4/14/2020

Introduction to CMG’s Modelling Workflows

Ehsan Ranjbar-Ali Shariat
April 16-17, 2020

Agenda
• CMG software
• CMG launcher
• Simulator data organization
• Builder
• Sections
• Applications
• IMEX
• Applications
• Hands on exercises

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CMG Software
Advanced Processes & Thermal Simulator

Compositional & Unconventional Reservoir Simulator

Three-Phase, Black-Oil Reservoir Simulator

Sensitivity Analysis, History Matching, Optimization & Uncertainty Analysis

Integrated Production & Reservoir Simulation

Phase Behavior and Fluid Property Application

Pre-Processing: Simulation Model Building Application

Post-Processing: Visualization & Analysis Application

CMG Software
Simulators
Pre-Processor PVT Software

Post-Processor

Optimization Software

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CMG Software, Simulators

• Natural • Gas-Injection
Depletion • Water-Injection

Conventional Reservoir Life Cycles Primary Secondary

Recovery Recovery

• Thermal
• Chemical
Tertiary • Miscible/Immicible
Secondary Recovery Processes
Recovery
Primary Recovery

Tertiary
Recovery

CMG Launcher

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CMG Launcher
• Organize folders and files

• Submit jobs to simulators

• Interact with CMG products and external applications

• Access to user manual and documents

CMG Documentation Browser

CMG Launcher

Section 2:

1 2 FILES CONTAINED IN
THE FOLDER

Section 1:
FOLDERS AND PROJECTS

3 Section 3:
CMG PRODUCTS

4 Section 4:
SCHEDULER: displays information on queued,
completed, or running datasets.

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Simulator Data Organization

Simulator Data Organization

CMG directory usually stored under
C:\Program Files (x86)\CMG

Documents
CMG Products/Manuals Documents
Templates
Available Versions

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Simulator Data Organization

PREPROCESSING Basic file extensions
FILES
.dat - Simulator input file that contains all information that
*DAT simulator requires to perform its flow calculations
*INC
.inc - Additional input files referred to in .dat file
*FHF
.fhf - Historical data can be stored in this file type
GENERATED
DURING/AFTER
SIMULATION
*OUT .out - File output by the simulator containing information
*RSTR.SR3 on the model in ASCII text
*LOG
*SR3 .sr3 - Binary file containing the simulator results

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Simulator Data Organization

POST PROCESSING Basic file extensions
FILES
.Results – Template file for post processing in
Results software
*results

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Builder

Builder, Main Features

Use BUILDER to construct IMEX, GEM and STARS datasets

Black Oil

Compositional

Thermal
and Use BUILDER to convert IMEX to GEM
Chemical
and STARS

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Builder, Sections
I/O Control: Simulation or text results output, Restart, etc.
Reservoir: Grid structure, properties, etc.
Components: Fluid model
Rock-Fluid: Relative permeability, capillary pressure, etc.
Initial Conditions: Initial pressure/saturations, Pb, etc.
Numerical: Convergence criteria, explicit/implicit, etc.
Geomechanics (optional): Stress dependent properties, etc.
Wells & Recurrent: Well trajectories, perforations, constraints, etc.

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Reservoir section
Consider all aspects related to
geological data and reservoir properties
• Reservoir Structure
 Tops, layers and faults
• Reservoir Properties
 Different geological properties such as porosity

Builder integrates all the static and dynamic

properties to construct a reservoir model

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Reservoir structure
Different types of grids can be created in Builder
• Cartesian
 Blocks are rectangular in shape
Cartesian
• Corner point Gridding
 Blocks are defined by eight points (3 coordinates each)
Corner Point
• Radial
Radial
 Cylindrical coordinate system

• Quick Pattern Grid

 Quickly creates available pattern types with properly placed producer and injector

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Countour map (*.bna)
Reservoir properties

Types of accepted data

• Scattered data points

 Not on regular grid, sparse (e.g. picks at wells)

• Contour maps of 2D surface

 Sets of connected points forming line with value,
 may contain faults and well locations

• Mesh maps of 2D surface Different map types accepted

 Regular, orthogonal “grid” of data, value at each point,
 may contain fault lines and well locations

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Reservoir properties
Some geological softwares directly create 3D Geological Modelling Software
Petrel, RMS, Gocad
grids
Grid (unit system)
• PETREL (Schlumberger) Properties
Geological Units
RESCUE Simulation output
Model properties at one
Fault Surfaces or more times
• RMS (Roxar) Well Paths (Binary files)

• GOCAD (Paradigm) Builder Results

Builder can import those grids Simulator

• One way is to import the grids as rescue models

• Rescue Models can include properties such as
porosity, permeability, etc. (*.BIN)

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Reservoir properties
Additional sources of data to construct a model

• Constant values
 Some simple models can use an average single value (E.g. core flood
model)

• Formulas
 Formula manager is a tool in Builder
to generate and assign new properties
(E.g. permeability as a function of porosity)
Formula Manager

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Properties modification

• Properties in grid cells or regions can be

modified in Builder

• Constant property values can be

reassigned to model or
addition/subtraction/division/multiplication
of original property value can be applied
*PERMI *CON 100
*MOD
Modification of permeability around
1:4 2:10 1:3 * 4 the wells for history match

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Grid refinements
• Builder can perform refinements in
order to improve resolution in
saturation distributions

• This can be useful for well studies of

water/gas conning effects

• Cartesian and hybrid refinements are

available
W

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Sector Specification in Builder
Sectors
Sectors define individual reporting areas
in the reservoir
• Used to quantify changes in
production/injection and fluid in place
values Sectors in Results

• Specially useful for pilot tests and Reservoir pressure SEC 1

reservoirs with multiple formations or

regions
• Simulators generate individual reports Reservoir pressure SEC 2

per sector Reservoir pressure SEC 3

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Builder, Reservoir Section

Quality control on grid
Different type of Block
 Active
Pinch-Outs
 Null (Inactive)
 Pinch (Inactive with vertical flow)
Builder automatically remove problematic cells

Threshold criteria
• PVCUTOFF
• PINCHOUT-TOL

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Builder, Components Section

Laboratory Results Limited data
Builder can handle two different approaches
Input Input
for PVT modelling

• Laboratory Results (Winprop) Output of Winprop PVT Correlations

 Typically include composition and experiments

(Differential Liberation, Separator test, etc.)

• Limited data (Correlations)

 Basic information related to gas and oil densities,
Saturation Pressure and Reservoir Temperature
is required

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Builder, Components Section

• “Black-oil” PVT description (IMEX)
 Primary depletion
 Water-flooding
 Immiscible gas injection (solvent model allows pseudo-miscible)
• EOS PVT description (GEM)
 Miscible gas injection (solvents/CO2)
 Volatile oil systems
 Gas condensate systems
• K-value PVT description (STARS)
 Temperature variation/Chemical reaction

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Builder, Rock-Fluid Section

Relative permeability/Capillary pressure curves
 Water-Oil Table (Sw Krw Krow Pcow)
 Gas-Liquid Table (Sg/Sl Krg Krog Pcog)

Different phenomena can be modelled in Rock-Fluid

section
• Multiple rock types and litho-types Multiple rock types
• Hysteresis (SWTI, SGTI, Pcowi, Pcogi)
• Interpolations between Kr curves
• Adsorption
• End-point block scaling
• 3pt scaling
Hysteresis

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Builder, Rock-Fluid Section

Three phases kr models
• Stone’s 1st Model
• Stone’s 2nd Model
• Linear Isoperm Model
• Segregated Model

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Builder, Initial Conditions

Original conditions in reservoir are defined
• Reservoir Pressure at datum depth
• Depth of contacts (W-O, G-O)

Advanced Options
• Multiple W-O and G-O contacts and PVT regions
• Bubble point defined as constant, array, or tables
(PBT)
• Gas Cap Initialization with residual oil saturation
• Initialization Regions separate from PVT Regions

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Builder, Initial Conditions P cog

Pg pressure

Gas Cap

Po = Pg GOC Oil Zone

Po
P cwo

Calculation Methods Po = Pw
Pw
WOC Water

depth

• VERTICAL (DEPTH_AVE and BLOCK_CENTER)

Gravity-capillary equilibrium calculations are performed to calculate all grid blocks
pressure and saturations

• USER_INPUT
Pressure, water saturation and oil saturation are specified explicitly for each grid
block. Gas saturations are then determined by subtraction

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Builder, Initial Conditions

Threshold Pressure
• Prevent flow from occurring across adjacent regions and/or fault planes, until the
pressure difference exceeds a desired threshold value
 “Barrier” between regions

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Builder, Wells & Recurrent

Wells and Trajectories

• Well Trajectories
Measured data of trajectory can be imported by Builder in different formats

• Well Perforations
History of perforated intervals can be added to
the trajectory of the wells in Builder

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Builder, Wells & Recurrent

Production/Injection data Wizard
PRODUCTION WIZARD
FHF FILES
• This wizard can import simple production
DATA
data (ASCII, Excel) or robust files created BASE PRODUCTION/
on different commercial software (E.g. INJECTION/
PRESSURE
OFM) CONSTRAINTS

• Can handle any number of producer/injector

wells and historical years

• Options to average production on a monthly

basis, yearly, etc.

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Builder, Wells & Recurrent

Well constraints
Builder can use different constraints for history
match/prediction
 Liquid, Oil and Gas rate, STL, STO, STG Hydraulic table
 Injection rate (gas or water)
 Bottom Hole pressure, BHP
 Well head pressure, WHP
 Alter/Target to modify constraints

Builder can import and handle wellbore models

created on commercial software (Prosper,
Pipesim, etc)

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Builder, Wells & Recurrent

Groups WAG process using GROUPS

Builder can control production/injection by

GROUPS, some of options available are
• Cycling Groups

• Voidage Replacement

• Injection/Production rate per group

• Pressure Maintenance Pmaint

• Recycling Option

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Builder, Built-in Wizards

Wizard to generate fractures
Three ways to model Fractures
 Planar Fracture
 Complex Fracture
 Enter data manually or based on MS data
 Importing data from third party software
(GOHFER)

Non Darcy Flow options

 Geertsma correlation
 Frederick and Graves first correlation
Fracture Wizard
 Frederick and Graves second correlation
 General

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IMEX

IMEX
Variety of reservoir recovery applications

• Primary recovery, water-flood, gas injection, infill drilling, horizontal wells, WAG process,
artificial Lift

• Advanced EOR process such as pseudo miscible flood, polymer flood

• Hydraulic Fractures and Non Darcy Flow

• Sea water injection

• Multiple PVT regions

Sea Water Injection

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IMEX
Reservoir interactions

• Different aquifer models

 Analytical aquifer pressure support including Fetkovitch, Carter-Tracy
 Bottom, boundary or edge drive with leak-off
 Can apply Aquifer to reservoir boundary or grid boundary

• Fractured Reservoirs
 Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Idealized Reservoir
One Grid Block
 Fracture-Matrix and Matrix-Matrix Connections Fracture

Matrix
∆Z

∆Y
∆X

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IMEX
Different Fluid model types
• Black Oil

• Oil Water

• Pseudo-Miscible

• Polymer Model

• API Tracking

• Gas Condensate/Volatile Oil

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IMEX
Sophisticated solvers & Technology to improve run time

• Autotune
 Automatically adjusts numerical parameters to improve numerical performance

• Combinative
 Reduces number of solver iterations

• Parallelization
 Efficient simulation runs using larger number of threads

• Static Amalgamation

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IMEX
Advanced well features

• Artificial gas lift options

• Cross-flow among layers

• Vertical, horizontal or multi-lateral

wells

• Perforations, stimulation, work over

history, skin & turbulent effects

• Wellbore frictional loss

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IMEX
Advanced well features

• Flexible Perforation and Well index input

• Specify well geometry globally

• e.g. Applying a skin factor to a group of wells

• Specify well index parameters on a per layer basis

• Specify a range of acceptable WI values

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IMEX
Intelligent Segmented Wells (iSegWell)

Multiple Tubing Strings

Tubing Opening/End

DHS Downhole Separator

Compressor

Pump

Valve
Orifice
Choke
Monitor Point

Packer

Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_well_scheme.svg

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IMEX
iSegWell Main Features

• Secondary wells within a Wellsite can handle:

 Gas lift
 Recirculating well

• Complex Well Geometry

 Multiple Branches
 Multiple Tubing Strings

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IMEX
iSegWell Main Features

• Accurate ∆P calculation from wellsite perforations to the

surface

• Modelling equipment (Compressor, Pump, Valve, Choke,

Orifice, Downhole Separator)

• Smart wells with Inflow control device

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IMEX
Comprehensive graphical and text output

• Flux and velocity vectors as well as stream line representations

• User defined variables output

• Restart records for easy job resuming

• Efficient and fast calculation routines

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CMG’s Vision:
To be the leading developer and supplier of dynamic
reservoir and production technologies in the WORLD

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© Copyright 2020. Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

TM Trademark of Computer Modelling Group Ltd. All other

company, product and service names may be trademarks

or registered trademarks, and are a property of their
respective owners

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