, II:1078
in War of 1812, II:985,
1013, 1087
westward expansion and,
I:320, II:1108
in Wisconsin, II:1118
Native Americans (Great Plains),
I:192, II:800
Native Claims Settlement Act
(1971), I:27
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Natural disasters. See Droughts;
Earthquakes; Hurricanes
Natural gas, II:1052
by DuPont, I:258
in Oklahoma, II:748
OPEC oil embargo and, II:752
petroleum industry and, II:787
technology for, II:1107
from Utah International, I:364
in Wyoming, II:1139
Natural history museums, I:315
Natural monopolies, II:656, 693,
869. See also Monopolies
Natural resources
in Alaska, I:25, 28–29
1210
conservation of, I:180
for free enterprise, II:1108
in industrial growth, I:174
in Louisiana, II:584
as real property, II:819
Union Pacific in, II:1037
Nautilus diving boats, I:353
Navajos, II:713, 944
Naval Academy at Annapolis,
Maryland, II:785
Naval Engineer Corps, II:785
Naval stores, II:693–94, 695, 874
Navigation Acts, I:340, II:621,
694–96, 878, 911, 918, 1006
Navio Communications, Inc.,
II:699–700
Navistar International Corporation,
II:614, 616
Navy Consulting Board, I:278
NAWSA. See National American
Woman Suffrage Association
NBC. See National
Broadcasting Company
NCF. See National Civic Federation
NCR. See National Cash Register
NCSA. See National Center for
Supercomputing Applications
NDAC. See National Defense
Advisory Commission
NEA. See National Education
Association
Nebraska, II:696–98, II:697
Pony Express in, II:804
slavery in, II:649
slavery issues in, I:102–3
sod houses in, II:926
NEC Research Insititute, I:334
Neches Butane Products
Company, II:998
Negro National League, I:83
Neighborhood Youth Corps, II:816,
1098–99
Neiman, Carrie Marcus, II:599–600
Neiman Marcus department stores,
II:599–601
Nellis Air Force Base, II:702
Nelson, Horatio, I:284
Nelson, Kent C., II:1041
Nelson Mandela’s Children’s
Fund, I:166
Neostar, I:411
NEPA. See National Environmental
Policy Act
Ness, John, I:111
Net earnings. See Profit
Net income, I:471. See also Profit
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Netcom, I:488
Netherlands Antilles. See Curacao
Netherlands, investments in the U.
S., I:333
Netscape Communications
Corporation, I:488, II:698–700
Marc Andreesen of, I:47–48
Stephen Case and, I:143–44
Netscape Navigator, I:48, II:698–700
Neutral Nations Supervisory
Commission, I:546
Neutrality, I:501
Neutrality Act (1935), I:501
Neutrality Act (1936), I:501
Neutrality Act (1937), I:501
Neutrality Proclamation, II:1095
Nevada, II:700–702, II:701
acquisition of, II:989
Pony Express in, II:804
Nevada City, Montana, II:660
Nevada National Bank, II:1101
Nevada Test Site, II:702
Neville, John, II:1113, 1114
New American Library, II:835, 1003
New Amsterdam, II:715
New Bedford, whaling in, II:1113
New Deal, II:702–7, II:703. See also
individual programs
agricultural economy during,
I:309
agricultural policies of, I:388
Alabama and, I:24
CCC in (See Civilian
Conservation Corps)
conservatism in, I:205
economic liberalism of, II:581
Equal Opportunity Act, I:290
Fair Labor Standards Act,
I:303–4, I:304
federal involvement in,
I:273–75
Frances Perkins and, II:1017
Franklin D. Roosevelt and (See
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano)
Great Depression and, I:394–96,
I:395
vs. Great Society, I:403
Harry Hopkins in, I:445–47
Harry S. Truman and, II:1022
Hugh Johnson and, I:513–14
IBM and, I:485
Illinois and, I:464
Iowa and, I:498
John Kenneth Galbraith
and, I:358
Kansas and, I:522

Kentucky and, I:534
labor movement and, II:558–59,
577–78
in Mississippi, II:645
in Montana, II:661
in New Jersey, II:712
retirement and, I:392
second (See Second New Deal)
social climate of, I:290
socialism and, I:208, II:1002
soil conservation during, I:266
in South Dakota, II:943
trust-busting during, II:1026
unemployment during, I:242
urban renewal and, II:1046
in Virginia, II:1067
Washington state and, II:1092
welfare system and, II:1098
West Virginia and, II:1104
working women and, II:1122
WW II and, II:1084
New Economic Policy, I:342, II:739
‘‘New Economy,’’ II:814
New England
colonial economy in, I:190–91
depression in, II:1000
rum distillation in, II:973
slavery in, II:927
textiles industry in, II:949,
999, 1000
whaling in, II:1111–12
New England Anti-Slavery
Society, II:928
New England Emigrant Aid
Company, I:523
New France, II:707
New Hampshire, I:191, II:707–10,
II:708
New Harmony, II:1055
New Haven Railroad, II:654
New Jersey, II:710–13, II:711
Nabisco Foods in, II:675
in New Netherlands, II:715
New Sweden in, II:717
as proprietary colony, I:191
Standard Oil Co. in, II:954
New Jersey Generals, II:1024
New Lanark Mills, II:1055
New London, Connecticut, I:202
New Mexico, II:713–15, II:714,
II:978, 989
New Netherlands, II:715, 718
New Orleans, Battle of, II:716, 1088
New Orleans, Louisiana, II:584,
715–17
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Porkopolis and, II:807
port of, II:586
steamboat traffic in, II:959
New Plymouth, II:794
New Republic, I:224, 225
New Spain, Viceroyalty of, II:717
New Sweden, II:717–18
New Valley Corporation, II:1106
New York, II:718–20, II:719
colonial economy in, I:191
in New Netherlands, II:715
population of colony, II:910
as proprietary colony, I:191
slums in, II:931, 932
spoils system in, II:950
suspension bridges in, II:882
during War of 1812, II:1057
New York and Mississippi Valley
Telegraph Company, II:1105
New York Biscuit Company, II:675
New York Central Railroad,
II:720–21, 782, 1058
New York Company, II:954
New York Electric Vehicle
Company, II:969
New York Enquirer, I:88
New York Herald, I:3, 87, 88
New York Ice Cream Company of
Oklahoma City v. Leibman, I:117
New York Manufacturing Company,
II:893, 924
New York, New York
Donald Trump’s development
of, II:1022–25
subways in, II:967
sweatshops in, II:1016–17
New York, Newfoundland, and
London Telegraph Company,
II:1014
New York Newsday, II:1004
New York Stock Exchange, II:721,
II:722. See also Stock exchanges
Dow, Jones and, I:253
first president of, I:47
vs. NASDAQ, II:680
OTC markets and, II:762
Sony Corporation on, II:665
stock market crash of
1929, II:966
stock value and, II:963
in U.S. stock market, II:963–64
on Wall Street, II:1073–74
Western Union and, II:1105
New York Times, I:144
New York Tribune, I:120
New York World, II:839
Index
New York Yankees, II:721–23
New Yorker (Automobile), I:165
New Zealand, minimum wage laws
in, II:638
Newark, Ohio, II:670
Newcomen Award, I:154
Newell Company, II:886
Newell Rubbermaid Inc., II:886
Newfoundland, Canada, II:553
Newport, Rhode Island, II:876
Newsday, II:1003
Newspaper advertising. See Print
advertising
Newspaper publishing, II:837–40.
See also Yellow journalism
James Gordon Bennet and,
I:87–88
Los Angeles Times, II:1002–4
NEXT, I:512
Nez Perce War of 1877, II:738
Nez Perce, II:738
NFL. See National Football League
NFWA. See National Farm Workers
Association
Ngo Dinh Diem, II:1063
Niagara Movement, II:1094
Niagara River, bridges over, II:882
Nicaragua
anit-Communist guerillas in,
I:96
Monroe Doctrine and, II:658
U.S. intervention in, I:469
Nice, Harry W., II:607
Nichols, Terry, II:750
Nickel, in coins, II:948
Nickel Plate Road, II:720
Nickelodeons, II:831
Nickerson, William, I:375
Nicolet, Jean, II:629
Nielsen, Arthur Charles, II:723,
II:723–24
Nielsen, Arthur Jr., II:724
Nielsen Food and Drug Index, II:723
Nielsen Radio Index, II:724
Nielsen Ratings, II:723–24
Nightingale, Florence, I:250
Night-riders, during
Reconstruction, II:801
Nikkon Corporation, I:273
Nineteen Hundred Corporation,
II:904
Nineteen Hundred Washer
Company, II:904
1922 Nine-Power Treaty, II:754
Nineteenth Amendment, II:724–25,
1124. See also Women’s suffrage
1211
Index
NIRA. See National Industrial
Recovery Act (1933)
Nissan Design International, I:334
Nixon, Donald, I:452
Nixon, Ed, I:121
Nixon, Richard Milhous, II:725,
II:725–26
Alan Greenspan and, I:405
on dollar devaluation, I:72
draft reforms and, II:909
economic policies of, II:815
foreign trade policy of, I:342
Friedman, Milton and, I:348
gold standard and, I:381, 487
on Jimmy Hoffa, I:438, II:556
Keynesian economics and, I:536
New Economic Policy and,
II:739
SALT I treaty and, I:188
on television, II:682
Vietnam War and, II:1064–65
on wage and price
controls, II:1070
on welfare system,
II:1099–1100
NLF. See National Liberation Front
NLRA. See National Labor Relations
Act (1935)
NLRB. See National Labor
Relations Board
NMC. See National Monetary
Commission
Nobel Peace Prize
for George C. Marshall, II:604
Martin Luther King Jr.
and, I:540
Will Kellogg and, I:529
Noble Order of the Knights of
Labor. See Knights of Labor
Non-durable goods, I:208
Nonimportation Act (1806), II:1081
Nonintercourse Act (1809), I:284,
II:1081, 1087
Non-Interest-Bearing Bond Bill,
I:222
Nonpartisan League, in North
Dakota, II:734
Nonproductive consumption, I:209
Nonprofit organizations, II:820
Nontariff trade barriers,
II:833–34, 848
Nonunion employment, I:229. See
also Labor Unions
Nonviolence
Cesar Estrada Chavez, I:157,
I:157–58
1212
Martin Luther King, Jr. and
(See King, Martin Luther, Jr.)
Nootka Sound Convention, II:758
Nordstrom, John W., I:542
Noriega, Manuel, I:461–62
Normalcy, II:726
Normandy invasion, II:1132
Norris, Alexander, II:822
Norris, Frank, I:133.
Norris, George, I:501, II:727, 991
Norris-Laguardia Act (1932),
II:726–28, 843, 1143
Norse exploration, II:553
North American Air Defense
Command, I:193
North American Free Trade
Agreement, I:211, II:658, 728–29
Mexican Bail-Out and, II:626
patents and, II:777
trucking industry and, II:1021
North and South. See also South
economic differences in, I:173,
I:175–78, I:176, II:1082–84
on slavery, II:1033
North Atlantic Council, of
NATO, II:729
North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
I:187, I:187, II:638, 729–30
North Canal (Michigan), II:938
North Carolina, II:730–32, II:731
during American Colonial
period, II:939
impact of Navigation Acts
in, II:695
plantations in, II:801
as proprietary colony, I:191
North Carolina battleship, I:364
North, Charles, I:112, 113
North Dakota, II:733–35, II:734
in Dakota Territory, II:941
federal grants for railroads
in, II:856
statehood of, II:942
North, Frederick, I:494, II:1011
North, Simeon, I:40–41, II:608
North Vietnam, II:1063, II:1063–65
Northeast. See also specific
Northeastern states
agriculture in, I:16
industrial development in,
I:268–69
texile industries in, I:363
Northern Farmers’ Alliance, I:308
Northern Pacific Railroad, I:435,
II:856, 857
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
completion of, II:1109
funding of, I:215
in North Dakota, II:733
in Northern Securities Case,
II:735–36
in Washington state, II:1091
Northern Securities Co. v. U.S.
(1904), I:434–35, II:553, 641, 654,
735–36, 1025
Northrup, Anson, II:733
Northwest Airlines, I:19, 20
Northwest Fur Company, II:938
Northwest Ordinance, I:392, 474,
II:737–38
Native American policy
and, II:689
Ohio and, II:745
Ohio Valley and, II:747
on slavery, I:177, II:928
Northwest Passage, II:738, 758
Northwest Territory. See also Pacific
Northwest
defined, I:390
Michigan and, II:629
Minnesota and, II:639
Ohio Valley and, II:747
slavery in, II:928
states from, II:1080
Wisconsin in, II:1118
Northwestern Alliance, II:805–6
Northwestern Coast Indians,
II:738–39
Norway, whaling in, II:1113
Notre Dame Mountain, I:49
Novell, with Netscape, II:699–700
Novels
muckraking movement in,
II:671–72
publishing of, II:834 (See also
Publishing industry)
Novonyx, II:699–700
NOW. See National
Organization of Women
Noyes, John Humphrey, II:1056
NPL. See Nonpartisan League
NRA. See National Recovery
Administration
NRC. See Nuclear Regulatory
Commission
NRI. See Nielsen Radio Index
NSC. See National Security Council
NSFNET, I:487
Nuclear disarmament, I:188,
II:725, 863
Nuclear energy, II:739–41, II:740

for electricity, II:1052
OPEC oil embargo and, II:752
Tennessee Valley Authority
and, II:992
Nuclear power. See Nuclear energy
Nuclear power plants,
II:739–41, 1092
Nuclear reactor accidents,
II:740, 1052
Nuclear reactors, II:739
Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
II:739, 992
Nuclear research, II:713, 715
Nuclear submarines. See
Submarines, nuclear
Nuclear testing
bans on, I:188
at Bikini Atoll, I:58
in Nevada, II:702
Nuclear Waste Policy Act
(1982), II:741
Nuclear weapons
Cold War and, I:188
history of, I:58–59
in Nevada, II:702
Nullification, II:981–82
Hartford Convention and,
II:1088
by South Carolina, I:177, II:939
state rights and, II:957–58
NUMCS. See National Union of
Marine Cooks and Stewards
Nuremberg War Crime Trials,
II:1132
Nursing, women in, II:1121
Nussbaum, Aaron, II:902, 904
Nutrilite, I:244
Nutrition, I:327. See also Food
industry
N.W. Ayer & Son, I:4
NWLB. See National War
Labor Board
NWPC. See National Women’s
Political Caucus
NYA. See National Youth
Administration
NYC railroad. See New York
Central railroad
Nye, Gerald P., I:501
Nylon, I:258, II:1000
Nylon stockings, I:259
NYMVTC. See New York and
Mississippi Valley Telegraph
Company
NYSE. See New York Stock
Exchange
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
O Native Americans in, I:304,
Oahe Lake, II:943
OAS. See Organization of
American States
Objectivism, Ayn Rand and, II:858
Occidental Petroleum Company,
I:415, II:790
Occupational retraining, II:631
Occupational safety. See
Industrial safety
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, II:869
OCD. See Office of Civilian Defense
Ocoma Foods, II:1031
OECD. See Office of Economic
Cooperation and Development
OEM. See Office of Emergency
Management
OEO. See Office of Economic
Opportunity
‘‘Off the rack’’ garments
from New York, II:718
sewing machines and, II:922
Office equipment and supplies
business machines, I:278,
II:1096–97
calculators, I:485
computers (See Computers)
dictating machines, I:278
Office of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms. See Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco and Firearms
Office of Civilian Defense, II:743
Office of Economic Opportunity,
I:276, 291, II:1100
Office of Emergency
Management, II:743
Office of Executive
Management, II:1086
Office of Legal Services, II:1099
Office of Personnel
Management, I:172
Office of Price Administration,
I:243, 284, II:743, 811, 860,
1069, 1084
Office of Production
Management, I:220
Office of Thrift Supervision, II:897
Office of War Information, II:743
Office of War Mobilization and
Reconversion, II:810–11, 1088
Office personnel, women as, II:1121
Offshore drilling, II:586
Oglethorpe, James, I:367
Ohga, Norio, II:937
Ohio, II:743–46, II:744
Index
II:984–85
sit-down strikes in, II:923
suspension bridges in, II:882
Ohio and Erie Canal, II:745
Ohio Company of Associates, II:747
Ohio Company of Virginia. See
Ohio River Valley Company
Ohio Life Insurance Company,
II:772
Ohio River
in Ohio Valley, II:746–47
Porkopolis and, II:806–7
Proctor and Gamble using,
II:822, 824
Ohio River Valley Company, II:747
Ohio Valley, II:746–47
Oil
crude (See Petroleum)
price regulation of, I:284
from Utah International, I:364
Oil and gas leases
in Alaska, I:29
in North Dakota, II:734
by Union Pacific, II:1037
Oil depletion allowance, II:747
Oil derricks, I:516
Oil embargoes, II:1052
OPEC (See OPEC oil embargo)
Oil industry. See Petroleum industry
Oil pipelines
in Middle East, II:998–99
in Texas, II:997, 998
Oil refining, II:786, 787
Holmes-Manley process and,
II:998
in New Jersey, II:712
Oil spills, Exxon Valdez, I:27,
300, 301
Oil well drilling rigs. See Oil
derricks
Oil wells
Armand Hammer and, I:415
Titusville, I:98
Ojibwas, II:639
‘‘Okies,’’ II:635
Oklahoma, II:747–50, II:748
acquisition of, II:989
Cherokee relocation to,
II:1013–14
Oklahoma bombing, II:750
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, II:748
Old Northwest, II:750. See also
Northwest Territory
Land Ordinance of 1785
and, II:563
1213
 Index
National Road and, II:688
Native Americans in,
II:984–85, 1087
squatting in, II:1031
Old Northwest Territory, I:99
Old Slater Mill, II:925
Old Southwest, I:2, II:598, 750–51
Old Spanish Trail, II:895
Olds, Ransom E., I:67, 366, II:631
Olds Motor Vehicle Company, I:366
Olds Motor Works, I:67
Oldsmobile, I:263–64
Oligopolies, II:751
as industry type, II:820
in 1920’s, II:832
Oligopolistic competition, I:198
Oliver, Andrew, II:952
Oliver, Peter, II:952
Olmsted, Frederick Law, I:22
Olney, Richard, II:842
Olson, Floyd B., II:641
Olson, James E., I:65
Olympic games
sponsorship of, II:1041
on television, II:683
Omaha World-Herald, I:123
Omnicom Group Inc., I:5
Oneida Community, II:1056
Oneidas, I:499
Ong, John, I:93
Onis, Luis de, I:1, II:750
Online information services,
I:488–89. See also specific service
providers
Online services. See Online
information services
Onondaga, I:499
Ontario, Canada, II:1100–1101
OPA. See Office of Price
Administration
OPEC, I:142, 301, II:604, 787. See
also OPEC Oil Embargo
OPEC oil embargo, I:30, 332,
II:751–53, II:752, II:815, 1052
impact on Chrysler Corp., I:165
impact on North Dakota, II:734
impact on U.S. economy, I:211
nuclear energy and, II:739, 752
Open door policy (Far East), I:425,
II:753–54
Open range, II:754–55
cowboys on, I:221, 222
sheep herders on, II:914, 915
Open shops, I:183
Operating systems (Computer), I:199
1214
DOS, I:144, 199
Windows, I:144, 199
Operation Overlord, II:1132
Opinion polls, I:359–60
Opium, II:787, 788
Opportunity costs, II:755
Optical scanners, in
supermarkets, I:550
Oracle Systems, II:699–700
Order of Railway Telegraphers,
I:229
Orders in Council (Great
Britain), II:1087
Ordinance of 1784, II:737
Ordinance of 1787, I:58, II:1118
Ordinary shares. See Common stocks
Ordway, Nehemiah, II:733
Oregon, II:755–58, II:756
Oregon Central Railroad, II:757
Oregon Country. See Oregon
Territory
Oregon Shortline, I:457
Oregon Territory, II:756, II:757, 989
acquisition of, II:598
cessation of, II:758–60
Idaho part of, I:457
James K. Polk and, II:803
Washington in, II:1091
westward expansion and,
II:1108
Oregon Trail, II:760, II:760–61
in Missouri, II:646
in Oregon, II:755, 760
westward expansion over,
II:1108
in Wyoming, II:1139
Oregon Treaty of 1846, II:759
Ore-Ida Foods, I:431
Ore-Ida Tater Tots, I:430
O’Reilly, R. Burt, I:431
Oreo cookies, II:675
Organic Acts, I:29, 327
Organic farming, I:17
Organization for European Economic
Cooperation, II:604
Organization of American
States, I:462
Organization of Brethren, II:828
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries. See OPEC
Organized crime
FBI and, I:279
illegal alcohol and, I:119
labor unions and, II:556
legislation against, II:849
Mafia, I:438
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
in Nevada, II:702
Organized Crime Control Act
(1970), II:849
Organized labor. See Labor unions
Original Grange Supply House,
II:662
Orion Pictures, I:286
Orlon, by DuPont, I:259
Osborne, Richard J., I:40
Osborne Books, II:617
Osborne v. United States Bank
(1824), I:151, II:957
Oscar Mayer, II:809, 1120
OSHA. See Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
Oswald the Rabbit, I:248
OTC markets. See Over-the-
counter markets
The Other America, I:421–22
Otis, Charles, II:761
Otis, Elisha Graves, II:761
Otis, Harrison Gray, II:1002
Otis, James, II:928, 952, 974
Otis, Norton, II:761
Otis Brothers and Company, II:761
Otis Elevator Company, Inc.,
II:761–62
OTS. See Office of Thrift
Supervision
Otters, hunting of, I:25, 133
Outboard motors, I:122
Outdoor Explorer, II:1004
Outdoor Life, II:1003
Overland Mail and Express
Company, II:1101
Overman, Lee Slater, II:762
Overman Act (1918), II:762–63,
1086
Over-the-counter markets, II:762,
965. See also Securities and
Exchange Commission
on NASDAQ, II:680
on New York Stock
Exchange, II:721
Over-the-counter patent
medicines, II:798
Owen, Robert L., I:162,
II:1055, 1128
OWI. See Office of War Information
Oxford Biscuit Fabrik
(Denmark), II:675
Oxford Provident Building
Association of Philadelphia, II:896
Oxydol soap, II:823, 825
Oxygen, vs. ozone, II:763
Oysters, in fishing industry, I:319
Ozone layer, II:763

P impact on shipbuilding
P & G. See Proctor and
Gamble Company
P.D. Magnetics, I:259
P-E ratio. See Price earnings ratio
Pabst Brewing Company, I:118,
II:1120
Pacific Aero Products
Company, I:103
Pacific Electric Heating
Company, I:364
Pacific Fur Company, II:659
Pacific Northwest. See also
Northwest Territory
Convention of 1818 and, I:214
Lewis and Clark Expedition
and, II:1108
Oregon Country Cessation and,
II:758–60
Washington in, II:1090–92
Pacific Northwest Railroad, II:757
Pacific Railroad, II:941
Pacific Railway Act (1862), I:152,
262, 357, II:697, 856, 1036
Pacific Western Oil
Corporation, I:372
Pacifism
of Norman Mattoon Thomas,
II:1001–2
during Vietnam War, II:814,
II:1064–65
in WW I, II:654–55
Package delivery services. See
Delivery services
Packaged goods, marketing of, I:4
Packaging, for beer, I:118
Packard Motor Company, I:531,
II:870, 970
Packers and Stockyards Act
(1921), II:765
Packets (steamboats), II:958, 959
Paige, Satchel, I:83
Paine, Thomas, I:416, II:928
Paiutes, II:738
Paleo-Indians, I:88–89, 183, II:765,
943–44
Pall Mall cigarettes, I:42
Palmer, A. Mitchell, I:34
Palmer raids, I:34
Pan American Airlines, I:19
Pan American Airways, Inc., II:1019
Pan American World Airways,
II:1019–20
Panama Canal, I:468
construction of, I:292,
II:765–68, II:766
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
industry, II:919
security in, I:251
William Howard Taft and,
II:978
Panama Canal Treaty, II:768
Panhard et Levassor, I:68
Panic of 1819, I:316, II:768–69, 957
Panic of 1837, I:95, 274, 316, 385,
II:769–71, 958, 1116
Panic of 1857, I:316, II:1072
Panic of 1873, I:107, 175, 404, 430
free coinage of silver
after, II:916
railroads and, II:1109
Panic of 1893, I:175, 179–80, 316,
381, II:773, 841
public works projects after,
I:223
Wells, Fargo and, II:1101
Panic of 1907, I:96, 274, 316,
II:553–54, 771–72
Panic of 1929, I:316
Panics, of late 19th century,
II:772–74
Paper industry, II:774–75
after War of 1812, I:267
in Florida, I:325
in Idaho, I:459
Kimberly-Clark Corp. and,
I:536–37
in Maine, II:597, 598
in Michigan, II:631
in New Hampshire, II:707
in New Jersey, II:710
in Oregon, II:757
in Pennsylvania, II:774
Times Mirror Co., II:1003
Paper Mate, I:376
Paper mills. See Paper industry
Paper money, II:948. See also
Money
in American Revolution, I:11,
12, 213–14
in early Republic, II:1080
Greenback Party and, I:222–23
Paul Revere and, II:873
from wildcat banks, II:1116
Paper Software, Inc., II:699
Paperbacks, II:835–36
Papermaking, in Maine, II:598
The Papers of Dwight David
Eisenhower, I:155
Paramount Pictures, I:281, II:683
Parcel post. See also Postal service
catalogs and, II:595, 662
Index
Sears, Roebuck and
Company, II:904
Paris, France, I:168
Paris, Treaty of (1763), I:35
Alabama and, I:22
Proclamation of 1763 and,
II:820
Paris, Treaty of (1783), I:297,
304, 473, 508
on Loyalists, I:38
Michigan and, II:629
Old Northwest and, II:563, 750
Paris, Treaty of (1873), I:390
Paris, Treaty of (1898), I:468, II:947
Philippines and, II:789
Puerto Rico and, II:837
Paris, Treaty of (1973), II:1065
Paris Exposition of 1900, II:761
Parke Davis, II:788
Parker, George, II:570
Parker and Lee, II:570
Parks, in Georgia, I:369
Parks, Rosa, I:169, 539
Parliament. See also Great Britain
Navigation Act and, II:1006
Stamp Act and, II:952–53
Sugar Act and, II:973
taxation by, II:1010–11
Townshend Acts of, II:1010–11
Parsons, Albert, I:427
Partnerships, II:775
defined, II:820
limited, II:582
PartsAmerica, II:905
Part-time employment, I:212–13
Pascagoula, Mississippi, II:645
Pascal, Blaise, I:199
Pasta, by Borden, I:110
Pasteur, Louis, I:118
Pasturization
for beer, I:130
in food industry, I:326
Pataki, George, II:720
PATCO. See Professional Air Traffic
Controllers Organization
Patent and Trademark Office,
II:776, 1012
Patent medicines
marketing of, I:4
pharmaceutical industry and,
II:787, 788
Patents, II:775–77, II:776. See also
Copyright infringement
in Constitution, II:1012
metalwork and, II:893
1215
 Index
monopolies and, II:655
WTO and, I:363
Pathfinder automobile, I:334
Patriotism, in WW II, I:440–41
Patriots
conservatism and, I:204
vs. Loyalists, I:37–38
Patroon system, II:715
Patterson, Pat, I:103
Pauly, John, I:159
Pawnees, II:800
Pay equity, II:777
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act
(1909), II:1035
PCs. See Personal computers
PCs Unlimited, I:236
Peabody, George, II:607
Peabody Conservatory of
Music, II:607
Peace Corps, I:291
Peace of Amiens, II:678
Peace Treaty of Versailles, I:362
Peacekeeping forces
military-industrial complex
for, II:637
of UN, II:1040
Peach industry, I:369
Peanut butter, I:430
Peanut industry, I:142, 369
Pearl, Raymond, II:1007
Pearl Harbor, I:107, 424, 519,
II:1131, II:1132
Pecans, I:142
Pegler, Arthur James, I:429
Pemberton, John Styth, I:185
Pencils, for Soviet Union, I:414
Pendleton, George H., I:172
Pendleton Act, II:950. See also Civil
Service Act (1883)
Penguin paperbacks, II:835
Penicillins, II:788
Penn, William, I:191, II:778
Penn Central Railroad, I:311
Penney, James Cash, II:777–78
Pennock and Lukens, II:590
Pennsylvania, II:778–81, II:779
colonial economy in, I:191
crude oil, II:953–54
population of colony, II:910
as proprietary colony, I:191
suspension bridges in, II:882
turnpikes in, II:1030
Pennsylvania Abolitionist
Society, II:928
1216
Pennsylvania Central Railroad,
II:605, 721, 779, 780, 782, 1067
Pennsylvania Main Line Canal,
II:781
Pennsylvania Railroad, II:781–82,
871, 882, 1043
Pennsylvania Rock Oil
Company, II:786
Penn-Texas Corporation, I:195
Penny auctions, II:782
Pennzoil, II:905
Pensions, II:782–83, 1010
policy for, I:392–94, I:393
Social Security providing,
II:705, 706, 934
People’s Liberation Armed
Forces, II:1064
People’s Party. See Populism
People’s Republic of China.
See China
Peperrell, William, I:38
Pepperidge Farm Company,
II:886–87
Pepsi-Cola, I:185
Per capita income, II:783, 831
Perez, Juan, II:1090
Perfect competition, I:198
Perfectionist Church, II:1056
Perfumes industry, II:568
Periodical publishing, II:616–17
Periodicals
advertising in, I:3–4
distributed through grocery
stores, II:624
muckraking movement in,
II:671
Ralph Nader in, II:676
Perkins, Frances, II:783–85, II:784,
II:934, 1017, 1098
Perkins Products Company, II:809
Perlman, Alfred E., II:721
Permanente Cement, I:519
Perot, Ross, I:512, II:728
Perry, Commodore Oliver
Hazard, II:745
Perry, Matthew, I:505–6, II:785–86
Pershing, John, I:513
Personal computers, I:486,
511–12, II:786
first, I:199
at Microsoft (See Microsoft)
Personal income, I:471
Personal property, vs. real
property, II:819
Pesos, pieces of eight as, II:791
Pesticide industry, II:677
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Pesticides
agricultural workers and,
II:1039
environmentalism and, I:289
Peter Paul Cadbury, I:434
Peter Paul Mounds (Candy), I:434
Peterson, Charles S., II:1049
Petroleum
Dingley tariff on, I:245
by DuPont, I:258
whaling industry and, I:423
Petroleum chemicals industry
in Louisiana, II:585–86
Texas Co., II:998
Petroleum conservation, II:752
Petroleum industry, II:786–87. See
also specific companies, e.g.,
Standard Oil Company
airlines and, II:1019–20
in Alaska, I:27, 29–30
automobiles and, II:998
black gold and, I:98–99
in California, I:135
after Civil War, I:174
in Colorado, I:193–94
employment in, II:968
foreign partnerships in,
II:998–99
impact of automobile on, I:69
impact of savings and loan
associations, II:897
Jean Paul Getty and, I:371–72
jet fuel prices and, I:19
John D. Rockefeller in,
II:880–81
in Montana, II:661
oil depletion allowance in,
II:747
in Oklahoma, II:748, 749
in Pennsylvania, II:780
price increases in, II:815
price regulation in, I:284
spin-offs in, II:995
in Texas, II:995, 997–99
Thomas Boone Pickens, Jr.
and, II:790
Union Pacific in, II:1037
WW I and, II:998
in Wyoming, II:1139
Petroleum refineries, II:786, 787,
953–54
competition among, II:954
monopolies among, II:954
Standard Oil Co., II:953–54
in Texas, II:997
Petroleum waste, recycling of, II:868

Pfizer Company, II:788
PGR. See Procuraduria General de la
Republica
Phalanxes, II:1055
Pharmaceutical industry, II:787–89
in Michigan, II:631
in New Jersey, II:712
in Pennsylvania, II:780
regulation of, II:844–45
Upjohn Company in,
II:1045–46
Pharmacia & Upjohn, II:1046
Pharmacia AB, II:1046
Phelps Dodge, I:40
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, II:642,
778–79
Philadelphia and Reading
Railroad, II:773
Philadelphia Centennial Exposition
of 1876, I:437
Philadelphia Smelting and Refining
Company, I:39
Philanthropy
A.C. Nielsen and, II:724
of Alfred P. Sloan, II:930, 931
of Andrew Carnegie,
II:780, 1043
in Maryland, II:607
of robber barons, II:880
William Cooper Proctor and,
II:823–24
Philippe II, Duke of Orleans, II:716
Philippine Commission, II:977–78
Philippines
Commonwealth of, II:789
preservation program for, II:794
Spanish-American War and,
I:467–68, II:947, 977–78
Treaty of Paris and, II:837
U.S. intervention in,
I:467–68, 469
William Howard Taft and,
II:977–78
Phillip Morris Tobacco Company,
I:119, II:809, 1007
Phillips, A.W., II:951
Phillips Curve, II:951
Phoenix, II:962
Phonograph records, I:122
Phonographs, II:860
invention of, I:277, 278
by Sony, II:937
by Thomas Edison, I:87
Photocopy industry. See Copying
machine industry
Photoelectric relays, I:364
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Photographic film, I:272
Photography
Dorothea Lange and, II:565–66
Eastman Kodak and, I:270–72,
I:271, I:272–73
Physical capital, II:789
Physical disabilities, ADA and, I:42
Piano cases, I:122
Pickens, Thomas Boone, Jr.,
II:789–91
Picketing, in strikes, II:967. See
also Strikes
Pickles, H. J. Heinz, I:430
Pieces of eight, II:791
Piecework, II:718
Piedmont region, tobacco in, II:1006
Pierce, Franklin, I:421
Piergallini, Alfred A., I:370
Pierpoint, Robert, I:111
Pigs, pork industry and, II:807
Pike, Zebulon, II:792–93
in Colorado, I:192
in Nebraska, II:696
Pike’s Expedition, II:792–93
Pike’s Peak, II:792, II:793
Pikes Peakers, I:192
Pilgrims, II:793–94
Pilsner beer, I:118
Pimas, I:51, 53
Pinchot, Gifford, II:794–95, 978
Pinckney, Elizabeth Lucas, I:478
Pinckney, Thomas, II:716,
795–98, 1080
Pinckney Treaty, II:645, 716,
795–96, 1115
Pinkerton, Allan, II:796
Pinkerton, Allan II, II:797
Pinkerton, Robert, II:796
Pinkerton, William, II:796
Pinkerton National Detective
Agency, I:443, II:796–97
Pinkerton Security, II:796
Pinkerton’s Incorporated, II:797
Pinkham, Lydia Estes, II:797–98,
II:798
Pinstripes Petites, II:905
Pinto automobile, I:332
Pipelines
oil (See Oil pipelines)
petroleum, I:98
by Steven Bechtel, I:85
Piracy, II:666, 798–99, 1018–19
Pistols, I:194–96, I:195. See also
Firearms
Pitcairn, John, II:799
Index
Pitney, Mahlon, II:555
Pitt, William, I:347, II:952
Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, I:139
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, II:779–80
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company,
II:799–800
Pittsburgh Reduction Company,
II:619
PIXAR, I:512
Pizarro, Francisco, I:470
Placebos, II:844
PLAF. See People’s Liberation
Armed Forces
Plains Indians. See Native
Americans (Great Plains)
Plantations, II:801. See also
Agricultural economy
during colonial period, II:910
in Mississippi, II:644
in Old Southwest, II:750
during Reconstruction, II:867
for rice, II:878
slavery on, II:927
Plants, Native American,
I:34–35, 196
Plastic money. See Money
Plastics
by DuPont, I:260
Tupperware, II:1027–29
Plate glass, II:799
Platt, Thomas C., II:808
Platt, Warren C., II:617
PlayStation I & II, II:938
Plessy, Homer, I:510, II:802
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), I:98, 399,
510–11, II:801–3, II:802
Plows
by John Deere, I:231
steel, II:961
Plymouth automobile, I:165, 167
Plymouth Colony, I:190, II:794
Plymouth Company, I:514
Pneumatic tires. See Tires,
ballon type
Pocket Books, II:835
Poinsett, Joel, I:344
Point of service, I:428
Poland
in NATO, II:730
in WW II, II:1131
Polaroid Corporation, I:273
Police, motorcycles for, I:417, 418
Polio, FDR with, II:883
Polishes, automotive, I:93
Political corruption. See also
Muckraking
1217
Index
in New Jersey, II:712
Robert LaFollette and, II:560
from spoils system, II:949–50
Watergate scandal (See
Watergate scandal)
Political journalism, I:225. See also
Journalism
Political parties, spoils system and,
II:949–50. See also specific
political parties, e.g.,
Democratic Party
Political protest. See specific
movements, e.g., Civil rights
movements
Political reform
of civil service, I:172–73
radio broadcasting on, I:218–20
Politics
special interest groups and,
II:948
spoils system and, II:949–50
on television, II:682
Polk, James K., II:803
California and, I:133
Charles Frémont and, I:345
Gold Rush of 1849 and, I:378
land acquisitions of, II:989
on Manifest Destiny, II:598
Mexican Cession and, II:628
Oregon Country and, II:759
Tennessee roots of, II:989
Texas and, II:997
westward expansion under,
II:1108
Poll tax, II:803–4
Pollock, Charles, II:804
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust
Company (1895), II:804, 924
Pollution
air (See Air pollution)
controls, I:367
industrial (See Industrial
pollution)
in Ohio, II:746
water, I:302
Polo, Marco, II:1009
Poly-T, II:1028–29
Polygamy, II:1051
Polymers, by DuPont, I:258, 259
Polynesians, I:422–23
Pomos, I:306
Ponce de Leon, I:324
Pontiac’s Conspiracy, II:629
Pony Express, II:804, 986
Poor, Henry Varnum, I:154
1218
Poor Richard’s Almanack,
I:338–39, II:834
Poor’s Publishing Company, II:953
Popular Library, II:835
Popular Science, II:1003
Popular sovereignty, I:523,
II:805, 944
Population
colonial, II:910
pre-Civil War, II:1082
in South Carolina, II:940
in Sun Belt, II:975
tenements and, II:988
of Texas, II:993
in Vermont, II:1060
in Virginia, II:1067
Population growth
in North, after Civil War,
I:179–80
pre-Civil War, I:299
in Utah, II:1051
Populism, II:639, 686, 805–6
African Americans in, I:98
agriculture industry and, I:16
Alabama’s support of, I:24
economic liberalism and, II:580
on farmers, I:307, 308–9
on gold standard, I:321
influence of, I:274
in Kansas, I:522
in Kentucky, I:533
Mary Lease and, II:568–69
as sectionalism, II:907
westward expansion and,
II:1108
William Jennings Bryan, I:123
after WW II, II:813
Populist Party. See Populism
Pork industry, II:807
Porkopolis, II:806–7, 822
Port Bienville, Mississippi, II:645
Ports. See also Harbors
of New Orleans, II:586
in South Carolina, II:939, 940
in Wisconsin, II:1120
Portugal
slavery and, II:926
Treaty of Tordesillas and,
II:1009–10
Portuguese colonialism, slave
trade and, I:8
Portuguese exploration, in
Canada, II:553
POS. See Point of service
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Post, Charles William, I:526, II:807,
II:807–8
Post, Marjorie Merriweather, II:809
Post Cereals, II:631
Post Checks, II:808
Post City, II:808
Post Office (U.S.)
motorcycles for, I:418
vs. UPS, II:1040
Postal Savings, II:978
Postal service
air mail, I:20–21
parcel post (See Parcel post)
railroad strikes and, I:35
rural, II:595
U.S., II:1040
Postum Cereal Company, I:526,
II:807–10
Postwar prosperity, II:603–4,
810–15, II:813
Potato famine, boycott and, I:114
Potatoes, II:815–16
Idaho and, I:457, 459
in Maine, II:597, 598
Ore-Ida Tater Tots, I:430
Potawatomis, I:99, II:629
Poultry industry, II:1031–32
Poverty, I:402–4, II:816, 953
in Alabama, I:22, 24
current increases in, I:212
in Kansas, I:522
Michael Harrington on,
I:421–22
minimum wage laws effect
on, II:638
in Mississippi, II:644–45
in New Mexico, II:715
photographs of, II:566
of sharecroppers, II:912
in slums, II:931–32
Social Security and, II:705, 706
socialism and, II:936
standard of living and, II:953
tenements and, II:988–89
urban riots and, I:291
welfare system and,
II:1099–1100
in West Virginia, II:1104
Powdered milk, in WW II, II:562
Powderly, Terence Vincent, I:33,
543, II:554, 816–18, II:817, II:849
Power tools
Black and Decker, I:96–97
cordless, I:97
productivity and, II:608

PowerAde (Beverage), I:185
Powers, Elmer, I:495
PPG. See Pittsburgh Plate
Glass Company
PPG Industries, II:800
PPOs. See Preferred Provider
Organizations
PR agencies. See Public relations
agencies
Praeger, Otto, I:20
Prairie architecture, II:1135, 1137
Prairie schooners, I:220–21
Prairies, II:818
Pratt, Enoch, II:607
Pratt and Whitney Company, I:203
Pratt Free Library, II:607
‘‘Praying Indian’’ towns, II:693
Pre-Emption Act (1841), I:444
Precedence, state rights and, II:958
Precious metals
minting of, II:642
in Rhode Island, II:876
Spanish explorers and, II:717
Preferential purchasing policies,
II:833
Preferred Provider Organizations,
I:428
Preferred stocks, II:963
Presbytery, for Puritans, II:845
Presidential advisors, I:81–82
Presidential Commission on the
Status of Women, II:1124
Presidential elections, Gallup polls
for, I:359–60
Press relations, II:570
Pressure groups. See Special
interest groups
Pressure packaging, II:763
Preston, Thomas, I:110–11
Price controls. See Wage and price
controls
Price discrimination, in meat
industry, II:765
Price earnings ratio, II:819
Price fixing, II:601, 1008, 1025–26
Clayton Antitrust Act on,
II:1045
General Electric and, I:364
in meat industry, II:765
Northern Securities Case
and, II:736
by Office of Price
Administration, II:743
oligopolies and, II:751
restrictions on, I:33
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Swift & Company v. United
States and, II:654
Prices, II:818
air fare, I:19
competition in, I:198, 358
consumer index of, I:209, I:209,
I:217–18
Emergency Price Control
Act, I:284
equilibrium of, II:975
farmers’ alliances and,
I:307, 309
Hepburn Act and, I:432
impact of scarcity on, II:899
manipulation of, I:386–87,
I:387
National Recovery
Administration and, II:686
vs. opportunity cost, II:755
quantity theory of money
and, II:847
regulation of (See Wage and
price controls)
Richard Nixon, freezing of,
II:815
shortages and, II:920
stock (See Stock prices)
supply and demand and, I:13
Prime meridian, II:955
Prime Motor Inns Inc., I:449
Prime rate, II:819
Principles of Scientific Management,
II:901, 984
Print advertising, II:1002, 1004
by A & P, II:871
by C.W. Post, II:807–8
development of, I:3–4
by Montgomery Ward, II:662
by Neiman Marcus, II:600
Printing industry, I:3, II:1003
Prisons, I:249–50
Privacy
Louis Dembitz Brandeis and,
I:115–16
Prohibition and, II:987
Private corporations
ADA mandates for, I:42
New York Stock Exchange
and, II:721
Private property rights, II:819–20
Private sector, II:820
Privateering. See Piracy (Crime)
Privatization
in Great Britain, II:561
in Massachusetts, II:610
Index
Proclamation of 1763, I:100,
II:820–21, II:821
Proclamation of Pardon and
Amnesty, I:343–44
Proctor, Barbara Gardner, II:825–27
Proctor, Harley, II:822
Proctor, Henry, II:985
Proctor, William Cooper, II:821–22,
823–25, 824
Proctor and Gamble Company,
II:821–23
Proctor and Gardner
Advertising, II:826
Proctor Communications Network,
II:826–27
Proctor Information Network,
Inc., II:827
Procuraduria General de la
Republica, I:462
Prodigy, I:488, II:905
Produce industry, II:834
Product development, at Proctor and
Gamble, II:822–23, 824–25
Production, mass. See Mass
production
Productivity, II:827, 983–84
in mass production, II:608
National Industrial Recovery
Act and, II:686
scientific management and,
II:901
work ethic and, II:1126
Professional Air Traffic Controllers
Organization, I:18
Professions
partnerships in, II:775
sole proprietorships in, II:936
Profit, II:827–28
Profit sharing
J.C. Penney and, II:777–78
as private pension plans, II:783
Proctor and Gamble and,
II:822, 824
Programming languages, I:199, 361,
II:632–33
Progressive party. See Progressivism
Progressive taxation, I:321–22,
II:828, 830, 923–24
Progressivism, I:92, 293, II:980
economic liberalism and,
I:205, II:580
Florence Kelley and, I:525–26
in Kansas, I:522
in Kentucky, I:534
labor law and, II:1128
Mary Jones and, I:514–16
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
1219
 Index
Robert LaFollette and,
II:559–60
Sinclair Lewis and, II:578–79
in Vermont, II:1062
welfare system and, II:1098
Prohibition, I:118–19, II:828–30,
II:829
black market and, I:100
bootlegging during, II:987
brewing industry during,
I:119, II:1120
Brunswick Corporation
during, I:122
Busch brewery during, I:131
crime and, II:1030
Eighteenth Amendment and,
I:119, 279–80
employment after, II:1030
enforcement of, II:987
Franklin D. Roosevelt on, I:280
Gifford Pinchot and, II:795
Great Depression and, II:1030
Hammer businesses after, I:414
interstate commerce and, II:987
privacy and, II:987
vs. temperance, II:987
Twenty-First Amendment
and, II:1030
William Cullen Bryant on,
I:124
Prohibition Party, II:829, 830
Project Apollo, II:946
Project Gemini, II:946
Project Head Start, I:291, 403,
II:814, 816, 1099
Project Mercury, II:945, 946
The Promise of America, I:225
Property law, I:58, II:819
Property rights
Charles River Bridge v. Warren
Bridge and, I:208
personal freedom and, I:207
private, II:819–20
Prophetstown, Indiana, II:985
Proportional taxation, II:830
Proposition 187, I:135
Proposition 209 (California), I:6
Proprietary colonies, I:189–90, 191
Prospect Farms, Inc., II:1031
Prospectuses, II:907
Prosperity
from 1921-1928, II:831–33
after WW II, II:812–15,
813, 814
recession after, II:866
1220
Prostitution, muckraking movement
and, II:671
Protection of interests
military-industrial complex and,
II:637–38
vs. nationalism, II:689
Protectionism, II:833–34
quotas in, II:848
in trade, II:1012
Protectorates, II:834
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit
of Capitalism, II:1126
Protestantism, temperance movement
and, II:986–87
Protests, war. See Pacifism
Providence, Rhode Island,
II:874, 876
Psychiatric hospitals, I:249–50, I:250
Psychology
economics and, II:1059–60
of wealth, II:1059–60
Psychotropic drugs, I:459–60
PTO. See Patent and Trademark
Office (U.S.)
Pubco Petroleum, II:790
Public accommodations
discrimination in, I:169, 170
segregation of, II:801–2, II:802
WPA and, II:1129
Public Broadcasting System,
I:358, 403
Public Citizen, II:948
Public domain, for railroads, II:856
Public employees
in Maryland, II:607
political activities of, II:950
spoils system and, II:949–50
strikes by, I:18
Public health, environmentalism and,
I:288–89
Public housing. See Low-
income housing
Public interest groups. See Special
interest groups
Public lands. See also Louisiana
Purchase
Homestead Act and,
I:441–43, 444
land ordinances and, II:563–64
Public law 91-607, II:948
Public Law 20 of 1953, II:691
Public libraries, II:835
Public offerings, I:484, II:963
Public property, squatting on,
II:1030–31
Public relations agencies, II:570
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Public Roads Administration, I:493
Public schools, II:989
Public sector, II:820, 834
Public utilities. See Utilities industry
Public utility holding
companies, II:907
Public Utility Holding Company Act
(1935), II:907
Public works, I:222
Public Works Administration, I:242,
II:686, 703
Publisher’s Lunch Club, I:543
Publishers Paper Company,
II:1003, 1004
Publishing industry, II:834–36
American, II:980–81
Benjamin Franklin in, I:338–39
Blanche Knopf and, I:543–44
entertainment industry and,
I:285
existentialism and, I:544
feminism and, I:544
McClure’s, II:980–81
McGraw-Hill, II:616–18
minorities and, I:544
Moody’s Investor Service,
Inc., II:953
New Republic, I:224–25
Standard & Poor’s Corp., II:953
technical (See Technical
publishing)
Times Mirror Co., II:1002–4
Pueblo Revolt, II:837
Pueblos (Native Americans), II:837,
895, 943–44
Puerto Rico, II:837, 1010
customs duties and, I:227
as protectorate, II:834
Spanish-American War and,
II:947
Treaty of Paris and, II:789
Pulitzer, Joseph, II:837–40, II:838
Spanish-American War and,
II:947
William Randolph Hearst
and, I:429
Pulitzer Prize, creation of, II:840
Pullman, George Mortimer, II:840
Pullman, George W., I:35
Pullman, Illinois, II:841
Pullman Palace Car Company,
II:840–41
strike against (See Pullman
strike)
Pullman strike, I:35, 229, II:554,
773, 840–43, II:842, II:1143

Punch card systems, I:439–40
Purdue, John, II:843
Purdue University, II:843
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906),
I:293, 327, 431, 460, II:788,
843–45
Pure Food and Meat Inspection
Acts, I:92
Puritans, II:845
in Connecticut, I:202
in Massachusetts, II:608
Putting-out system, II:845–46, 949
PWA. See Public Works
Administration
Pyramiding reserves, II:846
Q school, I:6–7, 170
Quaker Oats Company, I:327, 431
Quakers, slavery and, II:928
Quality control
Harley-Davidson,
Incorporated, I:419
Malcolm Baldridge National
Quality Award, I:74
theories of, I:237–38
Total Quality Management,
I:238
Quantity theory of money, II:847
Quantum Computer Services
Incorporated, I:144
Quarries, in Vermont, II:1062
Quartering Act (1774), I:494
Quebec Act (1774), I:10, 114,
494–95, II:847–48
Quesada, Gonzalo Jiminez de, II:815
Quesnay, Francois, I:168
Quest for the Best, II:601
Quetzalcoatl, I:69
Quincy, Edmund, I:111
Quotas
immigration (See Immigration
quota system)
import, II:848 (See also
International Trade)
racial, I:6
R in entertainment industry,
R & D. See Research and
development
Rabushka, Alvin, I:322
Race discrimination, I:169–71,
510–11, 538. See also African
Americans; Racism; Slavery
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
affirmative action and, I:6–7
Black Codes in, I:98
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters, I:120–21, I:121
against Chinese Americans,
I:163–64
ghettos and, I:372, I:373
Henry Brown Blackwell
and, I:101
Ku Klux Klan and, I:400
poll tax and, II:803–4
protection in voting
against, I:316
in urban areas, I:399
Racial integration, I:539
in labor unions, II:858–59
in radical unions, II:850, 851
urban renewal and, II:1047
Racial violence
against Chinese Americans,
I:163
during civil rights
movement, I:170
KKK and (See Ku Klux Klan)
Racism. See also Race
discrimination
in inner cities, II:1047
KKK and (See Ku Klux Klan)
in New Mexico, II:713
during Reconstruction, II:867
in South Carolina, II:939
in Tennessee, II:989–90
in urban areas, II:971
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
Organizations Act. See RICO
Radar, by General Electric, I:364
Radial arm saws, I:97
Radial tires, II:1043
Radiation
from nuclear power plants,
II:740–41
ultraviolet, II:763
Radical unions, II:849–52, II:850
Radicalism
Robert LaFollette and,
II:559–60
working class, II:554–55
Radio, II:852–53
I:285, 286
expanded use of, I:261
Franklin D. Roosevelt on,
II:883
in homes, II:852
RCA and, II:861
Index
Rural Electrification
Administration and, II:888
by Sony, II:937
transistors in, II:665
transmission, I:364
Zenith Electronics and, II:1145
Radio Act (1912), II:852, 853
Radio Act (1927), II:852, 853
Radio advertising, I:4, II:567
Radio broadcasting
Charles Coughlin in, I:218–20
growth in 1920’s, II:831, 832
vaudeville and, II:1059
Zenith in, II:1145
Radio Corporation of America,
I:364, II:860
General Electric and, I:364
NBC and, II:681, 683
Radio operators, II:853
Radio programs
advertising on, II:675
motion pictures and, II:670–71
by NBC, II:681, 683
Nielsen Ratings for, II:723–24
vaudeville and, II:670
Radio Shack Computers, II:786
Radio transmitters, II:852
Radiograms, II:852, 853
Radiotelegraph. See Telegraph
Radosh, Ronald, II:706
Rag money, II:853
Rags, paper, II:774
Rail Passenger Act, I:492
Railroad apprentice schools, II:721
Railroad companies. See also
Railroads; specific railroad
companies
labor unions in, I:35, 120–21,
I:121, I:229, II:558, 859
strikes of, II:554
Railroad gauges, II:854
Railroad industry. See Railroads
Railroad pensions, II:783
Railroad Retirement Board, II:783
Railroad Revitalization and
Regulatory Reform Act
(1976), I:492
Railroad War Board, II:856
Railroads, II:854, II:854–56. See
also names of specific
railroad lines
from 1897-1920, I:294
Ames brothers and, I:43–45
in Arkansas, I:55
bankruptcy in, I:311
Civil War and, I:174, 178
1221
 Index
in Connecticut, I:202
consolidation of, II:1015
Cornelius Vanderbilt and,
II:1058
cow towns and, I:221–22
Daniel Guggenheim and,
I:409, 410
in Delaware, I:233, 235
development of, I:268
dining car service, II:841
economic importance of, I:391
effect of trucking on, I:75
farmers’ alliances and, I:307
farming and, I:15, 107, 497
federal administration of,
I:310–11
in Florida, I:324, 325
Granger laws regulating,
II:673, 685
during Great Depression, I:394
Hepburn Act and, I:432–33
in Illinois, I:462, 465
impact of interstate highway
system on, II:812
in Indiana, I:475
during the Industrial
Revolution, I:479
industrialization and, I:481
interstate commerce and,
I:490–92, II:1069
in Iowa, I:497
iron for, II:960
in Isthmus of Panama, II:766
James Jerome Hill and,
I:434–35, I:435
John Stevens and, II:962–63
in Kansas, I:520–21, 521
in Kentucky, I:533
land grants to (See Land grants,
for railroads)
in Louisiana, II:585
luxury, II:840–41
in Maryland, II:605
in Michigan, II:631
in Minnesota, II:639, 641
in Missouri, II:646, 648
monopolies in, II:736, 855, 956
(See also specific railroad
monopolies)
in Montana, II:660–61
Morgan-Hill Harriman railroad
holding company, II:654
national, II:1025
in Nebraska, II:697
in New Hampshire, II:707, 709
in New Jersey, II:710
1222
in New Mexico, II:713
in New York, II:718
in North Carolina, II:731
in North Dakota, II:733, 734
in North vs. South, II:1083
Northern Securities Company
(See Northern Securities Co.
v. U.S. (1904))
in Ohio, II:745
in Old Northwest, II:750
in Oregon, II:757
after Panic of 1873, II:773
in Pennsylvania, II:779–80
Railway Labor Act and, II:687
rates on, II:1015–16
Reconstruction Finance Corp.
and, II:868
regulation of, II:1015–16
Richard King and, I:541
robber barons and, II:880
Saint Lawrence Seaway
and, II:891
segregation in, II:801–2
sleeping cars on, I:139,
II:840–41
in South Carolina, II:939
standard time and, II:955
steam-powered, II:962–63
strike of 1877 in, I:400–401,
I:401
technological development in,
II:1106–7
in Texas, II:994, 995
Thomas Durant and, I:262–63
transcontinental (See
Transcontinental railroad)
urbanization and, II:1048
in Vermont, II:1060, 1062
in Virginia, II:1067
in Washington state, II:856,
1091–92
in West Virginia, II:1102, 1104
in Wisconsin, II:1118
yellow dog contracts in, II:1143
Railway Labor Act (1926),
I:121, II:687
Railway lines. See Railroads
Railway Rate Regulation, I:432
Rain forests, II:758
Rainbow (Ship), I:182
Raleigh, Sir Walter, II:730
Ralston Purina, I:259, II:648
Ranches
in Black Hills, II:942
on open range, II:754–55
on prairies, II:818
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
sheep (See Sheep ranches)
in Texas, II:993–95
Ranchos, I:133
Rand, Ayn, I:405, II:857–58, II:858
Randolph, Asa Philip, I:121,
II:858–60
Randolph, John, I:205, II:785
Rankin, Jeannette, II:915
RAP. See Regulatory Accounting
Principles
Rapid City Canyon Lake
Dam, II:943
Rapid Creek, II:943
Rapp, George, II:1055
Rappites, II:1055
Rascob, John Jacob, I:205
Rationing, II:743, 860
by OPA, II:1069
during WW II, I:441
Rauschenbusch, Walter, II:934, 1001
Rawdon’s Volunteers, I:38
Rayon, II:1000
Raytheon, I:103, II:638
Razors, I:375–76
RCA. See Radio Corporation
of America
RCA-Victor Company, II:860–62,
II:861
REA. See Rural Electrification
Administration
Reagan, Nancy, I:461
Reagan, Ronald, II:862, II:862–63
air traffic controllers’ strike
and, I:18, 19
cabinet of, I:74
California and, I:135
Cold War and, I:188
conservatism of, I:205
deregulation by, I:210
elimination of shipbuilding
subsidies and, II:919
fiscal policy of, I:13
foreign trade policy of, I:342
FTC under, II:1026
on Great Society, I:404
illegal drugs and, I:461
on Keynesian economics, I:536
on laissez-faire economics,
II:561
national debt and, II:685
OPEC Oil Embargo and, II:752
on railroad industry, II:1037
Strategic Defense Initiative
and, I:233
supply-side economics and,
II:976

on urban renewal, II:1047
Reaganomics, I:211–12, II:863–65
Real estate development, II:1022–25
Real estate industry
in Minnesota, II:641
in Nebraska, II:697
Real estate investments, II:897
Real property, vs. personal
property, II:819
Real wages, II:865
Reals (Coins), II:791
Reapers, II:613–16, II:615, II:818
Rebates, II:865–66
Rebellion of 1877, II:554
Recessions, II:866. See also
Economic depression
in business cycles, I:131, I:132
of early 1980s
Alabama in, I:24
effect on Idaho, I:459
effect on Illinois, I:464
effect on Indiana, I:477
effect on West
Virginia, II:1104
of early 1990s
advertising in, I:5
Massachusetts in, II:610
New Hampshire in, II:707
Ohio in, II:746
effect on workers, II:1127
of late 1970s
in Washington state,
II:1092
of mid-1980s
Colorado in, I:193–94
monetary theory and, II:652
of 1960s, II:815
of 1970s
Alabama in, I:24
Sears, Roebuck and
Company in, II:904–5
of 1980s
effect on Iowa, I:498
effect on Kansas, I:522
Michigan in, II:631
New York in, II:719
Reaganomics and, II:864
in Virginia, II:1067
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
(1934), I:341, 501, II:983
Reclamation Act (1902), I:499
Reconstruction, II:801, 866–68
agricultural economy in, I:179
Alabama during, I:22
carpetbaggers during, I:140
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Florida after, I:324
Jim Crow laws in (See Jim
Crow laws)
Kentucky during, I:533
Mississippi during, II:644
poll tax during, II:803
scalawags in, II:867, 899
secession and, I:314
sectionalism during, II:907
South Carolina during, II:939
state rights and, II:958
tenant farming during, II:988
Tennessee during, II:989
Texas during, II:994
Virginia during, II:1067
Reconstruction Finance Corporation,
I:241, II:867, 1084
Recreation, in Maine, II:597
Recycling, II:775, 868–69
Red Coach Grills, I:448
Red Cross Ambulance Corps, I:247
Red scare, I:546. See also
Anticommunist movements
American Plan and, I:34
labor during, II:555
Redstone, Sumner, II:683
Reed, Thomas Brackett, I:245
Reed, Walter, II:767
Reed Elsevier, II:1004
Reference books, publishing of,
II:617
Refineries. See Petroleum refineries
Reforestation, II:1110. See also
Forest conservation
in New Deal, II:704
in Oregon, II:758
Reforms. See specific type of
reform, e.g., Political reform
Refrigerants, II:763
Refrigerators
expanded use of, I:261
in food industry, I:326
by General Electric, I:364
Refunds, rebates as, II:865
Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke (1977), I:6
Regressive taxes, II:869
Regulator movement, I:72
Regulatory accounting principles,
II:897, 898
Rehabilitation Act (1973), I:42
Reinforced concrete, II:869–70
Relays, photoelectric, I:364
Reliance Building, I:128
Religion
Index
in market revolution, II:603
missions (See Missions)
Religious conflict, in Maryland,
II:605
Religious discrimination
federal legislation
prohibiting, I:246
great migration and, I:398–99
Religious institutions, I:255
Remington and Colt’s Patent Fire
Arms Manufacturing, I:420
Remington Rand, I:485
Renewable resources, lumber
as, II:592
Reno, Milo, I:309, 394
Reno, Nevada, II:702
Rentschler, Fred, I:103
Renwick, James, II:720
Reo Company, I:67
Reparations, from Germany,
I:362, II:1130
Repayment, for lend-lease aid, II:571
Report on a National Bank,
I:413, II:870
Report on Manufactures, I:413,
II:870
Report on the Public Credit, I:413,
474, II:870
Representative government, I:507
Reproduction, scientific. See
Scientific reproduction
Republic of Korea, I:544–45. See
also Korean War
Republic of Korea Army, I:545
Republic of Panama, II:767
Republican Party
formation of, I:156, 178, 521
on tariffs, II:983
War of 1812 and, II:1087
Requerimiento, II:692
Rerum novarum, I:219
Research and development,
II:870–71
Research laboratories, II:712
Research Triangle Park, II:731–32
Reservation systems, airline, I:19
Reserve Mining Company, II:641
Reservoirs, TVA and, II:992
Resettlement Administration, II:703
Resolution Funding Corporation,
II:897
Resolution Trust Corporation, II:897
Resource allocation, I:32–33
Restaurants
fast food (See Fast food
restaurants)
1223
 Index
Howard Johnson’s, I:448–49
Restructuring, corporate. See
Corporate restructuring
Retail industry, II:871–72. See also
Department stores
computer chain stores, I:411–12
in New York, II:720
in Washington state, II:1092
Retail stores. See also
Department stores
drugstores, II:788
grocery, I:549–50, II:1071,
1077
variety, I:547
Retirement. See also Social Security
Act (1935)
policy for, I:392–94, I:393
saving for, II:895–96
Sun Belt and, II:975
Retirement income, II:782–83
Return on investment, II:964
Reunification, of Vietnam,
II:1064–65
Reuther, Walter, I:34, II:557, 1038
Revaluation, I:50
Revels, Hiram Rhoades, I:98
Revenue, II:872–73
for the Civil War, I:230
federal debts and, I:310
Revenue Act (1764). See Sugar
Act (1764)
Revenue Act (1862), I:321
Revere, Paul, I:111, II:873–74,
II:874
Reverse discrimination, I:6, 7
Revolutionary War, American. See
American Revolution
Revolvers, I:194–96, I:195. See also
Firearms
Rexall Corporation, II:1029
Reynolds, John, I:99
Reynolds, Patrick, II:732
Reynolds, R.J., I:41, 257, II:731
Reynolds Tobacco, II:731, 732
Reyumer & Brothers, I:431
RFC. See Reconstruction Finance
Corporation; Resolution Funding
Corporation
RFC Liquidation Act, II:868
RGM. See Rubber Goods
Manufacturing
Rhee, Syngman, I:544
Rhode Island, II:874–76, II:875
establishment of colony, I:190
Puritans in, II:845
Samuel Slater in, II:892–94
1224
spinning mills in, II:949
Stamp Act and, II:952
system of labor in, II:874,
876–77, 925
Ribbon method, of making plate
glass, II:799
Ricardo, David, I:198, II:877–78
Rice, II:878
Rice industry
in Georgia, I:367
growth of, I:267
in Louisiana, II:585
slavery and, II:1078
in South, I:179
in South Carolina, II:939–40
Richardson, Ebenezer, I:111
Richmond, Virginia, II:967
Rickey, Branch, I:83
RICO (1970), II:849
Rifles, I:195. See also Firearms
Right-sizing, I:216
Right to privacy, I:115–16
Right-to-work laws, II:878–79
Rights of the Colonies Asserted and
Proved, II:974
Riis, Jacob, II:932
Riley, John, I:111
Rio Rancho, II:715
Riots
1965-1967, I:291
in civil rights movement, I:171
in New Jersey, II:712
during Reconstruction, II:867
Watts, I:373
Ripple effect, in economics, II:879
Risks
of speculation, II:948–49
in stock market, II:964
Ritchie, Albert C., II:607
Rittenhouse, David, II:642
Rittenhouse, William, II:774
Ritz Crackers, II:675
Rivera, Geraldo, II:683
Riverboats, on Mississippi
River, II:646
Rivers. See also names of
specific rivers
protection of, II:1115–16
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,
II:676, 1006, 1007
R.J.R. Nabisco, II:676, 732
RLA. See Railway Labor Act (1926)
Roads. See also Highways;
Turnpikes
Alaska Highway, I:27, 28
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Columbia River Highway,
II:757
government building of, I:223
National Road (See National
Road (U.S. Route 40))
Native-American, II:944
Nickel Plate, II:720
toll (See Turnpikes)
Wilderness, I:226, II:1116
Robber barons, I:478,
II:879–80, 1074
Andrew Carnegie as, I:478,
481, 528, II:879, 960, 1074
Cornelius Vanderbilt as,
II:880, 1074
James Jerome Hill as, I:478,
481, 528, II:639, 641, 879
Jay Gould as, I:254, 386–87,
I:387, I:478, 481, II:880, 1074
John D. Rockefeller as, I:478,
481, 528, II:1074
John Paul Getty as, I:371–272
J.P. Morgan as, I:478, 481,
II:641, 879, 1074
Robberies, bank and train, II:796
Robert, Nicholas Louis, II:774
Roberts, Kohlberg Kravis, II:676
Robinson, Frank M., I:185
Robinson, Jackie, I:82, I:83, 369
Robinson, Nathaniel, II:1112
Robinson-Patman Act (1936), I:154,
182, II:655, 656, 1026
Roche, James, II:676–77
Rock music, on radio, II:853
Rockefeller, John D., II:880–81,
II:881, II:1009
entrepreneurship and, I:288
Exxon Corporation and,
I:300–301
founding Standard Oil
Company, I:175,
II:718–19, 745, 786
Ida Tarbell and, II:979–80
industrial development and,
II:653–54
monopolies and, I:198, II:916
as robber baron, I:478, 481,
528, II:1074
Standard Oil Co. and,
II:953–54, 1009
Rockefeller, William, I:39
Rockefeller, Winthrop, I:56
Rockwell, Norman, II:884
Rockwell International, I:103
Rocky Mountain Fur Company,
II:659

Roebling, John Augustus, I:120,
II:881–82
Roebling, Washington, I:120, II:882
Roebuck, Alvah C., II:595,
901–2, 903
Rogaine, II:1046
Rogers, Ginger, II:1059
Rogers, Henry H., I:39, II:1094
Rogers, Will, II:1059
ROK. See Republic of Korea
Rolfe, John, II:910, 1006
Roller-skating equipment, I:122
Ronald McDonald Houses,
I:548, 549
Rookery Building, I:128
Roosevelt, Eleanor, I:91, II:565
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano,
II:882–84, II:883. See also
National Recovery Administration;
New Deal; World War II
Roosevelt, Jack, I:369
on 20th century liberalism,
Roosevelt, Nicholas I., II:962
II:581
Roosevelt, Theodore
Arsenal of Democracy and, I:57
Bernard M. Baruch and, I:81
Charles Coughlin and, I:219
child labor and, I:162
on civil service reform, I:172
Council of National Defense
and, I:220
economic recovery and, II:637
Frances Perkins and,
II:784, 1017
George Washington Carver
and, I:143
Good Neighbor Policy and,
II:657
as governor of New
York, II:719
Harry Hopkins and, I:446
Harry S. Truman and, II:1021
Henry Kaiser and, I:519
highway construction and, I:492
Huey Long and, II:583–84, 586
international relations and,
I:501–2
Japanese-American internment
by, I:441
John Kenneth Galbraith
and, I:358
John Keynes and, I:535
on labor unions, II:558–59,
878–79
minimum wage and, II:638
New Deal programs of (See
New Deal)
Northern Securities Company
and, II:641
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Office of Emergency
Management and, II:743
postwar boom and, II:810
poverty and, II:816
pro-labor stance of, II:556
prohibition and, I:280, II:830
on radio, II:852, 853
RCA and, II:860
Saint Lawrence Seaway
and, II:891
Second New Deal and, II:906
on social security, II:1098
socialism and, II:1002
Special Committee on Social
Security and, II:934
trust-busting by, II:1026
on War Labor Disputes
Act, II:1086
WW II and, II:1131–32
Albert Beveridge and, I:91
antitrust legislation and, I:182,
II:654, 735
big stick diplomacy of, I:95–96
Booker T. Washington
and, II:1094
dollar diplomacy and, I:250
Frank Kellogg and, I:528–29
Gifford Pinchot and, II:795
Henry Wallace and,
II:1075, 1076
Herbert Croly and, I:225
imperialism and, I:468
international relations and, I:500
The Jungle and, II:844
The Letters of Theodore
Roosevelt, I:95–96
Marcus Alonzo Hanna and,
I:417
McKinley assassination and,
I:425
on muckraking, II:671, 980
Northern Securities Company
and, I:435
Post Cereals and, II:808
Progressive Era and, I:293
railroads and, II:855
Robert LaFollette and, II:560
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine, II:657
Rough Riders and, I:513
vs. Standard Oil Company,
II:881
strengthening of the ICC, I:491
Index
trust-busting by, II:553–54,
1025, II:1026
Upton Sinclair and, II:921
William Howard Taft and,
II:977–78
vs. Woodrow Wilson, II:1117
Roosevelt Corollary, to Monroe
Doctrine, I:468, II:657
Root beer, I:437–38
Root Glass Company, I:185
Root-Takahira Agreement, II:754
Roper, Sylvester H., I:67
Rosales, Arturo, II:626
Rosenwald, Julius
Booker T. Washington
and, II:1094
Sears, Roebuck and Company
and, II:902, 903, 904
Rosie the Riveter, II:884–85
Ross, Donald, I:428
Ross, Ronald, II:767
Ross-Loos Plan, I:428
Rothstein, Jesse, II:728
Rouse, James, II:607
Rowell, George, I:4
Rowland, F. Sherwood, II:763
Roxbury India Rubber
Company, I:384
Royal, John, II:859
Royal colonies, I:190, 191
Royal Dutch/Shell, I:301
Royal Geographic Society of
London, I:344
Royal Greens, I:38
RTC. See Resolution Trust
Corporation
Rubber. See also Rubber industry
rationing of, II:860
synthetic (See Synthetic
rubbers)
technology advancements in,
I:93
Rubber footwear
L. L. Bean and, I:83–84
U.S. Rubber Company and,
II:1042–43
Rubber Goods Manufacturing,
II:1042
Rubber industry, II:1004–5
in 1920s, II:831
B.F. Goodrich in, I:92–93
Brunswick-Balke-Collender
Company and, I:122
Charles Goodyear and, I:384,
I:384–85
Firestone and, I:317
1225
 Index
in Ohio, II:647–48
oligopolies and, II:751
Rubbermaid in, II:885–86
sit-down strikes in, II:923
U.S. Rubber Company, II:1042,
II:1042–43
Rubber sponges, I:93
Rubbermaid Incorporated, II:885–86
Rubin, Louis D. Jr., II:1067
Rudkin, Margaret Fogarty, II:886–88
Ruffin, Edmund, II:1066
Rum (Liquor), II:973, 1017–18
Runaway slaves. See Fugitive slaves
Ruppert, Jacob, II:721
Rural areas
farming and, I:389–90
Great Depression and, I:394
in Vermont, II:1060, 1062
Rural electrification, II:991–93
Rural Electrification Act (1935), I:24
Rural Electrification Administration,
II:703, 888
Rural Free Delivery, Sears catalogs
and, II:903
Rural life
in Alabama, I:24
in Arkansas, I:55
electricity in, II:888
mail-order catalogs and, II:595
Sears catalogs and, II:903
Rural-urban migration, II:602–3,
813, 831, 971–72, 1046, 1048. See
also Internal migration
Rush, Benjamin, II:828
Rush-Bagot Treaty, II:659
Russell, Jane, I:451
Russell, W.H., I:521, II:804
Russert, Tim, II:683
Russia. See also Soviet Union
Alaska and, I:25, 28
Cold War and (See Cold War)
command economy in, I:197
in Oregon Country, II:758, 759
socialism and, II:935–36
in space race, II:945–46
steel dumping by, II:961
whaling in, II:1113
WW II invasion of, II:1131–32
Russian American Company, I:25
Russian Mennonites, II:818
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905,
I:544
‘‘Rust belt,’’ I:211, II:888–89
Ruth, George Herman ‘‘Babe,’’
II:722
1226
R.W. Sears Watch Company,
II:902, 903
Ryan, Claude, I:21, II:1040
S San Francisco earthquake, I:135
S & P. See Standard and Poor’s
Corporation
S & P 500 Corporate Stock
Index, II:953
Saatchi & Saatchi, I:5
Sac Indians. See Sauks
Sacagawea, II:659
Saco Defense, I:196
Safe Drinking Water Act
(1974), II:1053
Safety
air, I:19
industrial (See Industrial safety)
Safety caps, Gerber, I:370–71, I:371
Safeway, II:624, 625
Sage, Russell, II:719
St. Johnsbury, Vermont, II:1062
St. Lawrence River, II:738, 891
St. Lawrence Seaway, II:891–92
Michigan economic
development and, II:631
Ohio and, II:746
St. Louis, Missouri, II:648
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, II:838–39
St. Lucie Two nuclear facility, II:741
St. Mary’s River, II:938
St. Paul, Minnesota, II:641
St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, I:435
St. Paul and Pacific Railway
Company, I:435
St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba
Railway Company, I:435
St. Petersburg, Florida, air
travel to, I:20
Saks Fifth Avenue, II:568
Salaries. See Wages and salaries
Sales, measurement of, II:723
Salespeople, value of, II:600–601
Salmon fishing, I:319, II:757
SALT. See Strategic Arms
Limitation treaties
Salt, Dingley tariff on, I:245
Salt Lake City, Utah, II:1049
Salt Water Sportsman, II:1003
Sampson, Flem, I:533
Sam’s Clubs, II:1071, 1077
Samuel Slater and Company,
II:893–94, 949
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
San Francisco, California,
II:966, 967
San Francisco and San Jose
Railroad, II:956
San Francisco-Oakland Bay
Bridges, I:85
San Giorgio Macaroni, I:434
San Juan Bautista (Portuguese
ship), I:8
San Juan Hill, Battle of, II:837
San Lorenzo, Treaty of. See
Pinckney Treaty
San Salvador, II:1009
Sandalwood, I:423
Sandburg, Carl, II:570
Sanders, Thomas, I:86
Sandia National Laboratories,
II:713, 715
Sandoz, Ltd, I:370
Sandwich, Earl of (John
Montagu), I:422
Sandwich Islands, I:422
Sanitas Food Company, I:526, 530
Sanka Coffee Corporation, II:809
Sankyo Company, I:259
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de,
I:357, II:996
Santa Clara County v. Southern
Pacific Railroad Company
(1886), II:894
Santa Fe, New Mexico, II:894–95
Santa Fe Railroad, II:856, 1109
Santa Fe Trail, II:895
in Missouri, II:646
in New Mexico, II:713
Santa Gertrudis (Cattle), I:541
Santo Domingo, II:973
Saratoga, New York, battle at, I:37
Sarnoff, David, II:681, 861
Sartre, Jean-Paul, I:544
Satellite communications, II:1105
Satellite television programming,
II:683
Satellites
American, II:945
Russian, II:945
Saturday Evening Post, I:97
Saturn, General Motors, I:419
Saudi Arabia, II:999
Sauks, I:99–100
Sault Locks. See Soo Locks
Saving bonds
Civil War, I:215
Liberty, II:581–82
Savings, II:895–96, II:896

Savings and loan associations,
II:896. See also Banking industry
vs. credit unions, I:224
failures of, II:896–99
during Reaganomics, II:864
Sawmill and Timber Workers, II:757
Sawmills. See also Lumber industry
in colonial America, II:591–92
in Minnesota, II:641
Saws
Black and Decker, I:97
for tree cutting, II:592–93
Say, Jean Baptiste, II:976
S.C. Johnson and Son Company,
II:1136–37
Scalawags, during
Reconstruction, II:867
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of
Industiral Capitalism, I:155
Scams, food, I:84
Scarcity, II:899
Schechter Poultry Corporation v.
United States (1935), I:242, II:686
Scheduling, standard time and,
II:955
Schlaet, Arnold, II:997
Schlesinger, Arthur M, II:706
Schlitz Brewing Company, I:46,
II:1120
Schneiderman, Rose, II:1126
School integration, I:6–7, 170,
511, II:989
Schools. See also Universities and
colleges
for African Americans, I:89–91
for the blind, I:449–50
Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50,
I:250
public, II:989
railroad apprentice, II:721
Schumpeter, Joseph, I:276,
II:899–901
Schurz, Carl, II:838
Schuster, M. Lincoln, II:835
Schuyler, David, II:1048
Schwab, Charles, II:960, 1044
Schwerner, Michael, I:170
Science, I:87
Scientific management, II:901
Scientific reproduction, II:1056
Scientists, military-industrial
complex and, II:638
SCLC. See Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
Scopes, John, I:124
Scopes trial, I:124
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Scotch whiskey. See Whiskey
Scotland, potatoes in, II:816
Scott, Dred, I:208, 253–54, II:649
Scott, F.A., II:1085
Scott, Robert E., II:728
Scott, Tom, II:1043
Scott, Winfield, I:99, 100
Scott Paper Company, I:537
Scranton, William W., II:780
SCS. See Soil Conservation Service
Scudder, John, I:79
SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative
Sea otters, hunting of, I:25, 133
Sea Witch (Ship), I:182
Seabrook Station nuclear power
plant, II:739
Seafood industry. See Fish industry
Seaports. See Harbors
Search and seizure
in colonial America, II:1011
Embargo Act and, I:284
Sears, Richard W., II:595, 901–3
Sears, Roebuck and Company,
II:595, 662, 902–3, 903–5
advertising by, I:5
as catalog retail store, II:871
Sears Hardware, II:905
Sears HomeLife, II:905
Seasonal unemployment, II:906
Seasonal workers. See Migrant labor
Seatbelts, laws for, I:67
Seattle, Washington, II:1092
SEC. See Securities and Exchange
Commission
Secession, I:176, I:314, II:981. See
also Civil War
John Calhoun on, II:981
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
and, I:523
by South Carolina, II:939
state rights and, II:957–58
tariffs and, II:983
of Virginia, II:1067
Second Bank of the United States,
I:76–77, 152, 274, II:602
Andrew Jackson and,
I:504, II:770
charter of, I:152, II:771–72
money supply and, II:653
Nicholas Biddle and,
I:94–95, 152
Panic of 1819 and, II:768–69
Panic of 1907 and, II:771–72
panics of late 19th century
and, II:772
in Philadelphia, II:779
Index
rivals of, II:779
taxation of, II:957
on wildcat banks, II:1116
Second Continental Congress, I:213
American Revolution and,
I:11, 38
Articles of Confederation
by, I:314
George Washington and, I:36
sovereignty and, II:944
Second Great Awakening, II:603
Second Navigation Act. See
Navigation Acts
Second New Deal, II:704, 705, 906.
See also New Deal
Second Report on Public
Credit, II:1079
Secret Committees on Trade and
Commerce, II:666
Secretariat, of UN, II:1040
Secretary General, of NATO,
II:729–30
Sectionalism, II:906–7. See also
North and South
Sector equity funds, II:674
Secure Courier encryption, II:699
Secure Transaction Technology,
II:699
Securities
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
and, I:377
government, II:681
Jayson Gould and, I:386–87,
I:387
statistics on corporate, II:953
Securities Act (1933), II:907
Securities Act Amendments
(1964), II:907
Securities and Exchange
Commission, I:242, II:907
creation of, II:704, 964, 1074
junk bonds and, I:517
public offerings and, I:484
Securities Exchange Act (1934),
I:275, II:907, 1074
Security Council, of UN, II:1040
Seed crops, support loans to, I:388
Sega Dreamcast, II:938
Segregation, I:510–11. See also
Racial integration
Black Codes in, I:98
laws against, I:539
Plessy v. Ferguson and,
II:801–2, II:802
of public schools, I:170,
511, II:989
in the South, I:403
1227
 Index
in Virginia, II:1067
Seider, Charles, I:111
Seidman, L. William, II:897
SEL. See Sony Electronics, Inc.
Selective Service Act (1917), II:856,
II:908, II:908–9, 1086
Selective Service Act (1940), II:908
Self-government. See Representative
government
Semiconductor chips
from Intel Corporation, I:31–32
manufacturing of, II:715
in PCs, II:786
Seminole War, I:324
Seminoles, I:320, II:749, 1013–14
Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, I:461
Seneca Falls Convention, II:1124
‘‘Seneca Falls Declaration of
Sentiments,’’ II:1124
Senecas, I:499
Senior citizens, I:392–94, I:393
Separate but equal doctrine,
I:510–11, II:801
Separate Car Act (Louisiana), II:802
Septic tanks, II:1053
Sequoia, II:1013
Serra, Junipero, I:133
Serranos, I:306
Service industries
1970-1997, II:820
in California, I:136
in Cleveland, Ohio, II:889
in Colorado, I:194
in Detroit, Michigan, II:889
in Georgia, I:367
in Hawaii, I:424
in Louisiana, II:586
in Massachusetts, II:610
in Minnesota, II:641
in Missouri, II:648
in New Jersey, II:712
in North Carolina, II:730–32
in Ohio, II:746
in Oregon, II:758
in Pennsylvania, II:780
in Pittsburgh, II:889
World Trade Oganization
and, I:363
Service stations (Motor vehicles)
impact of interstate highway
system on, II:812
origins of, II:998
Serviceman’s Readjustment Act
(1944). See GI Bill
1228
Settlement houses, I:2–3
Seven Years’ War. See French and
Indian War
Seventh Day German Baptist
Church, II:1055
Sewage treatment, II:1053
Seward, William H., I:25, 28–29
Sewer systems, II:1053
Sewing machines, II:712, 921–22
Sex discrimination
affirmative action for, I:6–7
in employment, I:303–4,
II:1122–23, 1125
federal legislation
prohibiting, I:246
Henry Brown Blackwell and,
I:101–2
women’s movement and,
II:1124–25
Shakers, II:1055
Shale oil, I:98
Shanghai Banking Corporation
Limited, II:1102
Shanghai Opium Convention of
1909, II:788
Share, for e-mail document
sharing, II:699
‘‘Share the Wealth,’’ II:583–84
Sharecropping, II:912, II:912–13.
See also Tenant farming
market revolution and, II:602
in Mississippi, II:644
in North Carolina, II:730
during Reconstruction, II:801
in South, II:988
in South Carolina, II:940
Sharpe Lake, II:943
Shattuck, Frank C., I:536
Shattuck, Job, II:914
Shawnees, II:984–85
battles with, II:1114
Daniel Boone and, I:108
in French and Indian War, I:346
in Ohio, II:745
in West Virginia, II:1102
Shays, Daniel, I:12, 58,
II:913–14, 951
Shays’ Rebellion, I:12, II:609,
II:913, II:913–14
Articles of Confederation and,
I:58, 207
Springfield Armory and, II:951
Sheep ranches, II:914–15
in Oregon, II:757
in Washington state, II:1091
Shell Oil Company, II:787
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Shells (Weapons), I:97, 366
Shenandoah valley, I:49
Shepard, Alan, I:93, II:945
Shepard, William, II:914
Shepard’s Citations, Inc.,
II:617, 1004
Sheppard, Morris, II:829, 915
Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), II:915
Sherman, General William
Tecumseh, II:917–18
Sherman, John, I:417, II:681, 916
Sherman, William T., I:369
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), I:217,
II:915–16, 1025, 1045. See also
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
American Tobacco Company
and, I:257, II:1008–9
Frank Kellogg and, I:528
during the industrial revolution,
I:479, 481
interstate commerce and, I:491
J.P. Morgan and, II:553
monopolies and, II:654,
656, 735
Northern Securities Company
and, I:435
Pullman strike and, II:842
robber barons and, II:880
Southern Pacific and Union
Railroads and, II:894
Standard Oil Company and,
II:881, 954
telephone communications
exemption from, I:64
Theodore Roosevelt and, I:293
tobacco trusts and, I:41
against unions, I:427, II:727,
735, 1128
violation of, I:485
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890),
I:39, 340, 378, 381, II:773, 916–17
Sherman’s March, I:369, II:917–18
Shewhart, Walter, I:237
Shifting cultivation, II:611
Shillings, II:791
Shiloh, Battle of, II:917
Shipbuilding industry, II:918–20
in Connecticut, I:202
in Delaware, I:233
in Georgia, I:369
Henry Kaiser and, I:519
impact of Navigation Acts
on, II:695
in Maine, II:597
in Maryland, II:605, 607
during Napoleonic Wars, II:677

naval stores for, II:693–94
in New Jersey, II:712
in Oregon, II:757, 758
in Pennsylvania, II:779
in Texas, II:995
in Washington state, II:1092
Shipping Act (1916), II:919
Shipping Board, I:294
Shipping Board of Directors, II:919
Shipping industry
air vs. railroads, II:855
after Civil War, I:174
Gerber and, I:370
interstate commerce and, I:491
keelboats for, I:524
in Louisiana, II:586
mercantile, I:176
in New Orleans, II:716
in Rhode Island, II:874
Soo Locks in, II:938–39
Ships
Benjamin Franklin and, I:339
clipper, I:182–83
electrically propelled, I:364
liberty, II:582
Shipyards
in Delaware, I:233, 235
HMOs in, I:428
Shirley, Jon, II:633
Shoe and footwear industry, I:83–84,
II:607, 610, 1042–43
Shoes, rationing of, II:860
Shopping malls, I:408, II:871
Shoreham nuclear facility, II:741
Short-haul rates, ICC regulation
of, II:599
A Short Life of Napoleon
Bonaparte, II:980
Short selling, II:965–66
Shortages, II:920
Shorthorn cattle, I:149
Shoshones, II:738
Shovel manufacturing, I:43, 44
Showboats, II:959
Shredded Wheat Company, II:675
Shrimp, in fishing industry, I:319
Sick leave. See also Employee
benefits
for families, I:305–6
Samuel Gompers for, I:383
Sideshows, P.T. Barnum and,
I:79–80
Siemens-Martin open-hearth
method, II:960
Sierra Club, II:948
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Sieur de la Salle. See Cavelier,
Robert, Sieur de la Salle
Signaling, for railroads, II:1107
Sikorsky, I:103
Silberstein, Leopold D., I:195
Silcox, Ferdinand, I:266
Silent motion pictures, II:670,
II:671, II:1089
Silicon chips, II:995
Silicon Graphics, Inc., II:698
Silk manufacturing, II:710, 712
Silver Brownie razors, I:375
Silver coins, II:916–17, 948
in Colorado, I:193
free (See Free silver)
Gold Resumption Act and,
I:378
gold standard and, I:226,
380–82
Greenback Party and, I:404–5
in monetary systems, I:102,
123, 245, 340
William Jennings Bryan on,
I:380–82
Silver dollars, II:642
Silver mining
in Arizona, I:51
ASARCO and, I:39, 40, 409–10
in California, I:43
in Colorado, I:192, 194
Comstock Lode, I:200
in Idaho, I:457, 459
in Montana, II:660, 661
in Nevada, II:700, 701
in New Mexico, II:713
in New Spain, II:717
shovels for, I:43, 44
in Utah, II:1051
Silver Party, II:701
Silver refining, I:39, 40
Silver standard
for currency, II:642
money supply and, II:653
Simon, Richard, II:835
Simon and Schuster, II:835
Simpson College, I:142
Sinatra, Frank, I:42
Sinclair, Upton, I:92, 135,
II:920–21, 1003
on Ivy Lee, II:570
muckraking movement and,
II:671–72
social reform novels and,
II:844–45
Singapore, inexpensive labor in,
I:229, 375–76
Index
Singer, Isaac, II:712, 921–23, II:922
Singer Sewing Machines, II:921–22
Single-family housing, II:573–74,
II:574
Sioux. See Dakotas (Native
Americans)
Sioux Falls Air Force Training
Base, II:943
Sioux War of 1876, II:942
Sit-down strikes, II:923
against General Motors, II:931
power of, II:556
by UAW, II:1038
Sit-ins (Civil rights), I:170–71,
I:171, I:202. See also Civil rights
movements
Sitka, Alaska, I:28
Sitting Bull, II:696
Sixteenth Amendment, II:923–24
robber barons and, II:880
taxation and, II:804
Skelton, Owen, I:167
Ski, II:1003
Ski resorts, I:194
Skiing, II:1003
Skilled labor
in Knights of Labor, I:426
wages and, II:1070
Skippy Peanut Butter, I:430
Skyscrapers, II:870, 974–75. See
also High-rise buildings
Slater, Hannah Wilkinson,
II:893, 925
Slater, Samuel, I:160, 268, 537,
II:874, 876–77, 924–25
first factory of, II:892–94
mechanization and, II:1080
spinning mill of, I:176,
II:949, 999
textile industry and, I:218
Slater Mill Historic Site, II:949
Slater system. See Rhode Island,
system of labor in
Slaughter, Thomas, II:1115
Slaughtering and slaughterhouses,
II:807
Slave codes, II:925–26, 927
Slave trade. See also Slavery
in America, I:8–9
outlawing of, I:1
in Rhode Island, II:874
Slavery, II:926–29, II:927. See also
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
in 1860 presidential
campaign, II:772
1229
 Index
abolition of (See Abolition of
slavery)
agricultural economy and (See
Agricultural economy)
in Alabama, I:22
banned by Northwest
Ordinance, II:737
black market and, I:100
bleeding Kansas issue in,
I:102–3
during colonial period,
II:910, 911
conservatism and, I:205
in Constitution, I:207
in cotton industry (See Cotton
growing)
in early Republic, II:1078
encomiendas and, I:285
in Florida, I:324
in Georgia, I:367
institutionalization of, I:8–9
in Kansas, I:520, 523, II:649
Land Ordinances on, II:564
in Louisiana, II:584, 585
in Maine, II:649
market revolution and, II:602–3
in Maryland, II:605, 607
Mexican Cession and, II:629
Middle Passage and, II:635
in Mississippi, II:644
in Missouri, II:648–49
in Missouri Territory, II:979
Mollases Act and, II:651
Native Americans and, II:691
naval stores and, II:694
in Nebraska, II:649, 696
in New Spain, II:717
in new states, I:177 (See also
Missouri Compromise)
in North Carolina, II:730
in north vs. south (See North
and south)
on plantations (See Agricultural
economy)
rice and (See Rice industry)
scalawags and, II:899
sectionalism and, II:907
sharecropping and, II:801
Sherman’s March and, II:918
slave codes and, II:925–26
in South Carolina, II:939–40
in Southern wealth, I:191
sovereignty and, II:805, 944
in sugarcane harvesting, II:973
in Texas, II:994, 996–97
1230
Thirteenth Amendment and (See
Thirteenth Amendment)
triangular trade and, II:1017–18
in Virginia, II:1066–67
women’s movement and, II:724
Slaves, I:473
Dred Scott case (See Dred Scott
v. Sandford (1857))
Fourteenth Amendment and
(See Fourteenth Amendment)
freed, II:581
fugitive (See Fugitive slaves)
Slayback, Alonzo W., II:839
Sleds, I:122
Slidell, John, II:628
Sloan, Alfred Pritchard, Jr., I:366,
II:929–31
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer
Research, II:930, 931
Sloan School of Management, II:931
“Sloanism,” II:931
Slocum, Henry W., II:918
S&Ls. See Savings and loan
associations
Slums, II:931–32
beginnings of, II:1049
migration to, I:399
urban renewal and, II:1047
Smallpox, Native Americans
and, I:285
Smelting industry
from 1897-1920, I:293
Guggenheim industries in,
I:39–40, 409–10
Smith, Adam, I:138, 275–76, 340,
535, II:932–33
on international division of
labor, I:197–98
on laissez-faire economics,
II:561
on mercantilism, II:579–80, 621
on resource allocation, I:33
on supply and demand, II:601
Smith, Alfred E., I:205
Smith, Jack, Jr., I:367
Smith, John, II:591, 605, 1065
Smith, Joseph, II:1049
Smith, W.A., II:786
Smith, Win, II:624
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act. See
War Labor Disputes Act (1943)
Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute, II:1029
Smoking
cancer and, II:1007–8
during colonial period, II:910
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
health effects of, II:1007–8
public, II:1007–8
tobacco industry and, I:41–42
women and, II:1007
during WW I, II:1007
during WW II, II:1007
Smoot, Reed, II:933
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930),
I:341, II:831, 834, 933, 983
Smuggling
of alcoholic beverages, II:987
in American colonial period,
II:1010–11
in Colonial America, II:951
Mollases Act and, II:651
Navigation Acts and, II:694
U.S. Customs and, I:227
in Vermont, II:1060
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee
Snively, Jack, I:51
Soap operas
Proctor and Gamble
sponsoring, II:825
on radio, I:4
Soap trade, II:821–23, 823–25,
1137–38
Sobel, Robert
on Panic of 1819, II:769
on Panic of 1837, II:770
Social class
in Louisiana, II:586
Sinclair Lewis on, II:579
in South Carolina, II:939, 940
temperance movement
among, II:986
in whaling, II:1112
Social conditions, in early 1930s,
II:565–66
Social criticism
by Sinclair Lewis, II:578–79
by Upton Sinclair, II:920–21
Social Darwinism, II:654
Social Democratic Party, I:516
Social gospel, II:933–34
Social injustice, photographs of,
II:565–66
Social philosophers, II:1054
Social reform. See also Muckraking
Charles Coughlin on, I:218–20
CORE for, I:201–2
Harry Hopkins and, I:446–47
by Huey Long, II:583
Jacob Coxey and, I:223
John Lewis and, II:578

Michael Harrington and,
I:421–22
newspapers and, II:839
in Progressive Era, II:580
Samuel Howe and, I:449–50
welfare system for,
II:1098–1100
by Woodrow Wilson, II:1117
Social security, I:392–93, II:934
elderly and, II:705, 706
Harry S. Truman and, II:1022
initiation of, II:1098
as pension, II:783
Townsend Clubs and, II:1010
Social Security Act (1935),
II:934–35
coverage of, I:242,
II:883–84, 906
defined, II:703
importance of, II:705, 706
Medicare and, II:618
welfare system and, II:1098
Social Security Administration,
I:392–93, II:934
in Maryland, II:607
Medicare and, II:618
poverty and, II:816
Social security taxes
Medicare and, II:618
poverty and, II:1100
as regressive tax, II:869
Social welfare, in New Deal.
See New Deal
Socialism, II:935–36
Christian, II:1001
Florence Kelley and, I:525
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:883
Industrial Workers of the World
and, II:727
Joseph Schumpeter and, II:900
Michael Harrington and,
I:421–22
New Deal and, II:705, 1002
New Republic and, I:225
Norman Mattoon Thomas and,
II:1001–2
private property rights in, II:819
radical unions and, II:850
social gospel and, II:934
Upton Sinclair and, II:920–21
in utopian communities, II:1055
Socialist Labor Party, II:849
Socialist Party, I:229, 230,
II:849, 851
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Socialized medicine, II:915
Society, impact of automobile
on, I:69
Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Parts, II:692–93
Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in New England, II:692–93
Sod houses, II:936
Soderstrom, Charlie, II:1040
Soft drink industry
Charles Hires in, I:437–38
Coca-Cola, I:127, 184–86,
II:1012
Pepsi-Cola, I:185
Software and Information Industry
Association, II:799
Software industry. See Computer
software industry
Software Publishers Association,
II:799
Soil Bank program, I:389
Soil Conservation and Domestic
Allotment Act (1936), II:703
Soil Conservation Service, I:265
Soil erosion
Dust Bowl and, I:256–57,
264–66, I:265
machinery for, I:256–57, 265
services for, I:265
Soil Erosion Service, I:265
Solar water distillation, I:87
Sole proprietorship, II:820, 936
Sonar detection, I:87
Sonoma Valley industries, I:136
Sons of Liberty, I:10, II:952
Sons of Temperance, II:829
Sony America, II:938
Sony Corporation, II:664–65, 936–39
Sony Electronics, Inc., II:938
Sony Kabushiki Kaisha, II:937
Soo Locks, II:938–39
Soto, Hernando de, I:22, 55, 324,
447, II:644, 645
Sound equipment industry, II:664
Sound motion pictures, II:670, 832
Soups, Campbells, I:136
South
Abraham Lincoln and, II:958
African American migration
from, II:1046
agricultural economy in (See
Agricultural economy)
colonial economy in, I:190, 191
cotton in (See Cotton growing)
depression in, II:981
Index
Emancipation Proclamation and
(See Emancipation
Proclamation)
plantations in (See Plantations)
post-Civil War economy
of, II:1083
prohibition in, II:829
sharecropping in (See
Sharecropping)
slavery in (See Slavery)
state rights and, II:957–58
tariffs and, I:177, 179,
II:981–82
tenant farming in (See Tenant
farming)
tobacco in, I:175, II:1006
western expansion and, II:958
South America, exploration of,
II:1010
South Canal (Michigan), II:938
South Carolina, II:939–41, II:940
as proprietary colony, I:191
rice in, II:878
slavery in, II:927, 928
split from North Carolina,
II:730
state rights and, II:957–58
on Tariff of Abominations,
I:177, II:981–82
South Carolina Canal and Rail Road
Company, II:854
South Carolina Exposition and
Protest, II:981
South Dakota, II:941–43, II:942
South Korea
Asian financial crisis in, I:60
inexpensive labor in, I:229,
I:229
South Vietnam, II:1063, II:1063–65.
See also Vietnam
Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization, I:188
Southern Alliance, II:805–6
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference, I:170, 201, 539
Southern Farmers’ Alliance, I:308–9
Southern Nevada Water Project,
II:702
Southern Pacific and Union
Railroads, II:894
Southern Pacific railroad, I:153,
II:856, 1037, 1109
Southern Power System, I:257–58
Southland Royalty, II:790
Southwest
longhorn cattle in, II:584
Spanish claims in, I:2
1231
 Index
Southwestern Indians, II:943–44. See
also names of individual tribes
Sovereignty, II:944
in Articles of
Confederation, II:981
nullification and, II:981
popular (See Popular
sovereignty)
states rights and, II:981
Soviet Union. See also Russia
aid to, I:414
Armand Hammer and, I:414
arms race and, I:56–57
Cold War and (See Cold War)
defense spending against, II:636
Marshall Plan and,
II:603–4, 811
mercenaries from, II:622
NATO and, II:729, 730
Soybean industry, II:586
SP. See Southern Pacific railroad
SPA. See Socialist Party
Space equipment, I:93
Space missions
Apollo, I:105, II:946
Gemini, II:946
Mercury, II:945
Space race, I:188, II:944–46, II:945
Space shuttles, I:106, II:946
Space stations, I:106
Spackman, Walter, I:136
Spain. See also New Spain
in Cuba, II:947
Louisiana and, II:716
Mississippi territory and, II:644
Missouri and, II:646
Native Americans and,
II:691–93, 944
New Mexico and, II:713
in Oregon Country, II:758, 759
Spanish-American War and,
II:946–47
Texas and, II:993, 996
Treaty of Tordesillas and,
II:1009–10
tribute paid to, II:1018
Spanish-American War, II:946–47
costs of, II:1083
economy and, I:324, II:1084
Hugh Samuel Johnson and,
I:513
imperialism during, I:467
isolationism prior to, I:500
Manifest Destiny and, II:598–99
New Spain and, II:717
1232
Philippines and, II:789, 977–78
Puerto Rico and, II:837
Spanish Civil War, I:501
Spanish coins, II:791
Spanish colonialism, I:1–2
Alabama and, I:22
horses and, I:447
Louisiana and, II:584
Spanish exploration
in Arizona, I:51
in Arkansas, I:55
Christopher Columbus and,
I:196
in Colorado, I:192
in Florida, I:324
missions and, I:306
Native Americans and, I:285
in Utah, II:1049
in Washington state, II:1090
Spearmint gum, II:1138
Special interest groups, II:948. See
also names of specific groups
lobbying by, II:582–83
spoils system and, II:950
Specie, II:948, 1072, 1116. See also
Paper money
‘‘Specie Circular,’’ I:78, II:770,
1116
Specie Resumption Act, I:308
Specific tariffs, II:982–83
Speculation, II:948–49
Speech, freedom of, I:117
Speech synthesis, in elevators, II:762
Speeches
by Daniel Webster, I:350
by Willam Jennings Bryan,
I:123–24
Speed limits, OPEC Oil Embargo
and, II:752
Sperm whale, II:1111–12
Spermaceti, II:1111–12
Sperry Corporation, I:332
Spies, August, I:427
Spindletop oil well, I:98
Spingarn Medal, I:143
Spinning mills, II:949, 999
The Spirit of Saint Louis, I:93
Spirituality, of Paleo-Indians, II:765
Spoils system, I:172, II:949–50
Spokane, Washington, II:1091
Sport utility vehicles, I:332, 367
The Sporting News Publishing
Company, II:1003
Sports, in radio and television,
II:683, 852
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Sports advertising, I:375–76
Sports equipment
L.L. Bean industries in, I:83–84
Sony in, II:936
Spot market, I:197
Sprague, Frank Julian, II:966
Springfield, Vermont, II:1062
Springfield Armory, II:950–51
Springfield Plow Works, II:807
Sprint, competition with, I:65
Sprite (Soda), I:185
‘‘The Spruce Goose,’’ I:451, I:451
Spruce Tree House, II:626
Sputnik, I:56, 188, II:638
Sputnik I, II:945
Spyglass, Inc., II:699
Squatters, II:1030–31
SSA. See Social Security Act (1935)
SSI. See Supplementary
Security Income
Stagflation, I:211, 536, II:653, 951,
II:951
Stagnation, in stagflation, II:951
Stakes, John, I:503
Stalin, Joseph, II:604
arms race and, I:56
Cold War and, I:186, 188
Harry Hopkins and, I:446
WW II and, II:1131, 1132
The (Stamford) Advocate, II:1003
Stamp Act (1765), I:10, 36, 112,
314, II:695, 951–53, 974, 1010
Stamp Act Congress, II:952
Standard and Poor’s 500 Index,
II:673–74
Standard and Poor’s Corporation,
II:617, 953
Standard Brands, II:676
Standard of living, II:953
General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade, I:362–63
trade and, II:1012
Standard Oil Company, I:529,
II:953–54. See also Exxon
Corporation
antitrust actions against, I:182,
II:654, 1009
breakup of, II:916, 1025
financial problems in 1907,
II:771
Ida Tarbell and, II:979–80
John D. Rockefeller and, I:175,
300–301, II:718–19, 786, 881
Joseph S. Cullinan and, II:997
in Louisiana, II:586
in Ohio, II:745

R & D labs for, II:871
as trust, I:175, II:1025–26
Standard Oil Company of
California, II:790
Standard Oil Company of New
Jersey, II:786
Standard Oil Trust, II:954
Standard Railway Time, II:1105
Standard Statistics Company, II:953
Standard time, II:955, 1105
Standardization, in mass
production, II:608
Stanford, John A., I:253
Stanford, Leland, I:133, 152, II:955,
II:955–56
Stanford University, II:955–56
Stanley Company, II:1089
Stanley Home Products, II:1028–29
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, II:724,
1124
Stanton, Henry Brewster, II:1124
Staple Act (1663), II:694
Star Wars missile defense
system, II:638
StarKist Tuna, I:430, 431
Starr, Ellen Gates, I:2
Starters (Automobile), I:366
State banks. See also Banks
Amasa Walker and, II:1071–72
FDIC and, I:310
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
and, I:311
vs. national banks, II:681
Panic of 1819 and, II:768–69
wildcat, II:1116
State income taxes, II:830
State Locks (Michigan), II:938
State rights, II:957–58. See also
Federal government
in Articles of Confederation
(See Articles of
Confederation)
in Constitution, I:207–8
in early Republic, I:11–12,
II:563
John Calhoun on, II:981–82
liquor regulation and, II:1030
nullification and, II:939
on public accommodation
discrimination, I:169
railroad regulation and, II:1015
South Carolina and, II:939
sovereignty and, II:944, 981
tariff nullification as, I:177
on territorial expansion, II:563
States’ Rights Party, II:982
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Statistical services, II:953
Steam engines
New York Central Railroad
and, II:721
in Rhode Island, II:874
by Robert Fulton, I:353–54
Steam locomotives, II:854
Steam power
in agricultural machinery,
I:14–15
for sawmills, II:592
in streetcars, II:966
Tennessee Valley Authority
and, II:992
Steam-powered vehicles, I:297
Steamboat Act (1852), II:958–59
Steamboat Inspection Service, II:959
Steamboats, II:959
boiler explosions on, II:958–59
Cornelius Vanderbilt and,
II:1057–58
in freight transportation, I:267
inspections of, II:958–59
iron in, II:960
John Stevens and, II:962–63
licensing of, II:958–59
on Mississippi River, II:646
in Missouri, II:648
on Missouri River, II:649
in Old Northwest, II:750
by Robert Fulton, I:353–54
safety of, II:958–59
Steel
for cables, II:882
Dingley tariff on, I:245
dumping of, II:961
importation of, II:960–61
vs. iron, II:959–60
production of, II:960, II:960–61
Steel industry, II:959–61, II:960
in 1920s, II:831
in 1944, I:243
from 1897-1920, I:293
after Civil War, I:179
in Alabama, I:22, 24
Andrew Carnegie and, I:138–40
Bessemer process in, I:89, 269
Bethlehem Steel Corp., II:984
deindustrialization and, I:229
Henry Kaiser and, I:519
J.P. Morgan in, II:663–64
machinery and, I:269
in Maryland, II:607
Midvale Steel Co., II:983–84
Index
mismatch unemployment in,
II:969
monopolies and, II:735
in Ohio, II:745
oligopolies and, II:751
in Pennsylvania, II:779–80
railroads and, II:855
strikes in, I:33, 443–44
U.S. Steel, II:960, 1043–45
WW I and, II:1084
WW II and, II:1084
Steel plows, I:231, II:961
Steel rails, Dingley tariff on, I:245
Steelwork, in rust belt, II:888–89
Steelworkers’ Trilogy, I:51
Steffens, Lincoln, I:2, II:671
Steinbrenner, George M. III, II:722
Steinem, Gloria, II:1125
Stelle, John, I:373
Stephens, Alexander H., I:369
Stephens, John, II:854
Stephens, Uriah, I:543, II:558
Steuben, Friedrich von, I:37
Stevens, John, II:767, 962–63
Stevens, Robert Livingston, II:962
Stevens, Thaddeus, II:681
Stevenson, Adali, I:358
Stillman, Issac, I:99
Stillman’s Run, I:99
Stimson, Henry L., II:754
Stock exchanges
Amex, II:963–64
Daniel Drew and, I:254–55
Dow, Jones, I:25, I:252,
I:252–53, 254
NASDAQ, II:963–64
NYSE (See New York Stock
Exchange)
on Wall Street, II:1073–74
Stock market crash of 1929, I:310,
316, II:965, II:965–66
aggregate supply and, I:13
causes of, II:964
effect on economic
liberalism, II:581
General Motors in, II:930
impact on J.C. Penney, II:778
impact on Oregon, II:757
labor unions and, II:727
liberty bonds and, II:582
Stock markets, II:963–64, II:964
in 1920s, II:833
bear markets, I:84–85
Bernard mannes Baruch in,
I:81–82
1233
 Index
bull markets, I:84–85, 397
financial panics and, I:316
before Great Depression, I:394
during Great Depression,
I:240–41, 396–98, I:397
Jayson Gould and, I:386–87,
I:387
mutual funds in, II:673–74
NASDAQ and, II:680
national debt and, II:685
New York Stock Exchange in
(See New York Stock
Exchange)
newspapers and, I:88
Securities and Exchange
Commission and, II:704
speculators in, I:81–82, 127–28
Stock price indexes, II:953
Stock prices, II:964, 965
Stockade Building System, I:351
Stockholders, voting rights of, II:963
Stocks, II:963
common, II:963
fraudulent, I:254–55
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
and, I:377
interest rates on, I:320
margin buying of, II:965
in mutual funds, II:673–74
over-the-counter (See Over-the-
counter markets)
as ownership shares, I:217
as personal property, II:819
preferred, II:963
price-earnings ratio and, II:819
prices inflated in 1920s,
II:964–65
railroad, I:252
to raise capital, II:964
Stockton, Robert F., I:345
Stockton Wheel Company, I:145
Stoecki, Edouard de, I:28
Stombs, D.S., II:786
Stone, Kenneth, II:1071
Stone, Lucy, I:101–2, II:724
Stout beer, I:119
Stoves
by Benjamin Franklin, I:339
by Maytag Corporation, II:613
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, I:1,
350, II:1033
Straight, Dorothy, I:225
Straight, Willard, I:225
Strategic Arms Limitation treaties,
I:188, II:725
1234
Strategic Defense Initiative,
I:233, II:863
Strategy and Structure: Chapters
in the History of the Industrial
Enterprise, I:154
Straus, Roger, I:40
Street drugs. See Illegal drugs
Streetcars, II:966–67
elevated (See Elevated
streetcars)
from General Electric
Company, I:364
passenger statistics for, II:968
Strikes, II:557, 967–68. See also
Arbitration; Labor unions; National
Labor Relations Board
in 1920s, II:833
by air traffic controllers,
I:17–19
Armed Forces ending, II:727
of ASARCO, I:39, 40, 410
by Carnegie Steel, I:33
in Colt Firearms, I:195
defined, I:50–51
in Hershey Foods Corporation,
I:433–34
Homestead steel, I:443–44,
II:960
of King Kullen
supermarkets, II:872
by Knights of Labor, I:543,
II:558, 816
of Kroger Company, I:438
labor unions and (See
Labor unions)
by Lowell system workers,
II:590
in Maine, II:850
Mary Jones and, I:515
in Massachusetts, II:850
in McCormick Harvesting
Machine Company, I:426
by miners, I:39, 40, 192, 410
National Labor Relations Board
and, II:687
in New Jersey, II:712
Norris-Laguardia Act and,
II:726
in North Carolina, II:732
in Ohio, II:746, 851
in Oregon, II:757, 850
peak era of, I:18
in Pennsylvania, II:780
at Proctor and Gamble,
II:822, 824
Pullman (See Pullman strike)
by radical unions, II:850
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
railroad, I:35, 400–401, I:401,
I:426, II:554, 855
in Rhode Island, II:876
Sherman Antitrust Act and,
I:337
sit-down (See Sit-down strikes)
by TCI, I:22
in textile industry, II:999, 1000
by UFW, II:1039
by UMW, I:192, II:1039
by UPS, II:1041
War Labor Disputes Act
and, II:1086
wildcat (See Wildcat strikes)
by women’s unions, II:1126
after WW II, II:812
Strip mining
in Montana, II:661
Tennessee Valley Authority
and, II:992
Stripiculture, II:1056
Structural unemployment, II:968–69
Strutt, Jedidiah, II:893, 924
Studebaker, Clement, II:969
Studebaker, John, II:969
Studebaker, Peter, II:969
Studebaker automobile, I:477,
II:969–71, II:970
Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing
Company, II:969
Studebaker Corporation, II:969
Studebaker Packard Corporation,
II:970
Studebaker-Worthington
Corporation, II:970
Student loans, as human capital
investment, I:453
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, I:201, 539
Sturges v. Crowninshield
(1819), I:207
Stuyvesant, Peter, II:718
Submarines
nuclear, I:364, II:919–20
Robert Fulton and, I:353
Subsidiary Coinage Act (1853),
I:381
Subsidies, II:971
for farmers, II:703
for railroads, II:857
for shipbuilding, II:918–19
Subsistence agriculture, II:971
Subsistence economy, II:602–3, 652
Suburbs
growth of, II:968, 971,
II:971–72, 1046–47, 1049

housing construction for,
II:573–74, II:574
shopping malls in, I:408
sprawl of, II:972
streetcars in development
of, II:967
in Vermont, II:1062
after WWII, II:813
Subways
in Boston, II:967
development of, II:967
in New York, II:967
Sucker rods, I:516
Suffolk Resolves, I:495
Suffrage. See Voting rights
Sugar, II:973
Dingley tariff on, I:245
import quotas on, II:848
rationing of, II:860
tax on (See Sugar Act (1764))
Sugar Act (1764), I:10, 36, II:652,
973–74, 1010
Sugar beet, II:973
Sugar industry, II:695, 973
in Cuba, II:947
growth of, I:267
in Hawaii, I:423, II:947
James Buchanan Duke and,
I:257–58
in Louisiana, II:585
in West Indies, I:190
Sugarcane, II:973
Sulfa drugs, II:788
Sulfur dioxide, TVA and, II:992
Sulfur industry, monopolies in
1920s, II:832
Sullivan, Louis, I:129, II:974–75,
1135, 1136
Sultana, II:959
Summa Corporation, I:452
Sumner, Charles, I:25
Sun Belt, II:975
Sun Company, II:1003
Sun god, Aztec, I:69
Sun Microsystems, Inc., I:65,
199, II:699
Sunshine Biscuits, I:42
Superchannel, II:683
Supercomputers, I:486
Superior Rail Mill, I:139
Supermarket scanners. See Optical
scanners, in supermarkets
Supermarkets. See also Grocery
trade
Kroger Company and, I:549–50
optical scanners in, I:550
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
in retail industry, II:871, 872
Supplementary Security Income,
II:1100
Supplex, by DuPont, I:259
Supply, II:975–76. See also Supply
and demand
Supply and demand, II:601, 975–76
Adam Smith on, II:579
aggregate, I:13–14, I:14
for agricultural products, I:16
government control of, II:581
price and, II:818
profit and, II:827–28
resource allocation and, I:32–33
shortage in, II:920
theories of money and, II:847
wages and, II:1070
after WW II, II:811
Supply-side economics,
II:863–65, 976
Supreme Allied commander, of
NATO, II:729
Surface Transportation Board, I:492
Surface water, for irrigation, I:499
Surge (Beverage), I:185
Surplus, II:971, 976, 1080
Surveying, telegraph and, II:669
Susan B. Anthony dollars, II:642
Suspension bridges, II:881–82
Sutter, John, I:378, II:1101
Suzuki motorcycles, I:418
Swans Down, Postum Cereal
Company and, II:809
Sweatshops, II:1016
inspection of and, I:525
NRA and, I:513
Sweet potatoes, I:142
Swift, Gustavus, I:174
Swift, Henry, II:952
Swift & Company v. United States,
II:654, 765
Swinton, Ernest, I:148
Switchmen’s Mutual Aid
Association, I:229
Sylvania Companies, I:273
Sylvis, William H., II:557–58
Synthetic fibers, I:258, 260, II:1000.
See also Nylon; Rayon
Synthetic rubbers, II:1005
T
Tab (Soda), I:185
Tabulating Machine Company, I:440.
See also IBM
Index
Tabulating machines. See Calculators
Taconite, in Minnesota, II:641
Taft, William Howard, I:96, II:977,
II:977–78
antitrust legislation and,
II:654, 664
Booker T. Washington
and, II:1094
dollar diplomacy and,
I:250, 251
Eugene Victor Debs vs., I:230
Gifford Pinchot and, II:795
income tax and, I:321
on Mann-Elkins Act, II:599
Progressive Era and, I:293
trust-busting by, II:1025,
II:1026
vs. Woodrow Wilson, II:1117
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), I:114,
II:851, 879, 978–79, 1022, 1039
labor unions and, I:183, II:556
Taft-Katsura Agreement of
1908, II:754
Taiwan, inexpensive labor in, I:229
Take out restaurants. See Fast food
restaurants
Taliesin (House), II:1136
Taliesin West, II:1137
Talk shows, on radio, II:853
Talking motion pictures. See Sound
motion pictures
Tallmadge, James, Jr., II:979
Tallmadge Amendment (1818),
II:979
Tallow, animal, I:98
Tammany Hall, I:295
Tandy computers, I:144, II:632
Tandy Corporation, I:144, 411
Taney, George B., I:78
Taney, Roger B., I:207–8
Tang (Beverage), II:809
Tangible personal property. See
Personal property
Tanguay, Eva, II:1059
Tanks, I:366
Tanks (Military), I:146
Taos Trail, II:895
TAPS. See Trans-Alaska
Pipeline System
Tarbell, Ida Minerva, II:672, 954,
979–81, II:980
Tariff Commission, II:983
The Tariff in Our Times, II:980
Tariff of Abominations, I:177,
II:981–82, 983
Tariffs, II:982–83. See also Taxation
1235
Index
of 1816, I:269, II:999
of 1828 (See Tariff of
Abominations)
ad valorem, II:983
antidumping suits and, I:419
in colonial America, I:10,
II:1010–11
Marcus Alonzo Hanna
for, I:417
multinational corporations
and, II:672
during Napoleonic Wars, II:678
protective, II:833–34, 939
raises in, I:173–74
reduction of, II:1035
role of in Civil War, I:341
South and, I:177, 179,
II:981–82
South Carolina on, II:939
specific (See Specific tariffs)
state rights and, II:957–58
textile industry and, II:999
in trade, II:1012
William Howard Taft and,
II:978
Tarleton’s Legion, I:38
Tartikoff, Brandon, II:683
Taurus automobile, I:332
Tax Act (1964), II:814
Tax Code, II:924
Tax evasion, I:452
Tax Reform Act (1986), II:828, 897
Tax services, I:46
Tax shelters, II:747
Taxation. See also Tariffs
during 1920s, II:831
in Alabama, I:24
on bank deposit interest, II:804
capital gain and, I:137–38
on cigarettes, II:732, 1007
for the Civil War, I:230
colonial (See Colonial taxation)
in Connecticut, I:204
of corporations, I:217
criticism of, I:321–22
direct, I:321
disincentives and, I:247
disposable income after, I:249
in early Republic, II:1082
excise, I:298–99
exemptions for railroads, II:857
by federal government, in
Constitution, I:207
FICA, I:393
fiscal policy and, I:318
1236
flat tax provision,
I:320–22, II:924
George Washington on, II:1095
graduated, I:321–22
Grangers and, II:686
on imports, I:333
income (See Income tax)
in Keynesian economics, II:653
Lyndon Johnson and, II:814
in Massachusetts colonial
period, II:913, 914
multinational corporations
and, II:672
national debt and, I:310,
II:684–85
in New Jersey, II:712
origins of, I:321–22
as part of Navigation
Acts, II:695
in petroleum industry, II:747
poll, II:803–4
progressive (See Progressive
taxation)
proportional, II:830
Reaganomics and, I:211, II:863
rebates and, II:865
reduction of, II:976
regressive, II:869
revenues from, II:976
Ronald Reagan and, II:863
savings and, II:895
in Second New Deal,
II:704, 705
Sixteenth Amendment and,
II:923–24
social security (See Social
security taxes)
Southern Pacific Railroad
and, II:894
Stamp Act as (See Stamp
Act (1765))
by state vs. federal
government, I:12
Sugar Act (See Sugar Act
(1764))
supply and demand and, I:13
in supply-side economics,
II:976
tribute as, II:1018–19
value-added, I:322
Vietnam War and, II:1064
Warren Harding and, II:726
on the wealthy, I:321–22
of whiskey, I:100, II:1113–15
WW I and, II:1129
WW II and, I:440
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Taxpayer Relief Act, I:138
Taylor, Frederick W., II:608, 901,
983–84
Taylor, Myron C., II:1044
Taylor, Paul, II:566
Taylor, Zachary, II:628
Taylor-White process, II:984
Taylorism, II:608, 901, 984
TBS. See Turner Broadcasting
System
TCI. See Tennessee Coal, Iron, and
Railroad Company
TCP/IP, II:699
Tea Act (1773), I:10, 110–11, 112
Teaching
Dorothy Dix and, I:249–50,
I:250
women in, II:1121
Teamsters. See International
Brotherhood of Teamsters
Technical publishing
McGraw-Hill Companies and,
II:616–17
after World War II, II:835–36
Technicolor. See Color motion
pictures
Technological innovations. See also
Industrial Revolution
agricultural (See Agricultural
innovations)
after Civil War, I:174
in present day, I:212
Reaganomics and, I:211
Technology
Arthur Anderson and, I:46
as changing force, II:1059–60
economy and, I:174
transfer between counties
of, I:74
in trucking industry, II:1020–21
Technology Advancement and
Development Act (1989), I:465
Tecumseh, I:99, II:985
death of, II:984–86, 1081
in War of 1812, II:1087
Teerlink, Richard, I:419
Teflon, by DuPont, I:258
Tele-Communications,
Incorporated, I:66
Telecommunications Act (1996),
II:1053
Telecommunications industry,
I:483–84, II:669. See also
Communications industry
AT & T (See AT & T)
Communications Act and,
II:853

General Motors Corporation
and, I:366
impact on railroads, II:855
MCI, I:65, 194
in Nebraska, II:697
regulation of, II:599, 1053
telegraph in (See Telegraph)
Telegraph, II:986
invention of, II:666–67, II:667,
II:1053, 1105
vs. Pony Express, II:804
regulation of, II:599
transatlantic cables for,
II:1014, 1105
Western Union, I:87
Telephone sales, Montgomery Ward
in, II:662
Telephone surveys, by A.C.
Nielsen, II:724
Telephones
Alexander Graham Bell,
I:86–87
invention of, I:174, II:1053
as mass communication
tools, II:669
telegraph and, II:986, 1014
Telestar, I:64
Teletype, II:1105
Television
cable (See Cable television)
in entertainment industry, I:285,
286, I:286
expanded use of, I:261
high definition, I:287,
II:862, 1146
RCA and, II:862
Richard Nixon on, II:682
Ronald Reagan on, II:863
Rural Electrification
Administration and, II:888
Television advertising, I:5
Television broadcasting
Fox Network, I:287
golf channel, I:287
on NBC, II:681–84
of news, II:682, 683
Nielsen ratings for, II:723–24
vs. radio, II:853
of sports, II:683
vaudeville and, II:1059
by Warner Brothers, II:1090
Zenith in, II:1145
Television Funds, Inc, II:674
Television sets
color, II:681
import quotas on, II:848
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
as mass communication
tool, II:669
radiation from, II:677
by Sony, II:936–37
transistors in, II:665
from Zenith Corp., II:1145
Telex, II:1105, 1106
Teller Amendment, I:468
Tellico Dam, II:992
Telling, Edward, II:905
Temperance movement, I:279,
II:828–29, 928–29, 986–88. See
also names of specific temperance
organizations
women’s movement and, II:724
Temporary employment, I:211–12
Temporary National Economic
Committee, II:655
Tenant farming, II:988. See also
Sharecropping
by African Americans, I:16
in Alabama, I:22, 24
in Arkansas, I:55
after Civil War, I:179, II:585
vs. sharecropping, II:912, 913
in South Carolina, II:940
Tenement houses, II:931, 932,
988–89
Tenkswatawa, II:1087
Tennessee, II:989–91, II:990. See
also Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad
Company, I:22, II:771
Tennessee Coal and Iron Company,
II:553–54
Tennessee River, II:989–90, 991–93
Tennessee-Tombigbee canal, II:645
Tennessee Valley Authority, I:24,
II:703, 704, 989, 990, 991–93
Tennessee Valley Authority Act
(1933), II:991
Tenochtitlan, I:69
Tenskwatawa, II:985
Tenth Amendment, II:957
Tepees, II:800
Terracing, Mayas and, II:611
Territories of the United States.
See also specific territories, e.g.,
Philippines
Manifest Destiny and, II:598–99
Territory of Missouri, II:648
Terrorism, Oklahoma bombing
as, II:750
Terry, Eli, I:202
Tesla, Nikola, I:174, II:1107
Tet Offensive, II:1064
Texaco, Inc., II:787, 997–99
Index
Texas, II:993–96, II:994
annexation of, II:989,
996–97, 1108
James K. Polk and, II:803
oil industry in, II:997–99
oil pipelines in, II:997
structural unemployment in,
II:968
Texas and Pacific Railroad, I:387
Texas Company. See Texaco, Inc.
Texas Company of California, II:998
Texas Company of Delaware, II:998
Texas Corporation, II:998
Texas Fever, I:148, 149
Texas Fuel Company, II:997
Texas Instruments
microprocessors from, I:199
silicon chip and, II:995
Texas-Mexican Industrial
Institute, I:541
Texas Oil and Gas
Corporation, II:1044
Texas Pipe Line Company, II:998
Texas Railroad Commission, II:995
Texas Research League, II:791
Texas v. White (1869), I:314
Texas War of Independence, I:194
Textbooks, publishing of, II:836
Textile factories, II:846
Textile industry, I:537, II:999–1001,
II:1000
in Alabama, I:22, 24
Almy, Brown, and Slater,
II:949, 1080
Asia vs. U.S., II:879
in Connecticut, I:202, 203
cotton farming and (See Cotton
growing)
cotton mills, II:874, 876–77,
892–94, 924–25
in Delaware, I:233
embargoes on, II:949
Francis Lowell and, II:588–89
imports and, II:949
James Duke Buchanan, I:258
in Massachusetts, II:609
NAFTA and, II:729
in New England, II:949
in New Hampshire, II:707
in New York, II:718
in North Carolina, II:731, 732
in Northeast, I:268–69
in Oregon, II:757
plantations and, II:801
in radical unions, II:850
1237
 Index
in Rhode Island, II:874,
876–77, 892–94, 924–25
Samuel Slater & Co., II:949
sewing machines in, II:921–22
in South Carolina, II:940
stability in U.S. of, I:363
technological inventions in,
I:218
after War of 1812, I:267,
II:1082
Textile machinery, II:588–89
Textiles, import quotas on, II:848
Thailand, Asian financial crisis
in, I:59
Thames, Battle of the, II:985, 1087
Thatcher, Margaret, II:561
Thayendanegea. See Byrant, Joseph
Theater, in entertainment
industry, I:285
Theft, of intellectual property rights,
II:798–99
Theocracy, Utah as, II:1049
Theology. See also Religion
Social Gospel, II:1001
The Theory of Business Enterprise,
II:1059–60
The Theory of Economic
Development, II:900
The Theory of the Leisure Class,
II:1059–60
Think straight-talk straight, I:47
Thiokol, I:103
Third World countries. See
Developing countries
Thirteenth Amendment, I:1, 169,
208, 316, II:801, 802, 929, 1001
Thomas, Clarence, I:369
Thomas, Evan, I:75
Thomas, Norman Mattoon, II:1001–2
Thomas, Philip, I:75
Thomas, Robert Paul, II:695
Thomas, Seth, I:202
Thomas Edison Program, II:746
Thompson, David, II:733
Thompson, J. Walter, I:4
Thompson, Joseph B., II:829
Thompson-Urrutia Treaty, II:768
Thomson, Edgar, I:139
Thomson, William, II:1014
Thomson-Houston Company, I:364
Thoreau, Henry David, I:120, 421
Thorne, George, II:662
Thorne, William C., II:662
Thread, cotton, II:893, 925
Three Mile Island nuclear power
plant, II:740, 992, 1052
1238
Threshers, I:145–47
Threshing machines, I:14
Thrift institutions. See Savings and
loan associations
Thunderbird automobile, I:332
Ticker tape machines, II:964
Tide detergent, II:823, 825
Tide Water Associated Oil, I:372
Tidewater, Virginia, II:1002
Tiger Paw NailGard, II:1043
Tillinghast L’Hommedieu
Huston, II:721
Timber Culture Act (1873), I:521
Timber industry. See Lumber
industry
Time
standard (See Standard time)
zones, II:955
Time and motion studies
for mass production, II:608
in scientific management, II:901
Time managment, II:983–84. See
also Productivity
Time Warner
Court TV and, II:683
Time zones, telegraph and, II:669
Times Mirror Co., II:1002–4
Times Mirror Magazines, II:1003
Times Mirror Press, II:1004
Tin cans, tariff on, I:245
Tin Lizzie. See Model T; Model T
automobile
Tinker, Grant, II:683
Tippecanoe, Battle of, II:745,
985, 1087
Tirborough Bridge, II:686
Tires, II:1004–5. See also Rubber
industry
aircraft, I:93
automobile, II:1042–43
ballon type, I:317
Brunswick-Balke-Collender
Company and, I:122
Firestone, I:317–18
U.S. Rubber Company in,
II:1042–43
Titusville oil well, I:98
Toaster ovens, I:97
Toasters, I:364
Tobacco, II:1005–6, II:1006. See
also Smoking
Dingley tariff on, I:245
Tobacco farming, slavery for,
II:1078
Tobacco industry, I:41–42, II:1006–8
advertising in, II:1008
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
American Tobacco Co., I:41–42
in Georgia, I:369
growth of, I:267
horizontal integration in,
II:1008
in Jamestown, II:910
in Kentucky, I:532–33
in Maryland, II:605, 607
monopolies in, II:1008–9
in North Carolina, II:730–32,
731–32
oligopolies and, II:751
in South, I:175, 179, I:179
vertical integration in, II:1008
in Virginia, II:801, 1065, 1066
Tobacco trust, II:1008–9
Tocqueville, Alexis de, II:948
Today Show, II:682
Todd, Sarah, I:62
Toilet seats, I:122
Tojo, Hideki, II:1131
Tokyo Telecommunications
Engineering Corporation,
II:664–65, 937
Toledo, Ohio, II:746
Toledo War of 1835, II:629, 631
Tollett, Leland E., II:1032
Toltecs, Mayas and, II:611
Tom Thumb, I:80
Tonight Show, II:682
Tony the Tiger, I:527, I:528
Tools
Black & Decker, I:96–97
electric, I:96–97
power, I:96–97, II:608
Toombs, Robert, I:369
Topping, Dan, II:722
Tordesillas, Treaty of, II:1009–10
Tornadoes, in Oklahoma, II:748
Torpedoes, I:353
Torre, Joseph P., II:722–23
Torrey Pines Group, II:1102
Tory Rangers, I:38
Toryism, I:204
Total quality manangement, I:238
Tourism
in Arizona, I:51
in California, I:136
in Colorado, I:192, 194
in Florida, I:324
in Georgia, I:369
in Hawaii, I:422–24, I:423
in Idaho, I:457, 459
in Illinois, I:465
in Louisiana, II:586

in Maine, II:597
in Massachusetts, II:610
in Michigan, II:631
in Minnesota, II:641
in Missouri, II:648
in Nebraska, II:697
in Nevada, II:702
in New Hampshire, II:709
in New Mexico, II:715
in North Carolina, II:730, 732
in Ohio, II:746
in Oklahoma, II:748
in Oregon, II:758
in Pennsylvania, II:780
in South Carolina, II:941
in South Dakota, II:943
in Tennessee, II:990
in Utah, II:1052
in Vermont, II:1060, 1062
in Virginia, II:1067
in Washington state, II:1092
in West Virginia, II:1104
in Wyoming, II:1141
Tourist industry. See Tourism
Towboats, II:959
Towner, Horace Mann, II:915
Townley, Arthur C., II:734
Townsend, Charles, I:112
Townsend, Francis Everett, I:219,
395, II:934, 1010, 1098
Townsend, William, I:405
Townsend clubs, II:1010
Townsend Plan, I:135, 395,
II:934, 1098
Townshend, Charles, II:1010–11
Townshend Acts (1767), I:10, 36,
110–11, 112, II:1010–11, 1066. See
also Boston Tea Party
Townships, in Old Northwest, I:53
Toxic substances, I:289
Toy industry, Rubbermaid in, II:886
Toyota automobiles, I:67
Toys, by Gerber, I:370
TQM. See Total Quality
Manangement
Tractors
Caterpiller Incorporated,
I:145–47
gasoline-powered, I:15, 17
for wheat farming, I:265
Trade, II:1011–12. See also
Commerce
balance of, I:72–73, I:73
free, I:340–42
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
international (See
International trade)
state rights and, II:957
triangular (See Triangular trade)
Trade Act (1974), I:342
Trade agreements, I:341, 501,
506, II:983
Trade barriers
with Great Britain, II:1081
nontariff, II:833–34, 848
tariffs as, II:983
Trade embargoes. See Embargoes
Trade Expansion Act (1962), I:341
Trade quotas. See International trade
Trade routes, triangular. See
Triangular trade
Trade Union Education League,
II:851
Trade unions. See Labor unions
Trademarks, II:1012
of Proctor and Gamble,
II:822–23, 824
for RCA, II:861
Trades Union Congress (Great
Britain), II:555
Trading blocks, II:1012
Traf-O-Data Company, I:31, 32
Trafalgar, Battle of, I:284
Trail of Tears, I:270, II:696, 989,
1012–14
Train robberies, II:796
Training
employee, I:548, II:901
retraining, II:631
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, I:27,
29–31
Trans-Arabian Pipe Line Company,
II:998–99
Transatlantic cables, II:1014, 1105
Transatlantic flights, Lindbergh’s,
I:21
Transcendentalism, I:120
Transcontinental railroad, II:854–55,
1014–15, II:1015
building of, II:1109
completion of, I:133
economic affect of, I:179
grants for, II:856
Leland Stanford and, II:955–56
steamboats and, II:959
Transcontinental Railroad Act,
I:173, 178
Transcontinental Treaty (1819),
I:1–2, II:759
Transistors
at Sony, II:937
Index
in sound equipment, II:664, 665
Transit Building, II:870
Transmission Control/Internet
Protocol. See TCP/IP
Transportation. See also specific
modes of transportation, e.g.,
Railroads
Cornelius Vanderbilt and,
II:1057–58
in Dakota Territory, II:941
federal funds for, II:612
between Great Lakes, II:938–39
horses for, I:447
John Stevens and, II:962–63
mass, II:631
Standard Oil Co. and, II:954
standard time and, II:955
streetcars, II:966–67, II:968
subsidies for, II:971
subways, II:967
urbanization and, II:1048
Transportation Act (1920), I:491,
II:1015–16
Transportation Act (1940), II:1021
Transportation Department (U.S.),
I:492, II:814
creation of FRA by, I:311
time zones and, II:955
Transportation equipment industry
in Alabama, I:24
in Michigan, II:631
in Mississippi, II:645
in Utah, II:1051
Transportation industry
agriculture and, I:15
in Alaska, I:27, 28
in Arkansas, I:55
in Louisiana, II:586
vs. migrant workers, II:635
Transportation revolution, market
revolution and, II:602
TransWorld Airlines, I:19, 20, 21,
452, II:782
Transylvania Land Company, I:532
Trav-O-Lator, II:761
Travona Silver Mine, II:660
Trawlers, in fishing industry, I:319,
I:319
Treasury bills
federal debts and, I:310
in mutual funds, II:673
Treasury Department (U.S.), I:348,
II:770, 959
Treaties. See under the place of the
treaty, e.g., Paris, Treaty of
1239
Index
Treatise on Political Economy and
Taxation, II:976
Tree farms, II:593, 1110
Trent, William, I:346
Trevithick, Richard, I:297
Trials, Scopes trial, I:124
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory,
II:1016–17, 1126, 1127
Triangular trade, II:926–27,
1017–18, II:1018. See also Middle
Passage; Slavery
naval stores in, II:694
Sugar Act and, II:973
Tribal sovereignty, II:689–90
Tribute, II:1018–19
Trickle-down economics, II:863–65
Trinidad, II:1010
Trinitron television, II:936, 937
Triple Entente, II:1129–30
Tripoli, Africa, II:1081
Trippe, Juan Terry, II:1019–20
Trist, Nicolas, II:628
Trojan nuclear reactor, II:740
Trolleys. See Streetcars
Tropical diseases, Panama Canal
and, II:767
Trotter, William Monroe, II:1094
Truck farms, in Maryland, II:607
Truck industry, I:491–92
Trucking. See also Shipping industry
for farm products, I:15
impact of interstate highway
system on, II:812
Trucking industry
commercial, II:1020–21
effect on railroad of, I:75
vs. railroad industry, I:311
Trucks
Ford F-Series, I:332
by General Motors
Corporation, I:367
True North Communications Inc., I:5
Truman, Harry S., II:1021,
II:1021–22
after WW II, I:186, 187,
II:810, 1085
Bernard M. Baruch and, I:81
economic policy of, I:351
Harry Hopkins and, I:446–47
Japanese bombing and, II:1132
Korean War and, I:545–46
Medicare and, II:618
Pentagon weapons industry
and, II:636
St. Lawrence Seaway and,
II:891
1240
Taft-Hartley Act and, II:978
wage and price controls
and, II:1069
Trump, Donald John, II:1022–25
Trump, Ivana, II:1023
Trump Organization, II:1023–24
Trust-busting, II:580–81, 978,
1025–27, II:1026. See also
Antitrust law
Trust funds, II:783
Trust Indenture Act (1939), II:907
Trustees, defined, II:1027
Trusteeship Council, of UN, II:1040
Trustors, defined, II:1027
Trusts, II:1027. See also Monopolies
business, I:529, II:1027
busting of (See Trust-busting)
charitable (See Charitable trusts)
Standard Oil Co., II:954,
1025–26
in tobacco industry (See
Tobacco trust)
Truth in Securities Act (1933),
II:704
Tubman, Harriet, II:1033
TUC. See Trades Union Congress
(Great Britain)
Tucker, William, I:8
TUEL. See Trade Union
Education League
Tuna, StarKist, I:430
Tunnels, I:85
Tupper, Earl Silas, II:1027–29
Tupperware, II:1028–29
Tupperware Home Parties, II:1029
Turbo PC, I:236
Turkey, in WW I, II:1129
Turner Broadcasting System, II:683
Turner, Frederick Jackson, II:753
Turner, Nat, II:679–80
Turner, Ted, II:683
Turnpikes, II:1029–20, 1066
Turtle wax, I:93
Tuscaroras, I:499, II:1102
Tuskegee Institute, I:142, II:1093–94
TVA. See Tennessee Valley
Authority
TWA. See TransWorld Airlines
Twain, Mark, I:468, II:646
Twenty-First Amendment, I:119,
II:1030
Twenty-Fourth amendment
right to vote and, I:316
Tyler, John
Preemption Act of 1841 and,
II:1030–31
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Texas and, II:997
westward expansion under,
II:1108
Tyler Preemption Act (1841),
II:1030–31
Tyson, Don, II:1031–32
Tyson Foods, Inc., II:1031–32
Tyson, John, II:1031
U
UAW. See United Automobile
Workers
Udall, Morris, I:358
UE. See United Electrical, Radio and
Machine Workers of America
UFW. See United Farm Workers
Uggins, C. J., I:89
UGTC. See Uniroyal Goodrich
Tire Company
Ultraviolet radiation, ozone and,
II:763
UMW. See United Mine Workers
UN. See United Nations
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, I:1, II:1033
Underground economy, II:602. See
also Black market
Underground railroad, II:926,
1033–35, II:1034
Underwood, Oscar, II:1035
Underwood Tariff Act (1913), I:245,
II:1035, 1117
Underwriting, I:377
Unemployment, II:1035–36, II:1036.
See also Social Security Act (1935)
in 1920s, II:831
in 1944, I:243
after American Revolution,
II:1082
after Panic of 1837, II:770
after Panic of 1873, II:773
after WW II, II:811
Keynesian economics and,
II:673
in Louisiana, II:586
mismatch, II:968
national debt and, II:684
National Industrial Recovery
Act and, II:686
New Deal and, I:242, II:702,
705, 706, 883
in New Jersey, II:710, 712
in New Mexico, II:715
in Ohio, II:746
public works and, I:223
in Rhode Island, II:876

in rust belt, II:888–89
seasonal, II:906
in South Dakota, II:943
stagflation and, II:951, II:951
structural (See Structural
unemployment)
WPA and (See Works Progress
Administration)
Unemployment compensation, I:229
Unemployment Conference of
1925, II:980
Unemployment insurance, II:705,
706, 934
Unfair competition (Commerce),
II:734
Unfair labor practices, II:727
UNICEF, II:1040
Unilateralism, after the Cold
War, II:658
Union Army, African Americans
in, I:283
Union Iron Mills, I:139
Union Labor Party. See Populism
Union of Concerned Scientists,
II:740
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
See Russia
Union Pacific Corporation, II:1037
Union Pacific railroad, II:1036–38
Aimes brothers and, I:43–45
beginning of, II:1015
Central Pacific and, I:479, 481,
II:956, 1037
cow towns and, I:221
Gould, Jayson and, I:387
land grants to, II:856–57
in Northern Securities case,
II:735–36
Pacific Railway Act and, II:856
position in industry, II:855
prosecution of, I:529
railroad war and, II:856
Thomas Durant and, I:262
in Utah, II:1051
in Wyoming, II:1139
Union Pacific Resources
Company, II:1037
Union Party, I:219
Union shops, I:183
Union Station, architect for, I:129
Union Switch and Signal
Company, II:1107
Unionist Party, II:982
Unions
credit, I:224
education for, I:89–91
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
labor (See Labor Unions)
schools for, I:89–91
Uniroyal, II:1042–43
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company,
II:1005, 1043
Unisys Corporation, I:65, 199
United Airlines, I:19, 20, 21
United Automobile Workers, II:631,
931, 1038
break with AFL, II:557
Chrysler Corporation and, I:165
Colt Firearms strike by, I:195
in Ford Motor Co., I:67, II:554
General Motors and, I:367
Henry Ford and, I:332
Kelsey-Hayes Corp. and, I:531
sit-down strikes by, II:923
United Cigar Store, II:1008
United Copper Company, II:771
United Electrical, Radio and
Machine Workers of America,
II:851
United Farm Workers, I:135, I:157,
I:157–58, II:1038–39
United Farm Workers Organizing
Committee, I:157
United Metals Selling
Company, I:39
United Mine Workers, I:515, 534,
II:649–50, 1039
in AFL, II:558
in Colorado, I:192
formation of, I:184
John L. Lewis in,
II:576–78, 704
National Recovery
Administration and, II:687
Socialist Party of America
and, II:851
in West Virginia, II:1104
United Motors Corporation, II:930
United Nations, II:1040
after the Cold War, II:658
child labor and, I:162
creation of, II:1132
from League of Nations,
II:1117
United Nations Atomic Energy
Commission, I:81
United Nations Children’s Fund.
See UNICEF
United Office and Professional
Workers of America, II:851
United Packinghouse Workers of
America, II:851
United Parcel Service of America,
Inc., II:1040–42
Index
United Public Workers, II:851
United Rubber Workers
in Ohio, II:746
sit-down strikes by, II:923
United Service Organization, I:122
United States
Asian financial crisis and, I:60
in colonial times (See American
colonial period)
departments of (See under the
department name, e.g., Labor
Department)
early Republic (See Early
American Republic)
government of (See Federal
government)
impact of OPEC oil embargo
on, II:751–52
NAFTA and, II:728
in NATO, II:729, 730
in WW I (See World War I)
in WW II (See World War II)
United States Army. Corps of
Engineers, Panama Canal and,
II:767
United States Attorney’s Office, the
war on drugs and, I:461
United States Baking Company,
II:675
United States-Canada Free Trade
Agreement, II:728
United States Chamber of
Commerce, II:948
United States Congress. See
Congress of the United States
United States Electric Light
Company, II:1052
United States Football League,
II:1024
United States Rubber Company,
II:1042, II:1042–43
United States Steel Corporation,
I:89, II:960, 1043–45
in Alabama, I:22, 24
in Indiana, I:477
John Pierpont Morgan in, II:663
military-industrial complex
and, II:637
as oligopoly, II:751
in Panic of 1907, II:771
Tennessee Coal and Iron
Company and, II:553–54
vertical consolidation of, I:206
United States Timber Company,
II:593
United States Treasury bills. See
Treasury bills
United States v. Carson, II:849
1241
Index
United States v. E.C. Knight
Company (1985), II:1045
United Steelworkers, II:746
United Technologies Corporation,
II:761–62
UNIVAC. See Universal automatic
computer
Universal automatic computer, I:485
Universal Negro Improvement
Association, I:400
Universal Savings Accounts, II:896
Universal time. See Greenwich
mean time
Universities and colleges
for African Americans, I:89–91,
II:1093–94
agricultural, II:561
benefits for veterans, I:373–74
Columbia University, I:415
Dartmouth, II:845
Harvard, II:845
military-industrial complex
and, II:638
West Texas State
University, II:791
Yale University, II:845
Unocal Corporation, II:790
Unskilled labor
assembly lines and, I:60
in great migration, I:399
in Knights of Labor, I:426
minimum wage laws and,
II:638–39
organization of, II:923
in radical unions, II:850, 851
unions for, II:1038
UOPWA. See United Office and
Professional Workers of America
UP. See Union Pacific railroad
Upjohn, William Erastus, II:1045
Upjohn Company, II:1045–46
in Michigan, II:631
pharmaceutical industry and,
II:788
Upjohn Pill and Granule
Company, II:1045
UPS. See United Parcel Service of
America, Inc.
UPS Airline, II:1041
Upton Machine Company, II:904
UPW. See United Public Workers
UPWA. See United Packinghouse
Workers of America
Upward Bound, II:1099
Uranium industry, II:715
Urban areas. See Cities and towns
1242
Urban development. See also City
Planning
in Maryland, II:607
in Massachusetts, II:610
in Missouri, II:648
in Nebraska, II:697
in New Jersey, II:710
in Ohio, II:743, 745
Urban enterprise zones. See
Enterprise zones
Urban life, II:1046–47
industrialization and,
I:479–80, 482
slums in, II:931–32
Urban planning. See City planning
Urban policy, after WW II, II:813
Urban renewal, II:746, 1046–48
Urban riots, I:291
Urban-rural migration, II:972. See
also Internal migration
Urbanization, II:1046, 1048–49
USA Networks, Inc., II:683
USFL. See United States
Football League
Usher, Hezekiah, II:834
USO. see United Service
Organization
Usonian homes, II:1137
USS Chesapeake, II:1087
USS Maine, II:947
U.S.S.R. See Russia
USX Corporation, II:1044
USX-Delhi Group, II:1044
Utah, II:1049–52, II:1050
acquisition of, II:989
Pony Express in, II:804
Utah and Northern Railroad, I:457
Utah Copper, II:1051
Utah International, I:364
UTC. See United Technologies
Corporation
Utes, I:192, II:738
Utilities industry, II:1052–54
electric, II:831, 832, 1052
Gifford Pinchot and, II:795
as natural monopolies, I:210,
II:656, 693
radio as, II:853
regulation of, II:869
steam, I:364
Utility Siting Act (1973), II:661
Utopian socialism, I:497
Utopianism, II:1054, II:1054–56
Utopias, I:395, II:1054
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
V
V-8 engines, I:366
Vacuum cleaners, I:97
expanded use of, I:261
by General Electric
Company, I:364
Vail, Alfred, II:668, 986, 1105
Vail, Theodore J., I:63, 64
Valentino, Rudolph, II:1059
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
I:36, I:37
Valley National Bank, II:1102
Valley Turnpike, II:1066
Value-added taxes, I:322
Van Andel, Jay, I:244
Van Andel Creation Research, I:244
Van Buren, Martin
Andrew Jackson and, I:504,
II:949–50
depressions under, I:78
Erie Canal and, I:295
establishing U.S. Treasury
System, II:770
intrastate public works and,
II:612
Native Americans and, II:1014
spoils system and, II:950
Van Camp Company, I:477
Van Rensselaer II, Stephen, II:720
Van Sant, Samuel, II:641
Vance, Harold, II:969–70
Vancouver, George, II:758, 1090
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, I:478, 481,
II:1057, II:1057–58
vs. Daniel Drew, I:254
vs. Gould, Jayson, I:386–87
New York Central Railroad
and, II:720
as robber baron, II:880, 1074
Vanderbilt, William H., II:720
Vanderbilt University, II:1057
Vans (Motor vehicles), I:367
Vare, William S., II:795
Variety stores, I:547
Varity Corporation, I:532
Vassar gum, II:1138
VAT. See Value-added taxes
Vaudeville, II:1058–59
in entertainment industry, I:285
vs. radio entertainment, II:670
VCR. See Video cassette recorders
Veblen, Thorstein Bonde, II:1059–60
Vegetable crops, support loans
to, I:388

Venezuela, Standard Oil Co.
in, II:954
Ventura, Jesse, II:639
Verifone, II:699
Vermeer Technologies, Inc., II:634
Vermilion range, II:641
Vermilion River, II:941
Vermont, II:1060–62, II:1061
Verrazano, Giovanni da, II:605,
710, 730, 874
Versailles, Treaty of, I:500, II:1130
Vertical integration, in tobacco
industry, II:1008
Vertical mergers. See Acquisitions
and mergers
Vested groups. See Special
interest groups
Veterans, of WW II, housing for,
II:573–74
Veterans Administration, military
pensions and, II:783
VHS. See Video home system
Viacom, I:144, II:683
Victor Talking Machine Company,
II:860, 861
Victoria’s Secret, catalogs for, II:872
Video cameras, II:665
Video cassette recorders
Sony Corporation and, II:664
transistors in, II:665
Video games, II:938
Video home system, II:937
Video tape recorders, II:937
Viet Cong. See People’s Liberation
Armed Forces
Viet Minh, II:1063
Vietnam, II:1063. See also North
Vietnam; South Vietnam
Dwight D. Eisenhower
and, II:1063
France and, II:1063
Japan and, II:1063
reunification of, II:1064–65
trade embargo against, II:1065
Vietnam War, II:814, II:814, II:815,
II:1063, II:1063–65, II:1064
Colt firearms in, I:195
containment policy and, I:188
controversy in, I:403–4
costs of, II:1083
illegal drugs and, I:460
military-industrial complex
and, II:638
New York and, II:719
Richard Nixon and, II:725
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
selective service system during,
II:908–9
sit-down tactics protesting,
II:923
space race and, II:946
spending for, I:403
Vigilantism, II:990
Villiers, George William Frederick
(Earl of Clarendon), I:25
Villiers de Jumonville, Joseph
de, I:346
Violence
of labor strikes, I:33, II:1104
racial (See Racial violence)
Virgin Islands, I:227, II:1010
Virginia, II:1065–67, II:1066. See
also Back Country; Tidewater
establishment of colony, I:189
plantations in, II:801
population of colony, II:910
Puritans in, II:845
slavery in, II:927
Stamp Act and, II:952
tobacco in, II:1006
turnpikes in, II:1030
Virginia City, Montana, II:660
Virginia Resolutions, II:952
Virginia (Ship), I:498
Visa, Secure Transaction Technology
for, II:699
VISTA. See Volunteers in Service
to America
Vitagraph Company, II:1089
Vocational education, I:452–53
Volcanoes
affecting ozone layer, II:763
in Hawaii, I:422, I:423
Mount Saint Helens, II:1092
Volkswagen, I:67
Volstead Act (1919), I:279,
II:829–30, 987
Volunteers in Service to America,
I:291, II:814, 1099
von Braun, Wernher, II:945
von Drais de Sauerbrun, Karl, I:93
Voting rights, II:867. See also
Poll tax
of African Americans, I:170–71,
316, 399, II:586, 1067
Fifteenth Amendment and (See
Fifteenth Amendment)
in Georgia, I:369
Nineteenth Amendment and
(See Nineteenth Amendment)
of stockholders, II:963
Index
for women (See Women’s
suffrage)
Voting Rights Act (1965), I:6,
170–71, 511, II:814
Vulcanization, I:385, II:1005
W
W. Duke, Sons and Company,
I:41, 257
W. Edwards Deming Institute, I:238
W. K. Kellogg Foundation, I:530
WAAC. See Women’s Army
Auxiliary Corps
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific
Railway Company v. Illinois
(1886), I:490–91, II:1069
Waco, Texas, Branch Dividian
compound in, II:750
Wade-Davis Bill, II:867
Wage and price controls, II:1069–70
farm, I:388–90, I:389
regulation from 1897-1920,
I:293–94
Wages and salaries. See also
Minimum Wage
during the 1920s, I:240
for African Americans, I:399
civil rights in, I:246
impact of NAFTA on, II:729
increases based on CPI, I:208
minimum (See Minimum wage)
multinational corporations
and, II:672
national debt and, II:684
National Recovery
Administration and, II:686,
687
real (See Real wages)
regulation of, II:1128
Richard Nixon, freezing of,
II:815
after WW I, II:1084
WW II and, II:810, 1084
Wagner, Johann, I:118
Wagner, Robert F., II:704
Wagner Act. See National Labor
Relations Act (1935)
Wagon industry
during Civil War, II:969
Studebaker Corporation, II:969
Wagons, I:122
covered, I:220–21, I:221
on the Oregon Trail, II:760
Wal-Mart Discount City, II:1070
1243
Index
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., II:1070–71,
1077–78
vs. CompUSA, I:411
vs. Montgomery Ward, II:662
Walker, Francis Amasa, II:1071–72
Walker, James E., II:802
Walker, Patrick, I:111
Walker, Samuel H., I:194
Walker, Sarah Breedlove, II:1073
Walker, Thomas, I:226, 532
Walker method, of hair care, II:1073
Walker revolver, I:194
Walkman portable cassette player.
See Audio cassette players
Wall, Danny C., II:897
Wall, Joseph Frazier, I:497
Wall Street, II:721, 966, 1073–74,
II:1074
Wall Street Journal, I:252, I:252–53,
II:1074–75
Walla Wallas, II:738
Wallace, Henry, II:1075–76
Wallace, Henry Agard, II:1076
Wallace, Henry Cantwell, II:1076
Walras, Leon, II:571
Walt Disney Company
Eisner, Michael and, I:280–81
in entertainment industry, I:286
NBC and, II:683
Walt Disney World, I:281
Waltham-Lowell System, II:588–89
Waltham system of labor, II:589–90
Walton, J.L. (Bud), II:1070
Walton, Sam Moore, II:1070,
1076–78
Wampanoags, II:794
Wampum, II:715, 1078
Wanamaker, John, II:662
War. See names of specific conflicts,
e.g., World War II
War bonds. See Saving bonds
War economy, II:1082–85, II:1083
in American Revolution,
I:11, 12
in Massachusetts, II:610
in Minnesota, II:641
in Montana, II:661
national banking system and,
II:680–81
in New York, II:719
in Texas, II:995
from Vietnam War, II:1064
War Industries Board and,
II:1086
in WW I, II:1129–30
War Emergency Tankers Inc., II:998
1244
‘‘War Hawks,’’ I:180, 181
War Industries Board, I:294,
II:636–37, 1085–86, 1129
National Recovery
Administration and, II:687
Overman Act and, II:763
War Labor Board, II:1086
War Labor Disputes Act (1943),
I:243, II:1086
War Loan Act (1917), II:1129
War of 1812, II:1087–88
Andrew Jackson and, I:503–4
blockade in, I:103
Cornelius Vanderbilt and,
II:1057
costs of, II:1083
economic impact of, II:677,
1081–82
effect on Erie Canal of,
I:295–96
embargo and, I:284
Henry Clay and, I:180, 181
Illinois statehood after, I:464
income tax and, II:923
Matthew Perry and, I:505,
II:785
metalwork in America and,
II:893
national debt and, II:685
National Road and, II:688
Native Americans in, II:1012
New Orleans during, II:716
New York during, II:1057
Ohio during, II:745
piracy and, II:798
relations with Britain before,
I:507, II:1081
Second Bank of the United
States after, II:768
tariffs during, II:983
Tecumseh during, II:985
West Virginia during, II:1102
Zebulon Pike in, II:792
War on Poverty, II:814, 816,
1098–99
War powers, nullification and, II:982
War Production Board, I:243, II:743,
860, 1084, 1088
War protests. See Pacifism
War Revenue Act (1917), II:1129
War Shipping Administration, II:998
Ward, Aaron Montgomery, II:595,
661–62
Warehouses
elevator systems for, II:761
Granger laws regulating, II:685
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Warne, Kate, II:796
Warner, Jack Leonard, II:1088–90
Warner Brothers Pictures,
II:1088–90
Warner Communications, II:836
Warrior, I:99
Warsaw Pact, I:187, I:187
Warships, Confederate, I:25
Wasatch Front, Utah, II:1051
Washburn, Reuben W., II:1101
Washing-machines
expanded use of, I:261
by General Electric
Company, I:364
by Maytag Corporation,
II:612–13
Washington, II:959
Washington, Booker T., I:142,
II:904, II:1093, II:1093–94
Washington, D.C., I:168
Washington, George, II:1095–96
Alexander Hamilton and, I:413
in American Revolution, I:36,
I:36–37
Articles of Confederation
and, I:58
election of, I:12
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:882
in French and Indian War, I:346
on French Revolution, II:1080
isolationism and, I:500
Jay Treaty and, I:506–8
John Hancock and, I:416
as land owner, II:1114
national economy under,
II:1078–80
on plantations, II:801
at Second Continental
Congress, I:213
slavery and, II:928
Springfield Armory and, II:950
Thomas Jefferson and, I:509
on westward expansion, I:495
on Whiskey Rebellion, II:1115
whiskey tax and, I:100
Washington, Treaty of, I:25
Washington Monument, II:1096
Washington Movement, II:828–29
Washington (State), II:856, 1090–92,
II:1091
Washington Temperance Society,
II:987
Waste disposal
appliances for, II:613
radioactive, II:941

Waste management, I:289
Waste paper, recycling of, II:868
Wastewater treatment, I:289, II:1053
Water conservation, II:757–58
Water distillation, I:87
Water pollution, from oil
spills, I:302
Water power
Harry S. Truman and, II:1022
for manufacturing machinery,
II:589–90, 1080
in Tennessee, II:989, 991–92
in textile industries, I:269
by Westinghouse, II:1107
Water quality, I:289
Water rights, II:944
Water supply
in Utah, II:1049, 1051
utilities for, II:1052–53
Watergate scandal
civil service reform after, I:172
Howard Hughes and, I:452
Richard Nixon and, II:725, 726
Watermelon industry, in
Georgia, I:369
Waters, Walter, I:395
Waterways. See also specific
waterways, e.g., rivers, lakes, etc.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
and, II:575, 588
in Washington state, II:1091–92
Welland Canal, II:891,
1100–1101
in Wisconsin, II:1120
Wathen, Thomas, II:797
Watson, Arthur K., II:1096
Watson, Dick, I:486
Watson, Thomas, Jr., I:485–86,
II:1096
Watson, Thomas A., I:64, 86, 87
Watson, Thomas John, I:485,
II:1096–98
Watson-Wentworth, Charles (Maquis
of Rockingham), II:952
Watt, James, I:297
Wax phonograph records, I:278
Wayne, Anthony, I:305, 475, II:1115
Wayne, John, II:1007
Ways and Means Committee, I:245
WCTU. See Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
Wealth
distribution of, I:190–91, 212
pay equity and, II:777
psychology of, II:1059–60
socialism and, II:936
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Thorstein Bonde Veblen on,
II:1059–60
Wealth of Nations, I:138, II:932
on international division of
labor, I:197–98
large-scale production and,
I:275–76
on mercantilism, II:579–80
Weapons, ancient, I:183
Weapons industry, II:636–38
in Delaware, I:235
in Georgia, I:369
Weapons smuggling. See Arms
smuggling
Weatherby rifle, I:196
Weaver, James, I:307, 309, 404,
II:569, 806
Web browsers, I:47–48, II:698–700
Web servers, Netscape and, II:699
Webb, Del, II:722
Weber, Max, I:288, II:1126
Webster, Daniel, I:78, 181,
205, 350, 385
Webster Publishing Company, II:617
WebTV Networks, II:634
Wedderburn, Alexander, I:495
Weicker, Lowell L., I:204
Weight Watchers International, I:431
Weinstein, Bernard, II:995
Weiser, Conrad, I:347
Weiss, Carl, II:583–84
Welch, John, I:364, II:683
Welcome, Ernest, II:859
Weld, Theodore Dwight, I:1
Weld, William, II:610
Welfare policy, II:1098–1100,
II:1099
Welfare reform, I:212, II:1099–1100
Welland Canal, II:891, 1100–1101
Wells, Fargo and Company,
II:1101–2
Wells, Frank, I:280
Wells, Henry, II:1101
Welsh, Charles Kingston, II:1005
Wentworth, John, I:38
Wesco Food Company, I:550
Wesley, John, II:828
West, Mae, II:1059
West Indies, II:1006
as New Netherlands, II:715
sugar industry in, I:190
West Shore railroad, II:720
West Texas State University, II:791
West Virginia, II:1066, 1102–5,
II:1103
Western Auto Supply, II:905
Index
Western Electric, I:64, II:665, 1026
Western Federation of Miners,
I:192, II:849
Western Inland Lock Navigation
Company, I:295
Western Pacific railroad, II:1037
Western Pueblos, II:837
Western Union Corporation, I:387,
II:668, 1053, 1105–6
Western Union Financial
Services, II:1106
Western Union Telegraph Company,
I:87, II:1105
Westervelt, Conrad, I:103
Westinghouse, George, II:1052,
1106–7
Westinghouse Air Brake
Company, II:1106
Westinghouse Corporation, II:861
Westinghouse Electric Company,
II:719, 771, 1107
Westward expansion, II:598–99, 602,
1107–9, II:1109
Alaska purchase and, I:28
after the American Revolution,
I:474, II:1079–80
into Arizona, I:51–53, I:52
Black Hawk War and, I:99–100
British restrictions on, I:10
effect on agriculture, I:16
government land policy in,
I:390–92
Henry Clay and, I:181
Homestead Act and (See
Homestead Act (1862))
Iowa and, I:495, 497
irrigation and, I:499
Kansas and, I:520
keelboats and, I:524
Land Ordinance of 1785 and,
II:563–64
Lewis and Clark (See Lewis
and Clark Expedition)
Louisiana Purchase and (See
Louisiana Purchase)
Native Americans and, I:320
railroads and, II:1036–37
Richard King and, I:540–41
Santa Fe Trail in, II:895
slavery and, I:1
South and, II:958
South Dakota and, II:941–42
squatting and, II:1031
steamboats in, II:959
telegraph and, II:667, 1105
Texas and, II:993, 994–95,
996–97
1245
 Index
urbanization and, II:1048
Wilderness Road in, II:1116
Weyapiersenwah, I:305
Weybright, Victor, II:835
Weyerhaeuser, Frederick, II:1110
Weyerhaeuser and Denkmann,
II:1110
Weyerhaeuser Company, II:1092,
1110–11
Weyerhaeuser Timber Company,
II:1110
Whalebone, II:1113
Whale-oil, II:1111–12
Whaling, I:392, II:1111–13, II:1112
in Connecticut, I:202
in Hawaii, I:423
Japan and, I:505
in Massachusetts, II:609
Navigation Acts and, II:694
in Rhode Island, II:874
Wheat industry
combines in, I:326
Dust Bowl and, I:256–57,
264–66, I:265
during Great Depression, I:394
in Iowa, I:497
in Oklahoma, II:748, 749
price manipulation in, I:387
support loans to, I:388, 389
in Wisconsin, II:1120
Wheel industry, I:530–32
Wheeler, Burton K., I:501
Wheels, wooden, I:145
Whig Party
conservatism in, I:204
on tariffs, II:983
Whirlpool Corporation, II:904
Whiskey
by Armand Hammer, I:414
from corn, I:216
Dingley tariff on, I:245
in Kentucky, I:532
taxation of, II:1114
Whiskey Rebellion, I:100, II:1080,
1113–15
White, Hugh, I:111
White, J.M., II:984
White City, I:129
White Mountains, I:49
White Sands Missile Range, II:715
White supremacy movements
KKK and, I:551–52
slavery and, II:927
in Tennessee, II:989
Whitney, Eli, I:537
1246
in Connecticut, I:202
cotton gin by, I:175–76, 218,
267, II:801
cotton industry and, II:925, 928
metalwork and, II:893
Whitney, Eli, Jr., I:194
Whitney, Richard, II:966
Whittlesey House, II:616
Wholesale industry
partnerships in, II:775
in Washington state, II:1092
WIB. See War Industries Board
Wickersham, George W., II:830
Wild and Scenic River Act,
II:1115–16
Wildcat banks, II:1116
Wildcat strikes, II:1038
Wilder, Douglas, II:1067
Wilderness Road, I:226, II:1116
Wildlife preservation
environmentalism and, I:289
whaling and, II:1113
Wiley, Harvey Washington,
II:844, 845
Wilkes, Charles, I:345, II:759
Wilkinson, James, II:792
Willard, Daniel, II:856, 1085–86
Willard, Frances, II:829
Willes, Mark, II:1004
William C. Brown (Publisher),
II:1004
William E. Ward House, II:870
William S. Kimball and
Company, I:41
William Waltke Company, II:824
Williams, Roger
Native Americans and, II:692
in Rhode Island, II:874
Willing, Morris and Company,
II:665–66
Willkie, Wendell L., I:514
Willys-Overland, I:167
Wilson, Pete, I:135
Wilson, William Julius, I:6
Wilson, Woodrow, II:1116–18,
II:1117
antitrust laws and, I:182,
II:654–55
Bernard M. Baruch and, I:81
on child labor, I:162, II:1128
on Commerce Court, II:599
Council of National Defense
and, I:220
dollar diplomacy and, I:251
election of, II:978
vs. Eugene Victor Debs, I:230
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Franklin D. Roosevelt and,
II:883
Harry S. Truman and, II:1021
Herbert Croly and, I:225
Ida Tarbell and, II:980
immigrants and, I:467
on international commerce,
II:1084
international relations and, I:500
League of Nations and, II:726
on Mexican revolution, I:96
on national banking, II:580
Overman Act and, II:762
Progressive Era and, I:293
Robert LaFollette and, II:560
on tariffs, II:1035
trust-busting by, II:580–81,
II:1026
Volstead Act and, II:987
War Industries Board and,
II:1085–86
William Cullen Bryant
and, I:124
WW I and, I:513, II:1129
Wilson Dam, II:991
Wilson Foods, II:1031
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894),
II:804, 923
Windmills, II:995
Window glass, II:799
Windows operating systems,
I:144, 199
Wine industry, I:374
Winklmayr, Ivana Zelnickova. See
Trump, Ivana
Winnebagos, I:99–100
Winship, Jonathan, I:111
Winthrop, John, II:608, 845
Wire Wheel Corporation, I:531
Wisconsin, II:559–60, 1118–20,
II:1119
Wisconsin Idea, II:560
Wise, Brownie, II:1029
Wise potato chips, I:110
Withholding tax, II:924
WLB. See War Labor Board
WLDA. See War Labor Disputes
Act (1943)
WLR Foods Inc., II:1032
Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of
the World
Wolfe, James, I:347
Woman’s Home Companion, II:564
Woman’s Jounal, I:101
Women. See also Women’s
movement

affirmative action for, I:6–7
African American colleges,
I:89–91
changing roles of, II:603
employment of (See
Working women)
rights of (See Women’s rights)
smoking among, I:41, I:41,
II:1007
in workforce (See Working
women)
in WW II, II:884, II:884–85
Women military personnel, II:908
Women-owned businesses
Pepperidge Farm as, II:886–87
Sarah Breedlove Walker
and, II:1073
Women’s Army Auxiliary
Corps, I:91
Women’s Army for National
Defense, I:91
Women’s Bureau, II:1121
Women’s Christian Temperance
Union, I:279, II:829, 987
Women’s clothing industry, II:905
Women’s magazines
Gertrude Lane and, II:564–65
Woman’s Journal, I:101
Women’s movement, II:1124–25,
II:1125
Frances Kelly and, II:784
Ida Tarbell and, II:980
Nineteenth Amendment and,
II:724–25
publishing industry and, I:544
working women and, II:1123
Women’s rights, II:1124–25
Barbara Proctor and, II:825–27
Eugene Victor Debs for, I:229
Nineteenth Amendment and,
II:724–25
in Woman’s Home
Companion, II:565
Women’s suffrage, I:229, II:1124
Henry Brown Blackwell and,
I:101–2
Mary Lease and, II:568–69
Nineteenth Amendment and
(See Nineteenth Amendment)
Women’s Trade Union League,
II:1121, 1126, 1128
Wood, as fuel source, II:592
Wood, Leonard, II:823
Wood, Robert, II:904
Wood finishes, I:354
Wood products industry. See Forest
products industry
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
Wood-pulp, for paper, II:774
Woodruff, Ernest, I:185
Woodruff Sleeping Car
Company, I:139
Woodworking industries,
I:121–22, 354
Wool industry, I:258
Woolman, John, II:928
Woolson, Moses, II:974
Woolworths, II:871
Wooster Rubber Company,
Rubbermaid and, 2:885
Wordsworth, William, I:120
Work ethic, II:1126
Work hours
in early 20th century, II:1016
New Deal and, II:704
in Progressive Era, II:1128
unions and, II:558
for women, II:1121
Workers’ compensation, I:261
Working class
in New York, II:718
radicalism, II:554–55
urbanization and, II:1048
Working conditions, I:426
in factories, II:1127–28
feminism and, II:724
at Proctor and Gamble,
II:822, 824
in Rhode Island factories, II:877
in scientific management, II:901
in sweatshop, II:1016–17
Working women, I:269, II:813,
II:1029, 1084, 1121–23, II:1122
in factories, II:718, 1124
in Knights of Labor, I:426
labor laws for, I:116
in late 19th century, II:1127
in radical unions, II:850
in Rhode Island factories, II:877
sewing machines and, II:922
wages of, II:1072
WW II and, II:810, 813,
884–85, 1029, 1133
Workingman’s Party
of California, I:163
of New York, II:718
Workman’s Compensation Act
(1913), II:639
Works Progress Administration,
I:242, 446, II:703, 705, 1122, 1129
Workstations (Microcomputer). See
Personal computers
Work-Study Program, II:814,
1098–99
Index
World Antislavery Conference,
II:1124
World Bank, I:363, II:811, 1040
World Economic Conference, I:501
World fairs
in Missouri, II:648
in Seattle, II:1092
Upjohn Company at, II:1046
World’s Columbian Exposition,
I:45, 129, 464, II:1107
World Health Organization, II:1040
World News Service, II:616
World Publishing Company, II:1003
World Series, New York Yankees in,
II:722, 723
World Trade Center, II:607, 761
World Trade Organization, II:834
GATT and, I:363
origins of, II:983
World War I, II:1129–30, II:1130
agriculture and, I:16–17, II:942
aircraft tires in, I:93
American Plan after, I:34
automobile industry during, I:67
Bernard Mannes Baruch
investments before, I:81
blockade in, I:103
book publishing after, II:835
bull market before, I:107
cartels after, I:141
cellucotton and, I:536
Coca-Cola Co. during, I:185
Colorado after, I:193
Colt firearms in, I:194
Connecticut during, I:203
copper industry during, I:53
costs of, II:1083
Council of National Defense
during, I:220
CPI during, I:209
draft in, II:908, II:908
durable goods revolution
following, I:262
economy after, I:363, 396,
II:1084
effect on antitrust
movement, II:655
emigration/immigration before,
I:466–67
Firestone during, I:317–18
foreign trade during, I:341
General Motors during, I:366
Gillette Company before, I:375
government farm policy
during, I:388
Herbert Croly and, I:224, 225
1247
 Index
Hershey Foods Corporation
during, I:434
Illinois during, I:464
imports during, II:1035
Indiana industries during, I:477
industrial mobilization after,
II:637
Iowa after, I:498
isolationism and, I:500
IWW activities during,
II:554–55
Jane Addam’s efforts in, I:3
Kroger Company after, I:550
labor unions and, II:555, 558
League of Nations after, II:1040
Lever Food Control Act during,
II:572–73
liberty bonds during, II:581–82
McGraw-Hill in, II:616
military-industrial complex
in, II:637
Minnesota after, II:641
monopolies before, I:529
national debt and, II:685
Nevada in, II:702
normalcy and, II:726
North Carolina in, II:731
Ohio in, II:745–46
oil depletion allowance
after, II:747
Oregon after, II:757
petroleum industry and,
II:786, 998
pharmaceutical industry
after, II:788
progressivism before, I:526
Railroad War Board in, II:856
retail stores during, II:871
Rhode Island during, II:876
shipbuilding during, II:919
smoking during, II:1007
South Dakota during, II:942
Springfield Armory during,
II:950–51
steel industry during, II:1044
Tennessee River development
during, II:991
U.S. joins, I:500, II:1129–30
veterans from, I:373–74, 395
War Industries Board in,
II:1085–86
Washington state during,
II:1092
West Virginia after, II:1104
wheat production for, I:522
wheels produced for, I:531
1248
Woodrow Wilson and, II:1117
working women during,
II:724, 1121
Wyoming during, II:1139
World War II, II:1131–33, II:1132.
See also Postwar prosperity;
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
AFL/CIO during, I:201
aggregate demand after, I:13
agricultural economy during,
I:309
air conditioners after, I:141
air travel after, I:17
Alabama after, I:24
Alaska during, I:27
allied powers in, I:57
Arizona during, I:53
automobile industry during,
II:969
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
during, I:75
Bessemer process after, I:89
Black & Decker after, I:97
bond market after, I:107
book publishing in, II:835
brewing industry during, I:119
Brunswick Corporation
during, I:122
business cycles after, I:132
California during, I:135
canning industry in, II:1120
CCC and, I:180
Chinese immigration after,
I:164
Chrysler Corporation during,
I:165
civil service during, I:172
Coca-Cola Co. during, I:185
Colorado during, I:193
Colt firearms in, I:194
Connecticut during, I:204
costs of, II:1083
credit during, I:223–24
defense spending for, I:395
depreciation practice in, I:239
diesel engines in, I:147
DuPont during, I:259
Earl S. Tupper Co.
during, II:1028
Eastman Kodak during, I:272
economic projections during,
II:571
economic relief in Kansas,
I:522
economic relief in
Kentucky, I:534
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
end of Open Door Policy,
II:754
end of Second New Deal,
II:906
entertainment industry during,
I:285–86, 287
exchange rates after, I:381
Firestone during, I:317–18
Ford Motor Company
during, I:332
Franklin D. Roosevelt in,
II:882, 884
furniture industry and, I:354
General Motors during, I:366
Georgia during, I:369
Gerber Products after, I:370
German missile development
during, II:944–45
Gillette Company during, I:376
government farm policy
after, I:388
Great Depression and, I:239–43,
I:241
growth of suburbs after,
II:1046–47
H. J. Heinz Company
during, I:431
Harley-Davidson during, I:418
Harry Hopkins during, I:445–47
Harry S. Truman and,
II:1021–22
Hawaii during, I:424
highway construction stopped
by, I:492
home front during, I:440–41
Hoovervilles during, I:445
housing after, I:374
housing construction after,
II:573
Howard Johnson’s during, I:448
IBM during, I:485, II:1097
illegal drugs since, I:459–60
IMF after, I:487
income tax during, I:321, II:924
Indiana during, I:477
inflation after, I:483
interest rates after, II:670
invasion of Poland in, I:242
Iowa during, I:498
isolationism before, I:500
IWW during, I:481
Jim Crow laws before, I:511
John Keynes and, I:535
Kaiser Corp. after, I:520
Keynesian economics and, I:536

Kimberly-Clark Corp. and,
I:537
KKK during, I:552
Korea after, I:544
Kroger Company after, I:550
labor disputes during, II:1086
labor movement after,
I:183, II:559
Lend-Lease Act during, II:571
liberty ships during, II:582
Louisiana after, II:586
lumber industry after, II:1110
machine gun production
for, I:531
Marshall Plan after, II:603–4
Maryland after, II:607
Massachusetts after, II:610
Maytag Corporation in, II:613
McGraw-Hill in, II:616
mercenaries after, II:622
military-industrial complex
after, II:636–38
Mississippi after, II:645
Missouri during, II:648
Montana during, II:661
multiplier effects during, II:673
mutual funds after, II:674
Nabisco Foods after, II:675
national debt and, I:310, II:685
NATO after, II:729, 730
Neiman Marcus during, II:600
Nevada during, II:702
New Jersey during, II:712
New Mexico after, II:713
New York during, II:719
North Carolina during, II:731
Office of Emergency
Management during, II:743
Office of Price Administration
during, II:743
Ohio during, II:746
opposition to involvement
in, I:514
Oregon during, II:758
Otis Elevator Company
during, II:761
Pan American Airways
during, II:1019
penicillin and, II:788
Pennsylvania during, II:780
Pennsylvania Railroad
during, II:782
Philippines in, II:789
Pinkerton National Detective
Agency during, II:797
poverty after, II:816
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY
powdered milk in, II:562
prices during, I:284
private business after, I:275
prosperity after, II:812–15
protectionism after, II:834
rail transportation during,
II:1037
railroad regulation after,
I:310–11
rationing during, II:743, 860
Raymond Kroc and, I:548
RCA during, II:862
Reconstruction Finance Corp.
during, II:868
recycling during, II:868
refugees from, I:467
research labs in, II:871
Rubbermaid during, II:885
Russia and U.S. in, I:186
savings during, II:895
Sears, Roebuck and Company
and, II:904
shipbuilding and, I:519, II:919
smoking during, II:1007
social climate of, I:290
South Dakota during, II:943
supermarkets after, II:872
synthetic rubber during, II:1005
technical publishing after,
II:835–36
television programs and,
II:681–82
Tennessee Valley Authority
during, II:992
Texas Company during, II:998
Texas during, II:995
United Nations after, II:1040
Utah during, II:1051
variety stores after, I:547
veterans of, I:373–74
wage and price controls
in, II:1069
war bonds during, II:582
War Labor Disputes Act
during, II:1086
War Production Board
during, II:1088
Warner Brothers during, II:1089
Washington state during,
II:1092
West Virginia after, II:1104
women during, II:1029, 1122
Wyoming during, II:1139
Zenith Corporation and, II:1145
Worldnet, formation of, I:66
Index
World’s Columbian Exposition, I:45,
129, 464, II:1107
Worldwide Web. See also Internet
America Online and, I:143–44
browsers for, I:47–48,
II:698–700
development of, I:199
Wozniak, Stephen Gary, I:511,
II:786, 1133–35
WPA. See Works Progress
Administration
WPB. See War Production Board
WPP Group PLC, I:5
Wright, Frank Lloyd, II:975,
1135–37, II:1136
Wright, James, I:38
Wright, Louis B., II:939
Wright, Martha, II:1124
Wright, Orville, I:94
Wright, Robert C., II:683, 684
Wright, Wilbur, I:94
Wright Act (1887), I:499
Wrigley, Philip Knight, II:1138
Wrigley, William, Jr., II:1137–38
Wrigley Manufacturing
Company, II:1138
Wrongful death lawsuits, I:332
WSRA. See Wild and Scenic
River Act
WTO. See World Trade
Organization
WTUL. See Women’s Trade
Union League
WW I. See World War I
WW II. See World War II
WWW. See Worldwide Web
Wyandots
in French and Indian War, I:346
in Ohio, II:745
Wyler’s bouillon, I:110
Wynn, Ed, II:998
Wyoming, II:1139–41, II:1140
acquisition of, II:989
in Dakota Territory, II:941
Pony Express in, II:804
X
X-ray tubes, I:364
Xerox Company, I:334, II:1026
1249
Index

Xerox Learning Systems, II:1003 in 1920s, II:555 Z

X-rays, dangers of, II:677
Y Yellowstone National Park, II:1141
Y & S Candies, I:434
Yachting, II:1003
Yakimas, II:738
Yale, Linus, I:202
Yale University, II:845
Yalta Conference, II:1132
Yamazaki Baking Company
(Japan), II:676
Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, II:644
Year Book Medical Publishers,
II:1003
Yellow dog contracts, II:1143
Norris-LaGuardia Act and,
II:726, 727
Yellow journalism, I:429, II:947
York Peppermint Patties, I:434
Yorktown, Siege of, I:11, 37
Young, Brigham, II:1049, 1051
Young, Robert R., II:721
Younger brothers, Allan Pinkerton
and, II:796
‘‘Youth Dew,’’ by Estee
Lauder, II:568
Yugoslavia, NATO forces in, II:730
Yukon Gold Rush. See Klondike
Gold Rush
Zeder, Fred, I:167
Zedillo, Ernesto, II:626–27
Zenith Electronics Corporation,
II:1145–46
Zenith Radio Corporation, II:1145
Zero inventory. See Just in time
inventory systems
Zero Manufacturing Company,
II:1138
Zilka, Donald, I:196
Zilka and Co., I:196
Zinc industry, II:661
Zion nuclear reactor, II:740
Zoning, in city planning, I:168

1250 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. ECONOMIC HISTORY