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 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Environmental chemistry : The branch of science which deals with the chemical phenomena occuring in the
environment is called as environmental chemistry.
Introduction : The environment means surroundings. It has 4 following component.
(I) Atmosphere
(A) Function of the atmosphere
• It contain all the gases which are essential for the life on the earth.
• It is a carrier of water vapour which are needed for all life.
• O3 is present in it which absorbs harmful U.V. radiations.
• It maintain heat balance of the earth by absorbing infrared radiation coming from the sun and remitted from the
earth.
(B) Pressure, weight and temp of the atmosphere
• Pressure of atm = 105 N/m2
• Mass of atm = 5 × 1015 tonnes.
• Temp. of atm = – 100° C to 1200° C
• Increases in altitude of 5 km, the pressure and the density of air decrease by one half.
(C) Composition of air (or atmosphere)
• It is divided in 3 categories.
• Major component = N2, O2, water vapour.
• Minor component = Ar, CO2
• Traces component = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, CH4, H2, CO, N2O, SO2, NO, NO2, HCHO, NH3, O3.
(D) Regions (or structure) of the atmosphere :- It has 4 region. These regions are defined by the temp.

Region Altitude from Temp. Species present

earth's surface range or gasses present

Troposphere 0 - 11 km decrease from N2, O2, CO2, H2O vapour

15 to – 56°C
Stratosphere or 11 - 50 km increase from N2, O2, O3, 0-atm
coroyones – 56° to – 2°C
sphere
Mesosphere 50 – 85 km decrease from N2, O2, NO+,O2+
ionosphere – 2° to – 92°C
Thermosphere 85 – 500 km increase from O2+, O+, NO+, e–
ionosphere – 92° to 1200°C

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 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

1. Air pollution : It is defined as the undesirable materials into the atmosphere either due to natural phenomena
(or due to human activity on the earth). Which affect the quantity of the air and also affect the life on the earth.
(i) Major source of air pollution
Ex. due to CO, H2S, SO2
Forest fire
(ii) Man made air pollution or source due to human activity
Natural sources
Ex. Burning of fossil fuels.
Which produce some poisonous gases as CO, CO2, CH4, oxide of nitrogen.
Combustion of gasoline in the automobiles : The automobiles emit the CO, oxide of nitrogen
Deforestation : Due to this % of CO2 is increased and % of O2 is decreased.
Fast industrialisation : The smoke of carbon and CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, NO, NO2 are coming out from the industries.
The industries are responsible 20% of total air pollution.
Agriculture activities : The pesticides are added in the soil. They give a foul smell and affect the
health of animals and human being.
Wars : The nuclear weapons are used in war which emit the radiation.
(1) Air pollutants : (Five)
(A) CO as pollutant : Source of CO
(i) Due to human activity
(a) Due to incomplete combustion of hydro carbons.

CH4 + 3 2 O2 CO + 2H2O

(b) Due to forest fire (or agriculature waste) burning.

(c) Reduction of CO2
CO2 + C 2CO
(d) Dissociation of CO2 at high temp. (2000 K)
CO2  CO + C
• Only 7% CO arises from the main made
(ii) Natural sources
• From conversion of methane
• From synthesis and decay of chlorophyll
• From oceans.
Sink of CO : A large amount of CO are added in the atm. But the level of CO does not rise too much due to CO is converted
in CO2 by the micro organism which is present in the soil.
The micro organism (bacteria) act as sink for CO.

Harmful effect of CO : The CO is poisonous because it combine with haemoglobin of R.B.C. about 300 times easily than O2,
to form carboxy haemoglobin.
Hb + CO  HbCO (carboxy haemoglobin)
Hb + O2  HbO2 (oxy haemoglobin)

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 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 How can domestic waste be used as manure ?
Sol. Domestic waste comprises of two types of materials, biodegradable such as leaves, rotten food, etc., and non-
biodegradable such as plastics, glass metal, scrap, etc. The non-biodegradable waste is sent to industry for recycling
The biodegradable waste should be deposited in the land fills. With the passage of time, it is converted into
compost manure.

Ex. 2 For your agricultural field or garden, you have developed a compost producing pit. Discuss the process in the light
of bad odour, files and recycling of wastes for a good produce.
Sol. The compost producing pit should be set up at a suitable place or in a tin to protect ourselves from bad odour and
files. It should be kept covered so that files cannot make entry into it and the bad odour is minimized. The recyclable
material like plastics, glass, newspapers, etc.. should be sold to the vendor who further sells it to the dealer. The
dealer further supplies it to the industry involved in recycling process.

Ex. 3 A large number of fish are suddenly found floating dead on a lake. There is no evidence of toxic dumping but you
find an abundance of phytoplankton. Suggest a reason for the fish kill.
Sol. Excessive phytoplankton (organic pollutants such as leaves, grass, trash, etc.) present in water is biodegradable. A
large population of bacteria decomposes this organic matter in water. During this process they consume the oxygen
dissolved in water. Water has already limited dissolved oxygen (= 10 ppm) which gets is further depleted. When the
level of dissolved oxygen falls below 6 ppm, the fish cannot survive. Hence, they die and float dead in water.

Ex. 4 What would have happened if the greenhouse gases were totally missing in the earth’s atmosphere ? Discuss.
Sol. The solar energy radiated back from the earth surface is absorbed by the greenhouse gases (i.e. CO2, CH4, O3, CFC’s
and water vapour) present near the earth’s surface. They heat up the atmosphere near the earth’s surface and keep
it warm. As a result, they keep the temperature of the earth constant and help in the growth of plants and existence
of life on the earth. If there were no greenhouse gases, there would have no vegetation and life on the earth.

Ex. 5 (i) Name two important sinks of CO2.

(ii) What is marine pollution
(iii) What is humification ?
(iv) What are viable and non-viable particulates ?
Sol. (i) Oceans (which dissolve it) and plants (which use it for photosynthesis)
(ii) Pollution of sea water due to discharge of wastes into it is called marine pollution.
(iii) The decomposition of organic material (leaves, root etc.) in the soil by microorganism to produce humus is
called humification.
(iv) Viable particulates are small size living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, moulds, algae, etc. Non-viable particulates
are formed by disintegration of large size materials or condensation of small size particles or droplets e.g. mist,
smoke, fume and dust.

Ex. 6 Answer the following subparts

(i) What is loam soil ?
(ii) What are asbestosis and silicosis ?
(iii) What are particulates and what is their approximate size ?
(iv) Name three natural source of air pollution
(v) How are flue gases from industries feed from oxides of nitrogen and sulphur ?

393
 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. Air pollutants that produce photochemical oxidants include :

(A) CO2, CO and SO2 (B) N2O, NO and HNO3
(C) O2, Cl2 and HNO3. (D) O3, Cl2 and SO2

2. Atmosphere of big/metropolitian cities are polluted most by :

(A) automobile exhausts. (B) pesticide residue.
(C) household waste. (D) radio-active fall out.

3. Ozone layer of upper atmosphere is being destroyed by :

(A) chlorofluorocarbon (B) SO2
(C) photochemical oxidants/O2 & CO2 (D) smog

4. Carbon monooxide is pollutant as it :

(A) inactivates nerves (B) inhibits glycolysis
(C) combines with oxygen (D) combines with haemoglobin

5. Pollution is :
(A) removal of top soil (B) release of toxic/undesirable materials in environment
(C) conservation of energy (D) all of above

6. Burning of fossil fuels is the main source of, which of the following pollutants ?
(A) Nitrogen oxide (B) Nitric oxide (C) Nitrous oxide (D) Sulphur dioxide

7. SO2 and NO2 produce pollution by increasing :

(A) alkalinity (B) acidity (C) neutrality (D) buffer action

8. The aromatic compounds present as particulates are :

(A) benzene (B) toluene (C) nitrobenzene (D) polycyclic hydrocarbons

9. Classical smog occurs in places of :

(A) excess CO2 (B) cool and humid (C) warm, dry and sunny (D) excess NH3

10. Acid rains are produced by :

(A) excess NO2 and SO2 from burning fossil fuels
(B) excess production of NH3 by industry and coal gas
(C) excess release of carbon monoxide by incomplete combustion
(D) excess formation of CO2 by combustion and animal respiration.

11. Spraying of DDT produces pollution of the type:

(A) air (B) air and water (C) air and soil (D) air, water and soil

12. Most hazardous metal pollutant of automobile exhausts is :

(A) mercury (B) cadmium (C) lead (D) copper

13. Chlorofluorocarbon releases which of the following chemical harmful to ozone :

(A) fluorine (B) chlorine (C) nitrogen peroxide (D) sulphur dioxide

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CHEMISTRY FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. Which of the following is/are correct about the size of particulates ?
(A) Soot particles have diameter of about 5 nm.
(B) H2SO4 fog particles have size of 500–1000 nm.
(C) Fly ash particles have diameter of 5  105 nm.
(D) All particulates have same size.

2. Choose the wrong statements :

(A) CO2 is responsible for greenhouse effect.
(B) CO2 can absorb infrafred radiation but does not allow them to pass through.
(C) NO is more harmful than NO2.
(D) acid rain contains mainly HNO

3. Photochemical smog causes :

(A) headache (B) cracking of rubber
(C) corrosion of painted surface (D) extensive damage to plant life

4. Which of the following is/are proper method(s) to dispose sludge ?

(A) Incineration (B) Dumping
(C) Anaerobic digestion by microbes (D) Filtration

5. Which of the following metal(s) is/are toxic and pollutants ?

(A) Cadmium (B) Lead (C) Mercury (D) Zinc
6. The depletion of ozone layer is caused by :
(A) NO (B) SO2 (C) CxHy (D) CFCs

7. Which of the following is/are weedicides ?

(A) Sodium chlorate (B) DDT (C) Sodium arsenate (D) BHC

8. Which of the following is/are greenhouse gases ?

(A) Ozone (B) Methane (C) carbon dioxide (D) Water vapours

Part # II [Assertion & Reason Type Questions]

This section contains reasoning type questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which
ONLY ONE is correct.
(A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is a correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If assertion and reason both are false.
1. Assertion : Carbon dioxide is one of the main constituent of greenhouse gases.
Reason : In pregnant women increased CO level induce premature birth, spontaneous abortions and deformed
babies.
2. Assertion : CO is a toxic air pollutant because.
Reason : CO binds with haemoglobin of blood and reduces oxygen transport efficiency of blood.

3. Assertion : The pH of rain water is 5.6

Reason : H+ ions are formed by the reaction of rain water with carbondioxide present in the atmosphere.

400
CHEMISTRY FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]

1. Match the entries of column-I with appropriate entries of column-II. Each entry in column-I may have one or more
than one correct option(s) from column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) Classical smog (p) SO2
(B) Photochemical smog (q) NO2
(C) Particulate Pollutants (r)) bacteria
(D) Gaseous pollutants (s) smoke
(t) Fe3O4

2. Match the entries of column-I with appropriate enteries of column-II. Each entry in column-I may have one or more
than one correct option(s) from column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) Acid rain (p) Oxides of nitrogen
(B) Green house effect (q) Oxides of sulphur
(C) Ozone hole (r) Carbon dioxide
(D) Eutrophication (s) Phosphate fertilizer i.e. plant nutrient (excess).
(t) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)

Part # II [Comprehension Type Questions]

Comprehension # 1
Ozone is an unstable, dark blue diamagnetic gas. It absorbs strongly the UV radiation, thus protecting the people on
the earth from the harmful UV radiation from the sun. The use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) in aerosols and
refrigerators, and their subsequent escape into the atmosphere, is blamed for making holes in the ozone layer over
the Antarctic, and Arctic.
Ozone acts as a strong oxidising agent in acidic and alkaline medium. For this property ozone is used as a germicide
and disinfectant for sterilising water and improving the atmosphere of crowded places.

1. CFCs damage ozone layer by reactions :

(A) O3 + hv  O + O2
• •
(B) Cl + O3  Cl O + O2
• •
(C) Cl O + O  Cl + O2
(D) all of the above

2. Identify the incorrect statement with respect to ozone ?

(A) Ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere by a photochemical reaction involving dioxygen.
(B) Ozone protects the earth’s inhabitants by absorbing UV radiations.
(C) Ozone can also be made by heating O2 over 25000C and quenching
(D) Chlorine gas is preferred over ozone for the purification of drinking water and for water treatment in swimming
pools.

402
CHEMISTRY FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 4 [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]

1. The smog is essentially caused by the presence of : [AIEEE-20 04]

(1) O2 and O3 (2) O2 and N2
(3) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen (4) O3 and N2

2. Identify the wrong statement in the following : [AIEEE-2008]

(1) Ozone layer does not permit infrared radiation from the sun to reach the earth.
(2) Acid rain is mostly because of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.
(3) Chlorofluorocarbons are responsible for ozone layer depletion.
(4) Green house effect is responsible for global warming.

3. Identify the incorrect statement from the following [AIEEE -2011]

(1) Ozone absorb the intense ultraviolet radiation of the sun.
(2) Depletion of ozone layer is because of its chemical reaction with chlorofluro alkanes.
(3) Ozone absorbs infrared radiation.
(4) Oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere can cause the depletion of ozone layer.

404
 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

MOCK TEST

SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. Photochemical smog can be reduced by :
(A) using catalytic converter in the automobiles
(B) plantation of certain plants like pinus, juniperus, vitis etc.
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) None

2. Which of the following is false.

(A) Green house gases are carbondioxide, methane, water vapours, nitrous oxide, CFCs and ozone.
(B) CO is highly poisonous to living beings because of its ability to block the delivery of oxygen to the organs and
tissues.
(C) The troposphere contains dinitrogen, dioxygen, ozone and little water.
(D) The primary source of air borne lead emission is leaded-petrol.

3. Which of the following is false.

(A) Photochemical smog has high concentration of reducing agents and is, therefore, called as reducing smog.
(B) Non-viable particulates consist of smoke, dust, mist, fumes etc.
(C) Classical smog occurs in cool humid climate and it is mixture of smoke, fog and sulphurdioxide.
(D) Ozone reacts with unburnt hydrocarbons in polluted air to produce peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).

4. Which of the following does not contribute to water pollution ?

(A) Pathogens (B) Organic wastes (C) chemical pollutants (D) none

5. BOD is :
(A) The amount of oxygen required to convert the NO in to NO2 in a certain volume of a sample of water.
(B) The amount of F– ions required to convert, one mole of hydroxyapatite into fluorapatite.
(C) The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to break down the organic matter present in a certain volume of a
sample of water.
(D) The amount of oxygen required to break down the non-biodegradable waste.

SECTION - II : MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

6. Which of the following is/are weedicides ?

(A) Sodium chlorate (B) DDT (C) Sodium arsenate (D) BHC

7. Which of the following is/are greenhouse gases ?

(A) Ozone (B) Methane (C) carbon dioxide (D) Water vapours

SECTION - III : ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

8. Assertion : Green plants maintain an appropriate level of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Reason : Green plants require CO2 for photosynthesis and they, in turn, releases oxygen.

405
 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World and Units 1. Mole Concept 1. Basic Maths and Logarithm
& Dimensions 2. Atomic Structure 2. Quadratic Equation
2. Basic Maths & Vector 3. Chemical Bonding 3. Sequence and Series
3. Kinematics 4. Gaseous State
Module-2
Module-2 Module-2(PC) 1. Trigonometric Ratio and
1. Thermodynamics Identities
1. Newton’s Law of Motion 2. Trigonometric Equation
& Friction 2. Thermochemistry
3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Properties & Solution
2. Work, Energy & Power of Triangle
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-3 Module-3
Module-3(IC)
1. Centre of Mass & Collisions 1. Periodic Table & Its Properties 1. Permutation & Combination
2. Rotational Motion 2. Redox Reaction & Equivalent 2. Binomial Theorum
3. Gravitation Concepts 3. Complex Number
3. Hydrogen & Its Components
Module-4 4. S-Block Module-4
1. Straight Line
1. Mechanical Properties 2. Circle
of Matter Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 3. Conic Section
2. Thermal Properties of Matter (Parabola,Ellipse & Hyperbola)
Organic Compounds
Module-5 2. Isomerism
3. General Organic Chemistry Module-5
1. Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Mathematical Induction
2. Wave Motion Module-5(OC) 2. Mathematical Reasoning
3. Measurement Error 1. Reaction Mechanism 3. Statistics
& Experiment 2. Hydrocarbon
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon
4. Environmental Chemistry

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 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY MATHEMATICS

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Solid State 1. Sets & Relation
1. Electrostatics
2. Solutions and 2. Function
2. Capacitance
Colligative Properties 3. Inverse Trigonometric Function
3. Electro Chemistry 4. Probability
Module-2
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC) Module-2
2. Magnetic Effect of Current 1. Chemical Kinetics and
and Magnetism Nuclear Chemistry 1. Limit
2. Surface Chemistry 2. Continuity
Module-3 3. Differentiability
Module-3(IC) 4. Method of Differentiation
1. Electromagnetic Induction
2. Alternating Current 1. Metallurgy
2. P- Block Module-3
Module-4 3. Transition Elements 1. Indefinite Integration
(d & f block) 2. Definite Integration
1. Geometrical Optics 4. Co-ordination Compound 3. Area Under the Curve
2. Wave Optics 5. Salt Analysis & Qualitative
Analysis Module-4
Module-5
Module-4(OC) 1. Application of Derivative
1. Modern Physics
1. Alkyl Halides & Aryl Halides 2. Matrix
2. Nuclear Physics
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether 3. Determinant
3. Solids & Semiconductor
Devices 3. Carbonyl Compound
Module-5
4. Electromagnetic Waves
5. Principle of Communication Module-5(OC) 1. Differential Equation
1. Carboxylic Acid & Their 2. Vector & 3-Dimensional
Derivatives
2. Biomolecules & Polymers
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life

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