Single Replicate of 2k design:

From even a moderate number of factors, the total number of treatment combinations in a 2k factorial
design is very large. For example, a 25 has 32 treatment combinations, a 26 has 64 treatment combinations and
so on. Since the resources are usually limited the number of replicates that the experimenter can employ may
be restricted/minimized.

Frequently available resources only allow a single replicate of the design to be run unless the
experimenter is willing to omit some of the original factors will only single replicate of 2k design. It is
impossible to compute an estimate of experimental error i.e. Mean Square Error (MSE). Hence it seems that
hypothesis concerning the Main Effects and Interaction Effects cannot be tested. In order to perform these
type of tests, we estimate the MSE either from the external sources or may be pooling some of the higher order
interactions that may be considered insignificant.

Yates` Technique for Computing Contrast:

For large treatment combinations there is a difficulty in writing the table of sign (plus and minus table).
A systematic procedure for computing the contrast in a 2k factorial experiment developed by Yates` technique,
given below the steps

i) Write down the treatment combinations and observations in standard form.

ii) Add the treatment combinations in pairs and write down in column mark as “Column-I”. This will fill
up the top half of the Column-I.
From the bottom half write down the differences of pairs by subtracting from the upper to lower
treatment combinations. This completes Column-I.
iii) Obtain the column mark “Column-II” in exactly the same way as the Column-I is constructed i.e.
operating on the results of proceeding column.
iv) Continue this process the k column for 2k experiment is reached i.e. k is total number of factors. The
column-k corresponds to the effect. The first value will be grand total of the entire experiment, each
remaining value will be a contrast in a treatment combination.

In that order, the sum of square for main effect and the interaction effect are calculated by squaring each of
the value given in column-k and divided by the “2k(n)” where n is the No. of the replicates.
22 Design:

Treatment Column- Sum of Squares=

Response Column-II
combinations I (contrast)2/2kn
(1) a + (1) [ab + b] + [a + (1)] = Grand total M TSS= (M)2 / 2kn
a ab + b [ab - b] + [a - (1)] = Total of effect A SSA= (A)2 / 2kn
b a – (1) [ab + b] – [a + (1)] = Total of effect B SSB= (B)2 / 2kn
ab ab - b [ab – b] – [a – (1)] = Total of effect AB SSAB= (AB)2 / 2kn

Example:

Let’s say; (1) = 80, a = 100, b = 60, ab = 90

Treatment Sum of Squares=

Response Column-I Column-II
combinations (contrast)2/2kn
(1) 80 180 330 TSS = 9075
a 100 150 50 SSA = 208.33
b 60 20 -30 SSB = 75
ab 90 30 10 SSAB = 8.33
Remaining procedure is construction of ANOVA and decision.