INTRODUCTION

Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare disorder caused by a combination of four heart

defects that are present at birth (congenital). It is the most common form of
cyanotic congenital heart disease and is characterized by hypoxic spells (which
include difficulty in breathing and alterations in consciousness), a change in the
shape of the fingertips (digital clubbing), heart murmur, and cyanosis, a bluish
discoloration of the skin that gives rise to “blue baby” syndrome (Britannica,
2019).
It was named after French physician Étienne-Louis-Arthur Fallot, who first
described it in the late 19th century as the result of a combination of a defect in
the ventricular septum (the partition that separates the lower chambers of the
heart), pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the opening to the pulmonary artery),
dilation and displacement of the aorta to override the ventricular septum, and
right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the muscle of the right ventricle). This
condition causes the deoxygenated venous blood to be shunted from the right to
the left side of the heart into arterial circulation (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
Approximately 1 percent of newborns have congenital heart defects.
About 10 percent of these infants are diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot in which it
is usually detected weeks or months after birth. The prevalence of tetralogy of
Fallot is estimated to be 1 in 3,000 live births (National Organization of Rare
Disorder, 2016).
The exact cause of Tetralogy of Fallot is not known. However, some
studies suggest that the disorder may be due to the interaction of several genetic
and/or environmental factors (multifactorial). Therefore, researchers suspect that
something may affect the genes in the developing fetus, causing this birth defect,
but the exact nature of this trigger is not known. Some conditions that may
increase the risk of having a child with tetralogy of Fallot are viral illnesses,
alcohol use, diabetes, poor nutrition, and being pregnant over the age of 40.
Approximately 25 percent of infants with tetralogy of Fallot also have other
congenital birth defects that are not related to the function or structure of the
heart.
The definitive treatment for tetralogy of Fallot is surgery (i.e., Blalock-
Taussig shunting procedure, aortic/pulmonary shunt, intracardiac repair, balloon
pulmonary valvuloplasty and/or valve replacement). Surgical correction of this
heart malformation is best accomplished during infancy. Selection of the exact
surgical procedure is based on the severity of symptoms and extent of the
malformation (American Heart Association, 2019).
General Objectives

Upon completion of this case study, student nurses should be able to

develop their knowledge, skills and attitude as they systematically present the
data pertinent to the case being gathered. The proponents will be able to improve
their knowledge regarding the health and condition of the patient, its disease
process, complications, treatment plan and nursing interventions. Moreover, they
will be able to enhance their skills as they gain training and experiences and also
hone their attitude as they demonstrate tolerance and patience all throughout
their actual stipulation of medical and nursing procedures in the hospital area.

Specific Objectives

Knowledge:

The proponents will be able to apply and in return gain knowledge as they
identify the disease process and also by imparting health teachings regarding
their patient’s condition and recovery.

Skills:

The proponents will be able to demonstrate and in return, enhance their

skills as they provide appropriate nursing interventions to the patient. They will
also enhance their communication skills through interviewing with the patient
effectively.

Attitude:

The proponents will be able to illustrate ethical perspectives upon

approaching the patient and her significant others, build rapport, and improve
their attitude towards providing comfort and assessing the patient from head to
toe and asking necessary questions with professionalism.

General Objectives:
 The student nurses will be able to create a Case Presentation and seeks to develop their
knowledge, skills and attitude through working on this training, and be able to appreciate the
importance of teamwork and working under a directory.

Specific Objectives:
The student nurses will be able:
Knowledge:
1. To be able to understand the pathophysiology and etiology of the case being
presented.
2. To be knowledgeable of the role of drug therapy in managing the client related to
the patient’s diagnosis.
3. To recognize the contributing factors associated in the development of the
diagnosis
4. To know the rationale behind every intervention given for the care of the patient
and the nursing responsibilities associated.
5. To demonstrate knowledge in identifying nursing problems and categorizing it
according to the patient’s need.
6. To be competent in formulating an accurate nursing plan for the patient’s case.
7. To exhibit mastery and tact in answering relevant questions.

Skills:
1. To systematically present the data pertinent to the case being gathered.
2. To accurately perform a thorough general assessment of the client which includes
physical assessment and family history taking.
3. To efficiently provide appropriate and proper nursing intervention necessary for
the patient’s medical condition in reference with the learned theories and concepts
of the disease.
4. To be able to give important health teachings and assist the patient in the
performance of activities of daily living whenever needed.
5. To comply with the associated nursing responsibilities, precautionary and
preventive measure in providing care to the patient.
6. To implement nursing care plan appropriately.
7. To reassess patient to determine whether a re-modification of care plan is
necessary.
Attitude:
1. To be honest and truthful in following the policies and guidelines.
2. To have a sense of responsibility and initiative in accomplishing the assigned tasks.
3. To work harmoniously with others and become a team-player.
4. To demonstrate tolerance and patience all throughout.
5. To have a positive attitude towards criticisms and suggestions.

Wala ko kabalo pila ka objectives ang needed, ipa check lang na kang maam hehe
Curley, R. (2019). Tetralogy of Fallot. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/tetralogy-of-Fallot
NORD (2019). Retreived from https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/tetralogy-of-fallot/

Mayo Clinic (2019). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/tetralogy-of-fallot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353477

Tetralogy of Fallot. (2019). American Heart Asssociation. Retrieved url at December 8, 2019:
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-
defects/tetralogy-of-fallot