VedicMathematicsManual PDF

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VEDIC MATHEMATICS
MANUAL
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Material produced by:
Resource persons/ Teachers in collaboration with IIVA
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1. Introduction of Vedic Maths 1
Benefits of Vedic Maths
History of Vedic Maths
Sutras & Sub Sutras
Chapter - 1 13
2. Addition
Chapter - 2 20
3. Subtraction
(a) All from a last from 10
(b) Using Vinculum
Chapter - 3 20
4. Digit Sum (casting out 9’s, 9-check method)
Chapter - 4 24
5. Special Multiplication Methods
a) Multiplication by 11 and multiples of 11
b) Multiplication by 12 to 19
c) Multiplication by 111
d) Multiplication by 222 to 999
e) Base Method Multiplication
f) If sum of unit digit is 10 and rest place digit are same.
g) If sum of ten’s place digits is 10 and ones place digit is same.
h) Multiplication by 9
I) Multiplication by number ending with 9 i.e. 19 to 99
j) General Method
k) Algebraic Expressions
Chapter - 5 57
6. Squares and Square Roots
Chapter - 6 65
7. Division
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Mathematics is universally regarded as science of all sciences. In all early
civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears
in the form of counting systems. In Indian history “MATHEMATICS” had
occupied a significant place. All earlier systems of numeration had certain
drawbacks. It was Indian system that reached the western world through
the Arabs and has now been accepted universally. India has always been a
land of great mathematicians. Aryabhatta a man who knew infinity,
Srinivasa Ramanujan etc are some mathematicians who revolutionized
the world of mathematics.
In Vedic period, records of mathematical activities are mostly to be found

in Vedic texts associated with rituals.
Vedic Mathematics is a term given to this ancient

system of Mathematics which is supposed to be
formulated over many centuries by ancient sages
and rishis of India. It was rediscovered from
Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by Jagadguru
Swami Sri Bharti-Krishna Tirathji Maharaj.
The term vedic mathematics refers to sixteen

mathematical formulae or sutras and their corollaries or subsutras derived
from the vedic system. In vedic system pupil are encouraged to be
creative and use whatever method they like. All that the student has to do
is to look for certain characteristics, spot them out, identify the particular
type and apply the formulae which is applicable there to. Vedic
Mathematics is useful in preparing students for competitive examination.
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Mathematics is as old as human race itself. A human brain understands

mathematics in a very little age. Little kids have number sense that can be
easily judged in certain practical situations. Let's take an example, if you
keep 5 toffees in one hand and 2 toffees in other hand and ask child to
choose either of the two. He/ She definitely go for hand with five toffees.
This shows the child has number sense, he/ she knows the concept of more
& less.
The evidence of mathematics was available in all early civilizations also.

During Harappa period decimal system was prevalent as weights
corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 etc and scales with
decimal divisions were found.
In Indian history during Vedic period, records of mathematical activities are

mostly to be found in Vedic texts associated with ritual activities.
Arithmetic's operations (GANIT) such as additions, subtractions,
multiplications, fractions, squares, cubes and roots are enumerated in
Narad- Vishnu Purana attributed to Ved Vyas (pre 1000 B.C). Examples of
Geometric knowledge (rehka –ganit) are to be found in Sulva- Sutra of
Baudhayana (800 B.C) and Apasthamba (600 B.C) which describe
techniques for the construction of altars in use during Vedic Era.
It is considered that all the information about Vedic period was stored in a
book called VEDA. Later on it was divided into four Vedas namely RIGVEDA,
YAJURVEDA, SAMAVEDA and ATHARVAVEDA. Indian Rishis and Sages used
to teach everything in Gurukuls. Written Records of many things are not
available.
Vedic Mathematics is the name given to ancient system of mathematics

which is supposedly is a part of Sthaptya –Veda, an Upveda of
Atharvaveda.
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It is a gift to the world and was formulated over centuries by ancient sages &
rishis of India. It was rediscovered from Vedas between 1911 & 1918 by
Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharti-Krishna Tirathji Maharaj. Swamiji was the
Shankracharya of Govardhan Math, Jagannath puri as well as Dwarka,
Gujarat (1884-1960). He was a great scholar and a brilliant student. He was
M.A in seven subjects including English, Mathematics, Science, Sanskrit,
History etc. He was a person who worked in this field and wrote 16 volumes
on the sixteen sutras of vedic mathematics. These volumes got lost and only
one volume containing all information is in print.
The term Vedic Mathematics then onwards refers to sixteen sutras on which
further derivations are being done. This work of Swamiji is considered to be
first work done in field of vedic mathematics.
The most striking features of Tirathji's work is its coherence. The whole
system is inter-related and unified. The methods are simple and help
students to give solution to various arithmetical problems mentally.
Later on, in late 1960's some mathematicians took interest in this system
and started delivering lectures on this subject. There are number of books in
print on the subject. Lots of people are working in the field of Vedic
Mathematics. In India many organizations are working in this field to make
the subject more interesting and help pupil remove the phobia of
mathematics.
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Vedic Mathematics provides pupil with the “extra something” which helps
them to be different. It help them to play with numbers and thereby
removes the phobia of Mathematics. It helps them to be more confident
about the subject. Pupil start loving Mathematics once their interest is
triggered and confidence level is increased.
Advantages:
®It helps in reducing silly mistakes.
®It helps in solving problems 10-15 times faster.
®It helps in intelligent guessing.
®Reduces Phobia of Mathematics.
®It reduces the burden (Need to learn tables only up to 9).
®It increases concentration.
Vedic Maths is a system of reasoning and mathematical working which is
fast efficient and easy to learn and use . We all are aware that world is
getting competitive day by day and in every competition there is a race
against time only those people who have ability to calculate faster will able
to win competitions as faster calculations will lead to time saving and saved
time can be utilised to solve much difficult problems.
Vedic mathematics provides answer in one line where as conventional
method requires several steps. Its techniques simplifies multiplication,
divisibility, squaring, cubing etc. It can even simplifies recurring decimals
and Auxiliary fractions. The simplicity of techniques encourages flexibility
and helps student to device newer techniques i.e. his/her own methods and
not remain limited to same rigid approach.
The simplicity of Vedic Mathematics encourage most calculations to be

carried out without the use of pen and paper. Once the mind of students
develops the understanding for system he/she begins to work closely
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with numbers and becomes more creative. It is very easy to understand
and practice. This process helps student to be confident about the subject
mathematics and this removes his/her phobia of mathematics.
By Applying Sutras we can save lot of time and effort in solving the
problems, compared to the formal methods presently in use . Though the
solutions appear like a magic, the application of the Sutras is perfectly
logical and rational. This course of Vedic Mathematics seeks to present an
integrated approach to learning Mathematics with interest and
inquisitiveness, avoiding the monotony of accepting theories and logical
proof of the Sutras is explained, which eliminates the misconception that
the Sutras are wrongly explained.
Application of the Sutras improves the computational skills of the learners

ensuring both speed and accuracy. The knowledge of such methods
enables the teachers to be more resourceful to enhance the students and
strengthen their talent and knowledge. To specific problems application
of sutras involves rational thinking, which, in turn, helps improve intuition
that is the bottom - line of the mastery of the mathematical geniuses of the
past and the present such as Aryabhatta, Bhaskaracharya, Srinivasa
Ramanujan etc.
This course makes the learning Mathematics at the school and college
level in a way different from what is taught at present, but strictly
embodying the principles of algebra for empirical accuracy. The
presentation and explanation of concepts are in simple language to make
it easy to understand. This course will build your confidence level as well
as help you become self dependent.
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1 ,dkf/kdsu iwosZ.k By One More than the One Before.

(Ekâdhikena Pûrve?a)
2 fuf[kya uor'pjea n'kr% All from 9 and the Last from 10.
(Nikhila? Navataœcarama? Daœata?)
Vertically and Crosswise

3 Å/oZfr;ZXH;ke~ (Ûrdhva Tiryagbhyâ?
Transpose and Apply
4 ijkoR;Z ;kst;sr~ (Parâvartya Yojayet)
5 'kwU;a lkE;leqPp;s If the Samuccaya is the Same

it is Zero
(Œûnya? Sâmyasamuccaye)
6 ¼vkuq#I;s½ 'kwU;eU;r~ If One is in Ratio the Other is Zero

(Ânurûpye Œûnayamanyat)
By Addition and by Subtraction

7 ladyuO;odyukH;ke~
(Sa?kalana Vyavakalanâbhyâ? )
8 iwj.kkiwj.kkH;ke~ (Pûra?âpûra?âbhyâ? ) By the Completion or Non-Completion
9 pyudyukH;ke~ Differential Calculus

(Calana Kalanâbhyâ? )
10 ;konwue~ (Yâvadûna? ) By the Deficiency
11 O;f"Vlef"V% (Vya??isama??i?) Specific and General
12 'ks"kk.;M~dsu pjes.k The Remainders by the Last Digit

(Œe?â?ya?kena Carame?a)
13 lksikUR;};eUR;e~
The Ultimate and Twice the Penultimate
(Sopântyadvayamantya? )
14 ,dU;wusu iwosZ.k By One Less than the One Before

(Ekanyûnena Pûrvena)
15 xqf.krleqPp;% (Gu?itasamuccaya?) The Product of the Sum
16 xq.kdleqPp;% (Gu?akasamuccaya?) All the Multipliers

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1. vkuq:I;s.k (Ânurûpye?a) Proportionately
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f'k";rs 'ksÔlaK% (Œi?yate Œe?as? jña?) The Remainder Remains Constant
3. vk|ek|s ukUR;eUR;su The First by the First and the Last

(Âdyamâdyenântyamantyena)
by the Last
4.
dsoyS% lIrda xq.;kr~ For 7 the Multiplier is 143
(Kevalai? Saptaka? Gu?yât)
By Osculation
5. os"Vue~ (Ve??ana? )
6. ;konwua rkonwue~ (Yâvadûna? Tâvadûna? ) Lesson by the Deficiency
7. ;konwua rkonwuhd`R; oxZ p ;kst;sr~ Whatever the Deficiency, less on

by that amount and set up the
(Yâvadûna? Tâvadûnîk?tya Vargañca square of the Deficiency.
Yojayet)
8. vUR;;ksnZ’kds·fi (Antyayordaœake'pi) Last Totalling 10
9. vUR;;ksjso (Antyayoreva) Only the Last Terms
10. leqPp;xqf.kr% (Samuccayagu?ita?) The sum of the Products
By Alternate Elimination and

11. yksiLFkkiukH;ke~ (Lopanasthâpanâbhyâ? ) Retention
12. foyksdue~ (Vilokana? ) By Mere Observation
13. xqf.krleqPp;% leqPp;xqf.kr% The Product of the Sum is the

(Gu?itasmuccaya? Samuccayagu?ita?) Sum of the Products.
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Terms and Operations
(a) Ekadhika means ‘one more’
e.g : Ekadhika of 0 is 1
Ekadhika of 1 is 2
Ekadhika of 7 is 8
Ekadhika of 27 is 28
Ekadhika of 245 is 246
(b) Ekanyuna means ‘one less’
e.g : Ekanyuna of 1 is 0
Ekanyuna of 2 is 1
Ekanyuna of 24 is 23
(c) Purak means ‘ complement’
e.g: Purak of 1 is 9
Purak of 2 is 8
Purak of 3 is 7
Purak of 4 is 6
Purak of 5 is 5 and Vice Versa
(d) Rekhank means ‘a digit with a bar on its top’. In other words it is a
negative number.
e.g : A bar on 8 is written as 8. It is called Rekhank 8 or bar 8. We treat
Purak as a Rekhank.
e.g : 8 is 2 and 2 is 8
At some instances we write negative numbers also with a bar on the
top of the numbers as -2 can be shown as 2. -45 can be shown as 45.
(e) Beejank : The Sum of the digits of a number is called Beejank. If the
addition is a two digit number, then these two digits are also to be
added up to get a single digit.
e.g: Beejank of 24 is 2 + 4 = 6
Beejank of 648 is 6 + 4 + 8 = 18, further 1 + 8 = 9
Easy way of finding Beejank :
beejank is unaffected if 9 is added to or subtracted from the number.
This nature of 9 helps in finding. Beejank very quickly, by cancelling
9 or the digits adding to 9 from the number.
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e.g. : Find the Beejank of 167432
As above we have to follow
167432---------- 1+6+7+4+3+2 ------- 23 -------- 2 + 3 ------- 5
But a quick look gives 6 & 3 ; 2&7 are to be ignored
because 6+3=9, 2+7=9. Hence remaining
1 + 4 --------- 5 is the beejank of 167432
(f) Vinculum : The numbers which by presentation contain both positive

and negative digits are called vinculum numbers.
Conversion of general numbers into vinculum numbers :
We obtain them by converting the digit which are 5 and above 5 or less
than 5 without changing the value of that number.
Consider a number say 7.(Note that it is greater than 5).
Use its complement (Purak-rekhank) from 10.
It is 3 in this case and add 1 to the left ( i.e. tens place) of 7.
Thus, 7 = 07 = 13
The number 1 contains both positive and negative digits.
i.e. 1 and 3. Here 3 is in units place, hence it is - 3 and value of 1 at tens
place is 10.
T O
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1 x 10 = 10
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Conveniently we can think and write in the following way
General Number Conversion Vinculum number
8 10-2 12
96 100-4 104
387 400-13 413 etc.
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Addition is the most basic operation and adding number1 to the previous number
generates all the numbers. The Sutra “By one more than the previous one describes the
generation of numbers from unity.
0+1=1 1+1=2 2+1=3
3+1=4 4+1=5 5+1=6
6+1=7 7+1=8 8+1=9 9 + 1 = 10 ......
Completing the whole method
The VEDIC Sutra ‘By the Deficiency’ relates our natural ability to see how much something
differs from wholeness.
7close to 10
8 close to 10
9 close to 10
17, 18, 19, are close to 20 20
27, 28, 29 are close to 30 10
19 11
37, 38, 39 are close to 40 9 1
47, 48, 49 are close to 50 18 8 2 12

57, 58, 59 are close to 60
67, 68, 69 are close to 70
17 7 3 13
77, 78, 79 are close to 80
87, 88, 89 are close to 90 6 4
16
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97, 98, 99 are close to 100 ................... 5
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and so on
We can use this closeness to find addition and subtraction.
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The Ten Point Circle 9 1
Rule : By completion non-completion

Five number pairs 8 2
1+9
2+8 7 3
3+7
4+6 6 4
5+5 5
Use these number pairs to make groups of ‘10’ when adding numbers.
Example : 37 + 33 = 30 + 7 + 30 +3 = 30+30+10
Adding a list of numbers
Below a multiple of ten Rule : By the deficiency
49 is close to 50 and is 1 short
38 is close to 40 and is 2 short.
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e.g. : 49 + 4 = 49 + 1 + 3 = 50 + 3 = 53
(49 is close to 50 and 1 short of 50, 49+1 = is 50)
e.g. : 28 + 14 = 28 + 2 + 12 = 30 + 12 = 42
or
28 + 14 = 30 + 14 - 2 = 42 (28 is close and is 2 short too of 30)
30 + 14 - 2
So, 44 - 2 = 42
e.g. : Add 49 + 6 = ?
49 is close to 50 and is 1 less then it. So we take 1 from the 6 to make up 50 and then
we have 5 more to add on which gives 55
Add
39 + 28 +3
39 + 1 + 28 + 2(As 3 = 1 + 2 and 39 + 1 = 40, 28 + 2 =30)
40 + 30 = 70 [Note: we break 3 into 1 + 2 because 39 need 1 to become 40
and 28 need 2 to become 30]
Add
49 + 8 + 1 + 4
49 + 8 + 1 + 2 + 2
50 + 10 + 2 =62
Sum of Ten
The ten point circle illustrates the pairs of numbers whose sum is 10.
Remember :
There are eight unique groups of three number that sum to10 for example 1 + 2 + 7 = 10
Can you find the other seven groups of three number summing to 10 as one example
given for you ?
Rule : By completion or non-completion
Look for number pairs that make a multiple of 10
7+6 + 3 +4
The list can be sequentially added as follows :
7 + 6 = 13 then 13 + 3 = 16 then 16 + 4 = 20
or
you could look for number pairs that make multiples of 10.
7 + 3 is 10 and 6 + 4 is 10
hence 10 + 10 is 20
Similarly : 78 + 14 + 63 + 12
=(78 + 12) + (14 + 3 + 60)
= 90 + 77 = 167
Example 10 10
8+7+9 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 +5 + 4
10 10
= 10 +1 0 + 10 + 10 + 5 = 45
This method can be easily used in commutative and associative property.
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Practice Sheet
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1. 5+23+1+7 = 21. 23+14+67+96=
2. 59+41+11+19 = 22. 64+53+16+37=
3. 43+16+27+24= 23. 79+28+11+82=
4. 23+45+27+25 = 24. 14+25+45+16=
5. 73+7+19+11 = 25. 15+71+65+19=
6. 24+12+8+6+13 = 26. 28+49+32+41=
7. 18+3+2+17 = 27. 39+66+41+34=
8. 27+7+33+23 = 28. 64+71+19+16=
9. 29+37+11+23 = 29. 72+45+28+55=
10. 42+51+19+18 = 30. 64+58+46+42=
11. 16+23+24+7= 31. 41+9+66+44=
12. 58+41+12+9 = 32. 66+73+34+27=
13. 35+14+16+25 = 33. 70+45+40+35=
14. 123+11+27 = 34. 41+47+39+53=
15. 223+130+27 = 35. 65+48+65+22=
16. 506+222+278= 36. 74+36+91+89=
1. 23+107+502+18 = 37. 193+147+204+106=
18. 542+143+245+104 = 38. 417+282+198+543=
19. 133+544+246+247= 39. 48+714+62+536=
20. 457+233+246+574 = 40. 89+646+71+144= 12

Chapter-2 Subtraction
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Sutra applied is Nikhila? Navataœcarama? Daœata?
This kind of subtraction is done when there are number of zeros in minuend.
eg. : u 1,00,000 Minuend

-72,354 Subtrahend
------------
27,646 difference
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We subtract unit digit of subtrahend from 10 and remaining from 9 till the
highest place of subtrahend here for eg. till ten thousand place.
From the remaining digit of places of minuend subtract 1.

Here for eg, remaining place is just lakhs and digit is 1 so 1-1 = 0
so the difference is 27646
eg. : v 50000
-433
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49567
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Here subtract unit place digit of subtrahend from 10 (10-3=7) And remaining
digits i.e. 4 & 3 from 9 (9-4=5; 9-3=6)
From the remaining digit of places of minuend. Here for eg. remaining
places are thousand and ten thousand subtract 1 and digits are 5 and 0
So 50 -1 = 49
So the difference is 49567
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Practice Sheet
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1. 100 - 37= 21. 1.000 - 0.764=
2. 1000 - 283= 22. 2.0 - 0.672=
3. 100 - 81= 23. 3.0 - 1.282=
4. 5000 - 898= 24. 10.00 - 0.998=
5. 10000 - 3725= 25. 90.000 - 1.7312=
6. 40000 - 3888= 26. 98.000 - 3.255=
7. 10000 - 5328= 27. 2.00 - 1.3628=
8. 200 - 63= 28. 55.00 - 14.3827=
9. 3000 - 63= 29. 277000 - 277=
10. 90000 - 36= 30. 500000 - 433=
11. 100 - 57= 31. 1.000 - 0.364=
12. 1000 - 275= 32. 2.0 - 0.652=
13. 100 - 78= 33. 3.0 - 1.588=
14. 5000 - 4521= 34. 10.- 0.561=
15. 10000 - 8881= 35. 80.000 - 1.7232=
16. 40000 - 5555= 36. 89.000 - 13.255=
17. 10000 - 635= 37. 2.00 - 1.2328=
18. 200 - 163= 38. 55.00 - 13.2427=
19. 3000 - 1336= 39. 277000 - 544=
20. 80000 - 6554= 40. 500000 - 5522=

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What is vinculum ?
Vinculum : The numbers which by presentation contain both, positive and negative digits
are called vinculum numbers.
Use of Vinculum in Vedic Maths : It is used to represent negative digit in Vedic Maths.
It helps to show mixed digits i.e.+ ve in one place and-ve in the other.
Advantages of using vinculum :
(1) It gives us flexibility, we use the vinculum when it suits us.
(2) Large numbers like 6, 7, 8, 9 can be converted to smaller digits.
(3) Figures tend to cancel each other or can be made to cancel.
(4) 0 and 1 occur twice as frequently as they otherwise would.
(5) Borrowing can be avoided
Converting from positive to vinculum form :
Sutras : (Nikhila? Navataœcarama? Daœata?) & (Ekâdhikena Pûrve?a) (All from 9 and
last from 10) and (One more than the previous one).
9=1 1 (i.e. 9 -10), 8 = 12, 7 = 13, 6 = 14, 19 = 21, 29 = 31

28 = 32, 36 = 44, 38 = 42
Step to convert from positive to vinculum form :

(1) Find out the digits that are to be converted.
(2) Apply “all from 9 and last from 10” on those digits.
(3) To end the conversions “add one to the previous digit”.
(4) Repeat this as many times in the same number as necessary.
Consider a number say 7.(Note that it is greater than 5).

Use it complement (Purak-rekhank) from 10.
It is 3 in this case and add 1 to the left ( i.e. tens place) of 7.
Thus, 7 = 07 = 13
The number 13 contains both positive and negative digits i.e. 1 and 3.
Here 3 is in unit place hence it is - 3 and value of 1 at tens place is 10.
T O
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3x1 = -3
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1 x 10 = 10
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Conveniently we can think and write in the following way
General Number Conversion Vinculum number
8 10-2 12
96 100-4 104
387 400-13 413 etc. 15
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Change units digit into a vinculum.
X̄ means negative X, for the purpose of subtraction and division in Vedic Mathematics.
If you want to vinculate unit digit of a number then subtract that number from 10 and put
the bar on number obtained (i.e find its Purak-Rekhank). Then after that add 1 to tens
place digit.
eg. : 58 = 62̄ (8-10 = 2̄ )
(5+1 =6)
287 = 293̄ (7-10 = ¯)3
(28+1 = 29)
¯)
394 = 406 (4-10 = ¯)
6
(39+1 = 40)
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If you want to vinculute all digit except first then subtract 10 from unit place digit and 9
from remaining except the highest place digit.
Add 1 to highest place digit.
eg. : 38673 = 4 ¯
1 ¯
3 ¯
2 ¯
7 ¯)
(3-10=7
¯
(7-9=2)
¯
(6-9=3)
¯
(8-9=1)
(3+1=4¯) Zero is neither positive nor
negative it can be written
without bar in both cases
eg. : 2907 = 3 0 ¯
9 ¯
3 ¯
(7-10=3)
¯
(0-9=9)
(9-9=0) or (29+1 =30)
(2+1=3)
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Steps to convert from vinculum to positive form :

(1) Find out the digits that are to be converted i.e. digits with a bar on top.
(2) Apply “all from 9 and the last from 10” on those digits
(3) To end the conversion apply “one less than the previous digit”
(4) Repeat this as many times in the same number as necessary
If you want to devinculate unit place. Subtract unit place from 10 and write the number
obtained without bar and subtract 1 from remaining digits.
¯ = 49
eg. : 51 (10-1 = 9)
(5-1 =4)
¯ = 228
eg.: 232 (10-2 = 8) 16
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If you want to devinculate, all digits except the first, then subtract units digit from 10
and remaining except highest place digit from 9. Write all numbers without bars.
Now subtract 1 from the highest place digit.
eg. : 9 ¯
3 ¯9 ¯8 = 8602 (10-8=2)
(9-9=0)
(9-3=6)
(9-1=8)
If you want to devinculate a number which is without bar at tens place again a number
with bar on hundreds place and thousands place without bar. In such case subtract units
place number from 10 and subtract 1 from tens place number again subtract hundred
place number from 10 and subtract 1 from thousands place.
eg. : 6 ¯
3 1¯
2 = 5708 (10-2=8)
(1-1=0)
(10-3=7)
(6-1=5)
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Do subtraction at every place and get the respective answer with sign (Minuend-
subtrahend). For every negative digit put bar on it. Thus, the answer will come in mixed
form that is positive & negative digits together. Now devinculate the answer.
eg. : 7328 (8-1=2 )

-1 9 3 1 ¯)
(3-2=1
---------- ¯)
(9-3=6
6¯6¯ 17 (7-1=6 )
-----------
Devinculate 6 ¯ 6¯
17 = 5397 (7 as it is)
(10-1=9)
(9-6=3)
(6-1=5)
Here’s the answer 7328- 1931 = 5397
17
Practice Sheet
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1. 39 = 11. 37= 1. 297= 11. 277 =
2. 48 = 12. 48= 2. 376 = 12. 276 =
3. 28= 13. 88= 3. 487= 13 . 387 =
4. 18= 14. 99= 4. 598= 14. 498 =
5. 58= 15. 18 = 5. 688= 15. 1809=
6. 79= 16. 29= 6. 2768= 16. 2708=
7. 58= 17. 68 = 7. 28677= 17. 3568 =
8. 43= 18. 78= 8. 3768= 18. 19677 =
8. 27= 19. 98= 9. 2607 = 19. 48677 =
10. 25= 20. 38 = 10. 3708 = 20. 58687=
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1. 47= 11. 37 = 21. 511= 31. 321=
2. 32= 12. 42 = 22. 632= 32. 532=
3. 74 = 13. 64 = 23. 421= 33. 361=
4. 51= 14. 41 = 24. 742= 34. 672=
5. 21 = 15. 24 = 25. 824= 35. 774=
6. 73= 16. 53 = 26. 613= 36. 568=
7. 63 = 17. 64 = 27. 501= 37. 6112=
8. 24 = 18. 88 = 28. 432= 38. 6223=
9. 81 = 19. 84 = 29. 578= 39. 6312=
10. 84 = 20. 47= 30. 333= 40. 5223=
18
Practice Sheet
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1. 4121-2787= 21. 543-171=
2. 5432-1567= 22. 3555-613=
3. 6000-4872= 23. 8775-1885=
4. 5132-1763= 24. 4775-1886=
5. 33221-17682= 25. 8625-3736=
6. 7231-6452= 26. 2311-1881=
7. 8181-6282= 27. 643-171=
8. 4242-1353= 28. 4513-1515=
9. 4327-1515= 29. 3201-1881=
10. 3672-1881= 30. 4346-2854=
11. 4848-2854= 31. 5252-2353=
12. 4750-281= 32. 6132-2763=
13. 6843-181= 33. 7000-3872=
14. 7843-181= 34. 4221-2787=
15. 8684-3526= 35. 7328-1831=
16. 7864-2288= 36. 8241-4341=
17. 2354-1068= 37. 8730-1820=
18. 3546-1378= 38. 7564-1289=
19. 2454-1268= 39. 6884-3726=
20. 7564-1288= 40. 5713-1515= 19

Chapter-3 Digit Sum
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The word digit means a single figure of a number. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
0 are all digits. Big numbers can be reduced to single digit by adding the constituents.
Digit Sums
A digit sum is the sum of all the digits of a number and is found by adding all of the
digits of a number.
The digit sum of 35 is 3+5 = 8
The digit sum of 142 is 1+4+2 = 7
Note: If the sum of the digits is greater than 9, then sum the digits of the
result again, until the result is less than 10.
The digit sum of 57 is 5 + 7 = 12 à 1 + 2 = 3 greater than 9, so need to add again
Hence, the digit sum of 57 is 3
The digit sum of 687 is 6+8+7 = 21 à 2+1 = 3
Hence, the digit sum of 687 is 3
? Keep finding the digit sum of the result, until it is less than 10
? 0 and 9 are equivalent
Look and understand some more examples:
To find the digit sum of 18, add 1 and 8, i. e. 1+8 = 9. So the digit sum of 18 is 9. And
the digit sum of 234 is 9 because 2+3+4 = 9
Following table shows the digit sum of the following numbers:
15 6
12 3
42 6
17 8
21 3
45 9
300 3
1412 8
23 5
22 4
Sometimes, two steps are needed to find the digit sum.
So, for the digit sum of 29, we add 2+9 = 11. Since 11 is 2 digit number, we again find
digit sum, i. e. add 1+1 = 2
So, for the digit sum of 29, we can write
29 = 2+9 = 11 = 1+1 = 2
Similarly digit sum of 49 = 4+9 = 13 = 1+3 = 4
So the digit sum of 49 is 4.
Number 14 Digit sum 1+4 = 5 Single digit sum is 5
19 1+9 = 10 1
39 3+9 = 12 3
58 5+8 = 13 4
407 4+0+7 = 11 2 20
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Adding 9 to a number does not affect its digit sum
So, 5, 59, 95, 959 all have same digit sum of 5.
For example, to find out the digit sum of 4939, we can cast out 9s and just add 3 and
4. So the digit sum is 7 or using 4+9+3+9 = 25 2+5 = 7
There is another way of casting out the 9s from number when you are finding its digit
sum.
Casting out 9s and digit totaling 9 comes under the Sutra “ When samuccaya is the
same, it is zero.”
Observe in 465, 4 & 5 addition is 9, they are cast out and the digit sum becomes 6.
When the total is the same (as 9) it is zero (can be cast out), cancelling a common
factor in a fraction is another example.
Number Digit Sum
1326 3
25271 8
9643 4
23674 4
128541 3
1275 6
6317892 9 or 0
27
18
26 19
9
17 10
8 1
25
16
20
7
11
2
Nine Point Circle

6
3
15
12
24
21
5 4
14
13
23 22
Number at each point on the circle have the same digit sum. By casting out 9s, finding
a digit sum can be done more quickly and mentally.
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Digit sum can be used to check whether the answers are correct.
Example: Solve 23 + 21 and check the answer using the digit sums
23 = digit sum of 23 is 2+3 = 5
+21 = digit sum of 21 is 2+1 = 3
44 = digit sum of 44 is 4+4 = 8
If the sum has been done correctly, the digit sum of the question and answer should
also be same, i. e. 8.
21
Digit sum of 44 = 8, so according to this check method, the answer is correct.
There are 4 steps to use digit sum to check the answers:

1. Do the question.
2. Write down the digit sums of the numbers in the question.
3. Add the digit sum
4. Check whether the two answers are same in digit sums.
If the digit sums are same, then the answer is correct.
Add 278 and 119 and check the answer.
278
+119
397
1. We get 397 for the answer.
2. We find the digit sum of 278 and 119 which are 8 & 2 respectively.
3. Adding 8 and 2 gives 10, digits sum of 10 = 1+0 = 1
4. Digit sum of 397 is
3+9+7 = 19 1+9 = 10 = 1+0 = 1
This confirms that the answer is correct.
CAUTION:
Check the following sum:

279 2+7+9=18 1+8=9 9
+121 1+2+1=4 +4
490 4+9+0=13 1+3=4 13
Here, an estimation can help you, to find the result more accurate. If by mistake, you
write 400 in place of 490, then also it will show that the result is correct.
The check is 9+4 = 13 = 4, which is same as the digit sum of the answer which
confirms the answer.
However, if we check the addition of the original number, we will find that it is correct.
This shows that the digit sum does not always find errors. It usually works but not
always.
Note : The difference of 9 and its multiples in the answer make errors.
So, keep in mind a rough estimation.
22
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Digit sum puzzles

1. The digit sums of a two digit number is 8 and figures are the same, what is the
number?
2. The digit sums of a two digit number is 9 and the first figure is twice the second,
what is it?
3. Give three 2 digit numbers that have a digit sum of 3.
4. A two digit number has a digit sum of 5 and the figures are the same. What is
the number?
5. Use casting out 9s to find the digit sum of the following numbers:
Numbers
465
274
3456
7819
86753
4017
59
6. Add the following and check your answer using digit sum check:
(1) 66+77 = (2) 94+89 =
(3) 787+132 = (4) 5131+5432 =
(5) 57+34 = (6) 304+233 =
(7) 389+414 = (8) 456+654 =
23
Chapter-4 Multiplication
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Sub Sutra applied is Ânurûpye?a
Application of sutra is very easy, we just have to add digits in pairs. Only addition is
required and no need to learn the table of 11. We call this rule as Naught Sandwich.
Naught means zero.
I) Step-1 Make sandwich of multiplicand between single zeroe.
0 2314 0
x11
----------------
Step-2 Add the numbers in pairs from right to left
u02314+0 (0+4=4) àv0231+40 (1+4=5)

x11 x11
----------- -----------
4 54
w 023+140 (1+3=4) àx
02+3140 (2+3=5)
x11 x11
----------- -----------
454 5454
0+23140 (0+2=2)
x11
----------------
25454 Here’s your answer 2314 x 11 =25454
ii) When sum of any two digits pair of multiplicand is a two digit number.
Step 1 & step 2 are same as above but when the sum of two digits of multiplicand add
up to two digits, then carry the ten's place number and add to the next digit
u02824+0 (0+4=4) àv
0282+40 (2+4=6)
x11 x11
----------- -----------
4 64
w 028+240 (8+2=10) àx02+8240 (8+2+1=11)

x11 x11
----------- -----------
1064 1 1034
y 0+28240 (0+2+1=3)
x11
----------------
31064 Here’s your answer 2824 x 11 = 31064
24
For two digit number
Example 1 : 43 x 11
Short cut method for two digit number
43
x11
u
Write ones place of digit on ones place. v
Tens place digit on hundreds place
43 43
x11 x11
3 4 3
w
Now add the two digit of multiplicand & write the sum of digits at tens place
43 (4 +3 = 7)
x11
473
So, 43 x 11 = 473
b. Multiplication by 22 to 99 ( Multiples of 11)

Multiples mean numbers appearing in table of 11
Step-1 Find out the rank of multiple of 11 (eg. 22 is 2nd multiple or 88 is 8th multiple)
and multiply the multiplicand with the number of rank, then apply the rule for 11
Example- 45 x 22
u45 (45x2=90) v090+0 (0+0 = 0)
x 22 x11
45x 2 = 90 0
w0 9+00 (9+0 = 9) x0 + 900 (0+9 = 9)

x11 x11
90 990 Ans. 990
Example 45 x 33
u45 (45x3=135) v0135+0 (5+0 = 0)
x 33 x11
45x 3 = 135 5
w0 13+50 (3+5 = 8) x0 1+350 (1+3 = 4)

x11 x11
85 485
0 +1350 (0+1 = 1)
x11
1485
Ans. 1485 25
Practice Sheet
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1. 45 x 11 = 18. 92 x 11 = 35. 919 x 11 =
2. 99 x 11 = 19. 84 x 11 = 36. 411 x 11 =
3. 67 x 11 = 20. 75 x 11 = 37. 624 x 11 =
4. 84 x 11 = 21. 33 x 11 = 38. 458 x 11 =
5. 82 x 11 = 22. 86 x 11 = 39. 325 x 11 =
6. 72 x 11 = 23. 79 x 11 = 40. 420 x 11 =
7. 95 x 11 = 24. 69 x 11 = 41. 165 x 11 =
8. 63 x 11 = 25. 38 x 11 = 42. 198 x 11 =
9. 28 x 11 = 26. 234 x 11 = 43. 385 x 11 =
10. 59 x 11 = 27. 432 x 11 = 44. 658 x 11 =
11. 39 x 11 = 28. 562 x 11 = 45. 628 x 11 =
12. 48 x 11 = 29. 298 x 11 = 46. 255 x 11 =
13. 23 x 11 = 30. 325 x 11 = 47. 866 x 11 =
14. 68 x 11 = 31. 628 x 11 = 48. 719 x 11 =
15. 79 x 11 = 32. 728 x 11 = 49. 451 x 11 =
16. 62 x 11 = 33. 955 x 11 = 50. 824 x 11 =
17. 81 x 11 = 34. 826 x 11 =
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1. 35 x 22 = 18. 64 x 33 = 35. 345 x 77 =
2. 68 x 44 = 19. 78 x 66 = 36. 245 x 88 =
3. 25 x 55 = 20. 86 x 77 = 37. 632 x 22 =
4. 54 x 77 = 21. 94 x 22 = 38. 163 x 66 =
5. 42 x 33 = 22. 67 x 88 = 39. 226 x 77 =
6. 56 x 99 = 23. 91 x 55 = 40. 125 x 66 =
7. 61 x 66 = 24. 85 x 99 = 41. 232 x 77 =
8. 58 x 77 = 25. 48 x 77 = 42. 642 x 44 =
9. 89 x 44 = 26. 672 x 44 = 43. 628 x 88 =
10. 76 x 88 = 27. 581 x 66 = 44. 921 x 99 =
11. 52 x 22 = 28. 114 x 88 = 45. 324 x 55 =
12. 65 x 44 = 29. 324 x 22 = 46. 652 x 44 =
13. 96 x 55 = 30. 546 x 33 = 47. 351 x 33 =
14. 28 x 99 = 31. 153 x 55 = 48. 457 x 77 =
15. 35 x 66 = 32. 424 x 66 = 49. 894 x 22 =
16. 42 x 44 = 33. 561 x 44 = 50. 586 x 55 =
17. 35 x 55 = 34. 632 x 22 = 26
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Sutra applied is Sopântyadvayamantya?

Using the sutra which says that the ultimate and twice the penultimate, we can solve the
multiplication by 12. Using same pattern, we can solve the multiplication by of 13,
14........19.
Step-1 Sandwich the multiplicand between single zero
0 1235 0
x12
----------------
Step-2 Multiply every number of multiplicand by 2 from right to left and add it to
the number following it.
u
0 1 2 3 5+0x
(2x5+0=10) à
v0 1 2 3+5
x
0 (2x3=6+5=11+1=12)
x1 2 x1 2
----------- -----------
10 120
w0 1 2+3 5 0 (2x2 =4+3=7+1=8) à

x0 1+2 3 5 0 (2x1=2+2=4)
x x
x1 2 x1 2
----------- --------------
820 4820
y0+1235 0 (0x2=0 +1=1)

x
x1 2
----------------
Note : If the answer after product and addition, in any step is 2 digit number, then
10s place digit is carry forward to next higher place digit
For any number between 12 to 19 same procedure will apply: In step 2
multiplication of number will change. The given multiplicand would be
multiplied by 3 in case of 13 ; 4 is case of 14 and so on till 19.
eg. 1235x 15
u
0 1 2 3 5+0
x
5x5+0=25 àv
0 1 2 3+50
x
(5x3=15+5=20)
x15 x15 (20+2)
----------- -----------
25 225
w
0 1 2+35 0
x
(5x2=10+3=13) àx
0 1+2 x3 5 0 (5x1=5+2=7)
x15 (13+2) x15 (7+1)
----------- -----------
1525 8525
y
0+1 2 3 5 0 (5x0=0+1=1)
x
x15
----------------
18525 Here’s your answer 1235 x 15 =18525
27
Practice Sheet
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1. 23 x 12 = 20. 55 x 15 = 39. 290 x 15 =
2. 32 x 13 = 21. 82 x 16 = 40. 817 x 17 =
3. 52 x 14 = 22. 38 x 17 = 41. 728 x 16 =
4. 46 x 15 = 23. 49 x 18 = 42. 179 x 19 =
5. 44 x 16= 24. 58 x 19 = 43. 348 x 18 =
6. 56 x 17 = 25. 79 x 12 = 44. 235 x 12 =
7. 19 x 18 = 26. 52 x 14 = 45. 584 x 13 =
8. 39 x 19 = 27. 86 x 13 = 46. 643 x 14 =
9. 79 x 12 = 28. 99 x 15 = 47. 223 x 12 =
10. 86 x 13 = 29. 97 x 16 = 48. 437 x 16 =
11. 74 x14 = 30. 89 x 17 = 49. 217 x 18 =
12. 83 x 15 = 31. 65 x 18 = 50. 856 x 13 =
13. 29 x 16 = 32. 74 x 19 =
14. 37 x 17 = 33. 44 x 16 =
15. 54 x 18 = 34. 76 x 12 =
16. 73 x 19 = 35. 168 x 13 =
17. 28 x 12 = 36. 124 x 15 =
18. 45 x 13 = 37. 217 x 17 =
19. 64 x 14 = 38. 661 x 14 =
28
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Concept : Double Naught Sandwich
Step-I Sandwich the mulitlplicand between two zeroes 1348 x 111 =
00 1348 00
x111
-----------------
Step-II Add three digits in groups from right to left.
u001348+0+0 (0+0+8=8) àv
00134+8+00 (0+8+4=12)
x111 x111
----------- -----------
8 128
w
0013+4+800 (8+4+3=15) àx
001+3+4800 (1+3+4=8)
x111 (15+1=16 x111 (8+1)
----------- -----------
1628 9628
y
00+1+34800 (0+1+3=4) z 0+0+134800 (0+0+1=1)
x111 x111
---------------- ----------------
49628 149628
Here’s your answer 1348 x 111 = 149628
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Step-1 Find out the rank of multiple of 111 and multiply it with the
multiplicand
(eg. 222 is 2nd multiple & 444 is 4th multiple)
1348 1348x 2 = 2696
x222
----------------
2696
Step-2 Now apply the concept of 111 on it. Add three digits of multiplicand in groups.
u
002696+0+0 (0+0+6=6) àv
00269+6+00 (0+6+9=15)
x111 x111
----------- -----------
6 156
w
0026+9+600 (6+9+6=21) àx
002+6+9600 (9+6+2=17)
x111 (21+1=22) x111 (17+2-19)
----------- -----------
2256 19256
y
00+2+69600 (6+2+0=8) z 0+0+269600 (0+0+2=2)
x111 (8+1) x111
---------------- ----------------
99256 299256
--------------
Here’s your answer 1348 x 222 = 299256 29
Practice Sheet
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1. 41 x 111 = 18. 47 x 111 = 35. 929 x 111 =
2. 92 x 111 = 19. 84 x 111 = 36. 566 x 111 =
3. 67 x 111 = 20. 75 x 111 = 37. 627 x 111 =
4. 82 x 111 = 21. 43 x 111 = 38. 258 x 111 =
5. 85 x 111 = 22. 86 x 111 = 39. 385 x 111 =
6. 72 x 111 = 23. 99 x 111 = 40. 865 x 111 =
7. 45 x 111 = 24. 65 x 111 = 41. 365 x 111 =
8. 63 x 111 = 25. 98 x 111 = 42. 188 x 111 =
9. 58 x 111 = 26. 254 x 111 = 43. 175 x 111 =
10. 89 x 111 = 27. 437 x 111 = 44. 898 x 111 =
11. 34 x 111 = 28. 568 x 111 = 45. 428 x 111 =
12. 68 x 111 = 29. 398 x 111 = 46. 253 x 111 =
13. 21 x 111 = 30. 825 x 111 = 47. 867 x 111 =
14. 74 x 111 = 31. 668 x 111 = 48. 794 x 111 =
15. 56 x 111 = 32. 328 x 111 = 49. 478 x 111 =
16. 62 x 111 = 33. 965 x 111 = 50. 825 x 111 =
17. 86 x 111 = 34. 826 x 111 =
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1. 37 x 222 = 18. 64 x 333 = 35. 345 x 777 =
2. 67 x 444 = 19. 78 x 666 = 36. 245 x 888 =
3. 28 x 555 = 20. 86 x 777 = 37. 632 x 222 =
4. 34 x 777 = 21. 94 x 222 = 38. 163 x 666 =
5. 47 x 333 = 22. 67 x 888 = 39. 226 x 777 =
6. 86 x 999 = 23. 91 x 555 = 40. 125 x 666 =
7. 62 x 666 = 24. 85 x 999 = 41. 232 x 777 =
8. 58 x 777 = 25. 48 x 777 = 42. 642 x 444 =
9. 84 x 444 = 26. 672 x 444 = 43. 628 x 888 =
10. 96 x 888 = 27. 581 x 666 = 44. 921 x 999 =
11. 52 x 222 = 28. 114 x 888 = 45. 432 x 555 =
12. 65 x 444 = 29. 324 x 222 = 46. 652 x 444 =
13. 96 x 555 = 30. 546 x 333 = 47. 351 x 333 =
14. 28 x 999 = 31. 153 x 555 = 48. 457 x 777 =
15. 35 x 666 = 32. 424 x 666 = 49. 894 x 222 =
16. 42 x 444 = 33. 561 x 444 = 50. 586 x 555 =
17. 35 x 555 = 34. 632 x 222 = 30
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Sutra applied is Nikhila? Navataœcarama? Daœata? and Sub Sutra
Ânurûpye?a
A Base is a number followed by zeros (0) eg: 10, 20, 100, 500, 1000, 10000
A) Below Base-10
Step-1 Write down the number with the negative sign

9 -1 (1 below base i.e.1 deficiency)
x 9 -1 (1 less than 10)
------
Step-2 Multiply the deficiencies and write the product at one’s place
9 -1 (-1 x -1=1)
x9 -1
------
1
Step-3 Add the numbers diagonally or cross addition and write the sum on ten’s place
(both addition will give same answer.)
9 -1 9+ (-1) =8
x9 -1
------
81 Here’s your answer 9x9= 81
------
E
In case If the number obtained in step 2 is double digit then we carry forward the
subscript and add it to next place digit in next step after cross addition.
7 -3 (-3 x -4= 12)

x6 -4
------
12
Cross addition.
7 -3 [7+(-4)+1 =4]
x6 -4 [6+(-3)+1=4]
------
42 Here’s your answer 7 x 6= 4
------
B) Below Base 20-90
Step 1 Write down the numbers with negative sign after subtracting the given number
from 20,30, 40 & 50..... till 90 according to the base Add the numbers diagonally
and write the answer on tens and hundreds places.
eg. u19 -1 (1 below base 20 i.e.1 deficiency)
x18 -2 (2 below base 20 i.e. 2 deficiency)
-------
31
Step 2 Multiply the deficiencies and write the product on one’s place.
eg. u 19 -1 (-1 x -2 =2)
x 18 -2
--------
2
Step 3 : Add the number diagonally or cross addition (both additions will give the same
number). Now multiply the sum with the first digit of base number i.e. by 2 for 20
base, by 3 for 30 base by 4 for 40 base and so on.
eg.u 19 -1 [{19+ (-2)} x 2]

x 18 -2 [{18+ (-1)} x 2]
------- (=34)
342
E
In case of step 2 if product obtained is 2 digit number then write ten’s place digit
as subscript and later add it, in step 3 after cross addition.
eg: 17 x 16
Step-2 17 -3 Step-3 17 -3 [(17 + (-4)] x2

16 - 4 x16 -4 = (17-4) x 2
---------- ------- = 13 x 2 = 26
12 272 = 26+1 =27
------
Here’s your answer 17 x 16= 272
C) Below Base-100
Step-1 Write down the deficiency with -ve sign .
99 -01 (01 below base 100 i.e.1 deficiency)
x 98 -02 (02 below base 100 i.e.1 deficiency)
----------
Step-2 Multiply the deficiencies and write down the product on one’s and ten’s place.
99 -01
x 98 -02
----------
02
Step-3 Add the number diagonally or cross addition and write the sum on hundred’s
and thousand’s places (Both additions will give same result)
99 -1 [99+(-2)= 97]
x 98 -2 [98+ (-1)=97]
----------
9702
-----------
32
E In case the product obtained in step 2 is three digit number then write the hundred’s
place number as subscript. . After addition in step 3, add the number written as
subscript to obtain the answer.
eg. 90 x 98
Step-2 90 -10 Step-3 90 -10 i) -10 x(-12) =120
X 98 -12 X 98 -12 ii) 90+(-12) = 78
------------ ------------ [78+1= 79]
120 7920
------------ ------------
D) Below Base 200-900

Step-1 Write down the deficiency with -ve sign .
u298 -02 v 596 -04 (600-596)
X 295 -05 x 594 -06 (600-594)
--------- -------------
Step-2 Multiply the deficiencies numbers and write the product on one’s & ten’s place
as base is of 100
u298 -02 (-2x-5)=10 v 596 -04 (-4 x-6) =24
X 295 -05 x 594 -06
----------- ------------
10 24
------------ -----------
Step-3 Add the numbers diagonally or cross addition. Multiply the sum with base
highest place digits 2 for 200, 3 for 300 etc and write the answer on hundred
thousand and ten thousand place.
u298 -02 [298+ (-5) =293] v 596 -04 [596+ (-6)=590]
X 295 -05 (293 x 3) Base of 300 X 594 -06 (590 x 6)B ase of 600
-------------- --------------
87910 354024
-------------- --------------
Here’s your answer 298 X 295 = 87910
596 X 594 = 354024
E In Case in step 2 if the product is 3 digit number then write the hundred’s place
digit as subscript and after performing step-3 add the number. Now write it on
hundreds, thousand and & ten thousands place.
eg. 290 x 289
Step-2 290 -10 Step-3 290 -10 (I) [( -10) x (-11) = 110)]
x289 -11 x289 -11 (ii) 289+(-10) = 279
-------- ---------- (iii) 279x3 = 837
11 0 83810 (iv) 837 + 1 = 838
-------- ----------
33
E) Above Base 10
Step 1 Write down the surplus with + ve sign after
eg. : 11 + 1 (1 above base 10 i.e. 1 surplus)
x12 + 2 (2 above base 10 i.e. 2 surplus)
------
Step-2 Multiply the surplus numbers and write the product on one’s place.
11 +1 (1 x 2)
x12 +2
--------
2
Step-3 Add the numbers diagonally or cross addition and write the answer on tens and
hundreds place.
11 +1 11+ 2 = 13
x12 + 2 12 +1 = 13
-----------
E
In case number obtained in step 2 is two digit number then write the ten’s place digit
as subscript. After performing step 3 add the subscript digit and write the answer
on tens and hundreds place. eg. : 14 x 14
Step-2 14 +4 Step-3 14 +4 (I) 4x4 = 16

14 +4 x14 + 4 (ii) 14+4 = 18
----------- ------------ iii) 18+1 = 19
16 196
------------
F) Above Base 20-90

Step-1 Write down the surplus with +ve sign.
eg: u 21 +1 (I above base 20 i.e. 1 surplus ) v 42 + 2

x 23 +3 (3 above base 20 i.e. 3 surplus ) x 42 + 2
--------- --------
Step-2 Multiply the surplus numbers and write down the product at one’s place.
eg: u 21 +1 (1X 3=3 ) v 42 + 2 (2X2 =4)

x 23 +3 x 42 + 2
--------- ---------
3 4
--------- ---------
Step-3 Add the number diagonally or cross addition, then multiply the sum by bases
(2, 3, 4 etc) and write the answer at tens and hundreds place.
u 21 +1 (23+1=24) v 42 + 2 (42+2=44)
x 23 +3 (24x2=48) X 42 + 2 (44x4=176)
--------- ----------
483 1764
-------- ----------
Here’s your answer (a) 21 x 23 = 483 (b) 42 x 44 = 1764
34
E
In case the product obtained in step 2 is two digit number then write the ten’s place
number as subscript. After Step 3 Add the subscript digit to answer and write then
on ten’s & hundreds place.
eg. 25 x 24
25 +5 (i) 5x4 = 20
x 24 +4 (ii) 25 +4 = 29
-------- (iii) 29 x 2 = 58
600 (iv) 58 +2 = 60
—------
G) Above Base 100
Step-1 Write down the surplus [in two digit] with +ve sign.
eg: 101 +01 (I above base 100 i.e. 1 surplus )
x103 +03 (3 above base 100 i.e. 3 surplus )
----------
Step-2 Multiply the surplus numbers and write down the product at one’s and ten’s place
as base is of 100.
101 +01 (01x03= 03)
x 103 +03
----------
03
Step-3 Add the numbers diagonally cross addition and write down answer at hundred,
thousand and tens thousand place.
101 +01 (101+3 = 104)
x103 +03
-----------
10403
E
In case the product obtained in step 2 is three digit number then write the hundred
place digit as subscript and after obtaining answer in step 3 add that subscript digit.
eg. 110 x 111
110 + 10 (I) 10 x11 = 110
x111 + 11 (ii) 110+11 = 121
----------- (iii) 121+1 = 122
12210
35
H) Above Base 200-900
Step-1 Write down the surplus with +ve sign.
eg. u 205 +05 (205-200=05) v 507 + 07 (507-500=07)
x206 +06 (206-200=06) x508 + 08 (508-500=08)
Step-2 Multiply the surplus numbers and write the product on ones and tens place.
u 205 + 05 (5x6 =30) v 507 + 07 (7x8 =56)
x 206 + 06 x 508 + 08
-------- --------
30 56
Step-3 Add the number diagonally or cross addition and multiply the sum with respective
bases (2,3,4,.....9)
u 205 +05 (i) 205 +6= 211 v 507 +07 (i) (507+8=515)
x 206 +06 (ii) 211 x2= 422 x 508 +08 (ii) (515x5=2575)
------------ ------------
42230 257556
------------ ------------
Here’s your answer 205 x 206 = 42230 507 x 508 = 257556
EIn case the answer obtained in step-2 is 3 digit number then add hundred’s place
digit to answer obtained in step-3.
eg. 310 +10 (i) 10 x 12 =120

x 312 +12 (ii) 310 + 12 = 322
----------- (iii) 322 x 3 = 966
96720 (iv) 966 + 1 = 967
-----------
Here is your answer 310 x 312 = 96720
E In case of Base above or below 1000 same procedure will follow except after
multiplication in step 2 answer will be written at three places since in thousand
three zeros are there. Similarly for bases above or below 10,000 answer of
multiplication will be written at four places.
eg. : 999 -001 i) (-001) x (-002) = 002
x 998 -002 ii) 999 + (-002) = 997
-----------
997002
-------------
1005 + 005 i) 005 x 102 = 510
x 1102 + 102 ii) 1005+102 = 1107
--------------
1107510
---------------
36
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Step-1 Write the number with the + ve sign which is surplus and write the number with
-ve sign which is deficit.
eg. : 105 +05 (05 above base 100 then 100 i.e. 5 surplus )
x95 -05 ((05 below base 100 then 100 i.e. 5 deficiency) )
--------
Step-2 Multiply the surplus and deficit. Since the result of multiplication is -ve number.
Write the product using vinculum
eg.: 105 +05 [(+5) x (-5) = 25)]

x95 -05
--------
25
as base is 100 so we write product at two places.
Step-3 Add the number diagonally or cross addition and write the answer at ones &
tens places.
eg.: 105 +05 (105+(-05) = 100)

x95 -05 (95 + 05 =100)
--------
10025
--------
Step-3 Devinculate the number 10025 (by using all from 9 and last from 10) = 9975
Example : 103 x 98
Step 1 : Here, Base is 100
103 + 03 (03 above base i.e. 3 surplus) (i) 03 x -02 = 06
97 - 02 (02 below base i.e. 2 deficiency) (ii) 103 + (-02) = 101
-------------
10106
-------------
Now Devinculate 10106 = 10094
37
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eg 1 : 104 x 11
Step 1 Vertical Multiplication (multiplication of surplus)
for 104, base is 100 & surplus is 4
for 11, base is 10 & surplus is 1
The digits in the lower base is one, so digits permitted in second part of answer [i.e.
product of surplus] is only one.
104 + 04
x 11 + 1
---------
4
Step 2 : Do cross - addition [only of higher base number and surplus of lower base
number].
104
+10 (one zero is attached with surplus as number of digits in higher base is one more)
114 (again take care to line the numbers properly, so as to get 114 i.e. First
part of answer)
104 + 04
X11 + 1
-----------
1444
Checking :
104 = 1 + 4 = 5, 11 = 1+1 = 2
LHS = 5 x 2 = 10 = 1 + 0 = 1
RHS = 1144 = 1+1+4+4 = 10 = 1+0 = 1
: LHS = RHS, so answer is correct
eg 2 10006 x 1002
Now doing the question directly
10006 + 0006 = (base 10000)
x 1002 + 002 = (base 1000)
012 (Three digits are permitted as per our method for second part)
For first part of the answer we will do cross addition
10006
+0020
----------
10026 So the required Answer to question 10006x 1002=10026012
--------
Checking = 10006 = 1+ 6 = 7, 1002 = 1+2 = 3
LHS = 7 x 3 = 21 = 2 + 1 = 3
RHS = 10026012 = 1+ 2 + 6 + 1 + 2 = 12 = 1+ 2 = 3
AS LHS = RHS so answer is correct 38
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eg. 97 x 9
97 - Here base is 100 and deficiency is 03
9 - Base is 10 and deficiency is 1
97 - 03
9 - 1
Step 1 : Multiply the deficiencies and write the answer in ones place as the number of
digits permitted after multiplication is equal to number of digits in the lower
base.
97 - 03
9 - 1
3
Step 2 : Cross subtraction from higher base number
97
- 10
---------
87
The subtraction is done after placing the number of extra zeros which are in higher base
deficiency starting from ones place, while writing subtrahend. Here in this case 1 becomes
10 after writing extra zero
so the answer to question 97 x 9= 873
eg. 998 x 98
998 - 002
x98 - 02
-----------------
Step1: Multiply the deficiencies and write the answer on ones and tens place as number
of digits will be equal to the lower base digits
998 - 002
x 98 - 02
-------------
04
Step 2: Cross subtraction will be done from higher base number after placing a zeroes
equal to the higher base
998 - 20 = 978
998 - 002
x 98 - 02
---------------
978 / 04 so answer to question 998 x 98 = 97804
----------------
Checking : - (through the check method)
992 = 2, 98 = 8
LHS = 2 x8 = 16 =1+6 = 7
RHS = 97216 = 1+6 = 7
As LHS = RHS, so answer is correct
39
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Below Base -10 Below Base -20 Below Base -30
1. 7 X 6= 1. 17 X 16= 1. 29 X 23=
2. 9 X 5= 2. 19 X 15= 2. 28 X 25=
3. 6 X 5= 3. 16 X 15= 3. 27 X 26=
4. 8 X 8= 4. 18 X 18= 4. 28 X 28=
5. 9 X 4= 5. 19 X 14= 5. 29 X 24=
6. 8 X 3= 6. 18 X 13= 6. 28 X 23=
7. 7 X 2= 7. 17 X 12= 7. 27 X 22=
8. 8 X 6= 8. 18 X 16= 8. 28 X 26=
9. 9 X 2= 9. 19 X 12= 9. 29 X 22=
10. 7 X 7= 10. 17 X 17= 10. 27 X 27=
11. 8 X 6= 11. 18 X 16= 11. 28 X 26=
12. 9 X 4= 12. 19 X 14= 12. 26 X 24=
13. 8 X 3= 13. 18 X 13= 13. 28 X 23=
14. 7 X 5= 14. 17 X 15= 14. 27 X 25=
15. 5 X 4= 15. 15 X 14= 15. 25 X 24=
16. 6 X 3= 16. 16 X 13= 16. 26 X 23=

1. 39 X 31= 1. 47 X 43= 1. 57 X 56=
2. 38 X 35= 2. 48 X 45= 2. 59 X 58=
3. 37 X 34= 3. 47 X 44= 3. 58 X 58=
4. 38 X 38= 4. 48 X 43= 4. 53 X 51=
5. 39 X 34= 5. 49 X 42= 5. 57 X 55=
6. 38 X 33= 6. 45 X 43= 6. 56 X 54=
7. 37 X 32= 7. 47 X 42= 7. 58 X 51=
8. 38 X 36= 8. 48 X 46= 8. 54 X 52=
9. 39 X 32= 9. 49 X 42= 9. 58 X 51=
10. 37 X 37= 10. 47 X 47= 10. 59 X 58=
11. 38 X 36= 11. 48 X 46= 11. 54 X 54=
12. 36 X 36= 12. 46 X 46= 12. 53 X 51=
13. 38 X 37= 13. 48 X 47= 13. 57 X 56=
14. 37 X 36= 14. 47 X 46= 14. 56 X 56=
15. 35 X 31= 15. 45 X 41= 15. 59 X 51=
16. 36 X 32= 16. 46 X 42= 16. 57 X 53=
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1. 67 X 66= 1. 78 X 77= 1. 86 X 84=
2. 69 X 68= 2. 79 X 71= 2. 88 X 81=
3. 68 X 63= 3. 78 X 75= 3. 84 X 82=
4. 66 X 61= 4. 77 X 74= 4. 89 X 83=
5. 67 X 66= 5. 76 X 77= 5. 88 X 82=
6. 67 X 64= 6. 75 X 74= 6. 81 X 81=
7. 68 X 61= 7. 77 X 71= 7. 86 X 83=
8. 64 X 62= 8. 74 X 72= 8. 89 X 88=
9. 68 X 68= 9. 78 X 73= 9. 84 X 83=
10. 67 X 62= 10. 77 X 72= 10. 89 X 89=
11. 61 X 61= 11. 71 X 71= 11. 89 X 83=
12. 65 X 64= 12. 76 X 73= 12. 89 X 88=
13. 67 X 66= 13. 79 X 77= 13. 89 X 81=
14. 66 X 61= 14. 74 X 73= 14. 89 X 85=
15. 69 X 67= 15. 79 X 78=
15. 88 X 84=
16. 69 X 63= 16. 79 X 73=
16. 86 X 88=
1. 97 X 96= 1. 197 X 196= 1. 287 X 296=

2. 99 X 95= 2. 196 X 195= 2. 296 X 285=
3. 96 X 95= 3. 195 X 195= 3. 296 X 291=
4. 98 X 98= 4. 198 X 198= 4. 298 X 298=
5. 99 X 94= 5. 195 X 194= 5. 295 X 294=
6. 98 X 93= 6. 198 X 193= 6. 298 X 293=
7. 97 X 92= 7. 197 X 192= 7. 297 X 292=
8. 98 X 96= 8. 198 X 196= 8. 298 X 296=
9. 99 X 92= 9. 199 X 192= 9. 299 X 292=
10. 97 X 97= 10. 197 X 197= 10. 297 X 297=
11. 98 X 96= 11. 198 X 196= 11. 298 X 296=
12. 99 X 94= 12. 197 X 194= 12. 297 X 294=
13. 98 X 93= 13. 198 X 193= 13. 298 X 293=
14. 97 X 95= 14. 197 X 195= 14. 297 X 295=
15. 95 X 94= 15. 195 X 194= 15. 289 X 294=
16. 96 X 93= 16. 196 X 193= 16. 296 X 293=
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Below Base -400 Below Base-500 Below Base -600

1. 387 X 396= 1 498 X 492= 1 597 X 592=
2. 396 X 385= 2 499 X 495= 2 599 X 595=
3. 396 X 391= 3 497 X 494= 3 597 X 595=
4. 398 X 398= 4 496 X 494= 4 597 X 595=
5. 395 X 394= 5 496 X 491= 5 596 X 590=
6. 398 X 393= 6 498 X 498= 6 598 X 592=
7. 397 X 393= 7 495 X 494= 7 595 X 595=
8. 398 X 396= 8 499 X 494= 8 591 X 581=
9. 399 X 393= 9 497 X 497= 9 597 X 597=
10. 397 X 397= 10 498 X 484= 10 598 X 585=
11. 398 X 384= 11 497 X 479= 11 597 X 579=
12. 397 X 379= 12 498 X 494= 12 598 X 595=
13. 398 X 392= 13 497 X 494= 13 597 X 595=
14. 399 X 395= 14 498 X 496= 14 598 X 596=
15. 397 X 394= 15 487 X 496= 15 587 X 596=
16. 396 X 393= 16 496 X 485= 16 596 X 585=
Below Base-700 Below Base -800 Below Base -900
1 697 X 692= 1 797 X 792= 1 898 X 892=

2 699 X 696= 2 799 X 797= 2 899 X 898=
3 697 X 696= 3 797 X 797= 3 898 X 898=
4 697 X 696= 4 797 X 799= 4 898 X 895=
5 696 X 690= 5 797 X 790= 5 898 X 890=
6 698 X 692= 6 798 X 792= 6 898 X 892=
7 696 X 696= 7 797 X 798= 7 895 X 896=
8 691 X 681= 8 791 X 781= 8 891 X 881=
9 697 X 697= 9 797 X 797= 9 892 X 895=
10 698 X 686= 10 798 X 787= 10 898 X 888=
11 697 X 679= 11 797 X 779= 11 898 X 889=
12 698 X 696= 12 798 X 797= 12 896 X 892=
13 697 X 696= 13 791 X 791= 13 893 X 893=
14 698 X 696= 14 798 X 797= 14 894 X 895=
15 687 X 696= 15 787 X 790= 15 888 X 898=
16 696 X 686= 16 797 X 787= 16 898 X 888=
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Above Base -10 Above Base -20 Above Base -30

1. 12 X 13= 1. 21 X 21= 1. 35 X 38=
2. 15 X 14= 2. 22 X 24= 2. 37 X 37=
3. 16 X 15= 3. 25 X 28= 3. 39 X 36=
4. 19 X 16= 4. 27 X 27= 4. 38 X 38=
5. 18 X 18= 5. 22 X 26= 5. 32 X 36=
6. 13 X x13= 6. 23 X 25= 6. 31 X 31=
7 12 X 19= 7. 22 X 29= 7. 32 X 34=
8. 14 X 12= 8. 24 X 22= 8. 34 X 32=
9. 11 X 11= 9. 23 X 21= 9. 33 X 38=
10. 12 X 14= 10. 24 X 26= 10. 34 X 36=
11. 15 X 18= 11. 25 X 29= 11. 35 X 39=
12. 17 X 17= 12. 29 X 26= 12. 35 X 34=
13. 12 X 16= 13. 28 X 28= 13. 36 X 35=
14. 13 X 16= 14. 22 X 23= 14. 32 X 33=
15. 14 X 16= 15. 25 X 24= 15. 33 X 33=
16. 15 X 19= 16. 26 X 25= 16. 32 X 39=

1. 43 X 43= 1. 53 X 54= 1. 63 X 64=
2. 44 X 46= 2. 55 X 52= 2. 66 X 62=
3. 45 X 48= 3. 59 X 56= 3. 69 X 66=
4. 47 X 47= 4. 57 X 57= 4. 67 X 67=
5. 42 X 43= 5. 52 X 53= 5. 65 X 63=
6. 43 X 49= 6. 52 X 59= 6. 62 X 69=
7. 46 X 46= 7. 58 X 58= 7. 68 X 68=
8. 41 X 41= 8. 51 X 51= 8. 61 X 61=
9. 42 X 49= 9. 53 X 53= 9. 63 X 63=
10. 48 X 48= 10. 55 X 56= 10. 66 X 66=
11. 45 X 49= 11. 54 X 59= 11. 64 X 69=
12. 45 X 44= 12. 55 X 55= 12. 67 X 68=
13. 46 X 45= 13. 56 X 55= 13. 61 X 64=
14. 42 X 46= 14. 52 X 56= 14. 62 X 66=
15. 44 X 42= 15. 56 X 56= 15. 67 X 65=
16. 49 X 46= 16. 55 X 58= 16. 61 X 68=
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1. 72 X 77= 1. 82 X 87= 1. 92 X 97=
2. 77 X 75= 2. 88 X 85= 2. 98 X 95=
3. 71 X 78= 3. 81 X 88= 3. 91 X 99=
4 77 X 77= 4. 88 X 81= 4. 99 X 91=
5. 73 X 73= 5. 84 X 83= 5. 94 X 93=
6. 77 X 76= 6. 87 X 86= 6. 97 X 96=
7. 74 X 79= 7. 84 X 89= 7. 94 X 99=
8. 71 X 71= 8. 81 X 81= 8. 98 X 91=
9. 73 X 74= 9. 83 X 84= 9. 93 X 94=
10. 77 X 72= 10. 87 X 82= 10. 97 X 92=
11. 79 X 76= 11. 89 X 86= 11. 99 X 98=
12. 76 X 78= 12. 86 X 88= 12. 96 X 99=
13. 71 X 74= 13. 81 X 84= 13. 91 X 94=
14. 75 X 73= 14. 85 X 83= 14. 95 X 93=
15. 72 X 79= 15. 82 X 89= 15. 92 X 95=
16. 78 X 78= 16. 88 X 88= 16. 99 X 99=
Above Base-100 Above Base-200 Above Base-300

1. 102 X 107= 1. 204 X 206= 1. 303 X 303=
2. 108 X 105= 2. 208 X 202= 2. 324 X 303=
3. 101 X 111= 3. 203 X 204= 3. 308 X 303=
4. 101 X 101= 4. 236 X 202= 4. 303 X 304=
5. 124 X 101= 5. 215 X 203= 5. 316 X 302=
6. 107 X 106= 6. 207 X 206= 6. 307 X 306=
7. 104 X 106= 7. 202 X 208= 7. 304 X 306=
8. 108 X 101= 8. 206 X 212= 8. 302 X 307=
9. 103 X 104= 9. 202 X 204= 9. 308 X 305=
10. 116 X 102= 10. 202 X 217= 10. 326 X 301=
11. 101 X 108= 11. 210 X 205= 11. 305 X 303=
12. 106 X 101= 12. 205 X 203= 12. 306 X 303=
13. 101 X 104= 13. 207 X 205= 13. 301 X 333=
14. 105 X 103= 14. 222 X 209= 14. 306 X 309=
15. 102 X 105= 15. 202 X 222= 15. 302 X 305=
16. 112 X 105= 16. 201 X 202= 16. 312 X 305=
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Above Base-400 Above Base-500 Above Base-600
1. 404 X 404= 1. 508 X 505= 1. 609 X 615=
2. 424 X 401= 2. 503 X 504= 2. 603 X 604=
3. 407 X 406= 3. 556 X 501= 3. 606 X 605=
4. 404 X 406= 4. 505 X 505= 4. 609 X 604=
5. 446 X 401= 5. 524 X 501= 5. 614 X 601=
6. 404 X 408= 6. 507 X 506= 6. 607 X 606=
7. 409 X 404= 7. 504 X 506= 7. 602 X 607=
8. 404 X 404= 8. 505 X 504= 8. 614 X 606=
9. 403 X 404= 9. 505 X 503= 9. 604 X 606=
10. 405 X 408= 10. 502 X 505= 10. 626 X 601=
11. 402 X 405= 11. 505 X 508= 11. 616 X 603=
12. 402 X 405= 12. 506 X 505= 12. 612 X 606=
13. 402 X 407= 13. 502 X 507= 13. 614 X 607=
14. 408 X 405= 14. 508 X 505= 14. 605 X 613=
15. 402 X 411= 15. 505 X 511= 15. 602 X 605=
16. 403 X 412= 16. 552 X 505= 16. 622 X 601=
Above Base-700 Above Base -800 Above Bas -900
1. 707 X 777= 1. 806 X 808= 1. 924 X 901=

2. 707 X 707= 2. 809 X 804= 2. 907 X 906=
3. 704 X 706= 3. 807 X 806= 3. 909 X 999=
4. 708 X 707= 4. 804 X 806= 4. 909 X 909=
5. 724 X 701= 5. 802 X 817= 5. 903 X 904=
6. 707 X 706= 6. 802 X 807= 6. 916 X 902=
7. 702 X 707= 7. 804 X 805= 7. 904 X 906=
8. 708 X 705= 8. 808 X 808= 8. 908 X 909=
9. 703 X 704= 9. 813 X 804= 9. 902 X 907=
10. 776 X 702= 10. 816 X 802= 10. 909 X 904=
11. 705 X 703= 11. 808 X 808= 11. 905 X 903=
12. 702 X 705= 12. 801 X 811= 12. 906 X 909=
13. 707 X 704= 13. 804 X 808= 13. 908 X 905=
14. 707 X 708= 14. 805 X 803= 14. 909 X 908=
15. 706 X 707= 15. 809 X 805= 15. 902 X 905=
16. 712 X 705= 16. 812 X 802= 16. 912 X 905=
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WHERE ONE NUMBER IS NUMBERS NEAR DIFFERENT NUMBERS NEAR DIFFERENT
ABOVE BASE AND ANOTHER BASE BOTH THE NUMBERS ARE BASE BOTH NUMBERS ARE
NUMBER IS BELOW BASE ABOVE BASE BELOW BASE
1 12 X 9= 1 104 X 11= 1 97 X 9=
2 11 X 8= 2 105 X 12= 2 98 X 8=
3 15 X 7= 3 108 X 14= 3 96 X 7=
4 19 X 9= 4 1005 X 13= 4 999 X 9=
5 16 X 6= 5 1009 X 15= 5 998 X 7=
6 21 X 19= 6 1008 X 11= 6 996 X 8=
7 32 X 28= 7 1002 X 102= 7 998 X 98=
8 51 X 49= 8 1004 X 101= 8 999 X 97=
9 59 X 62= 9 1006 X 105= 9 996 X 95=
10 89 X 91= 10 1007 X 102= 10 996 X 92=
11 108 X 95= 11 10001 X 11= 11 9995 X 9=
12 101 X 99= 12 10002 X 13= 12 9996 X 8=
13 108 X 92= 13 10005 X 12= 13 9994 X 7=
14 102 X 92= 14 10002 X 15= 14 9998 X 6=
15 103 X 95= 15 10006 X 14= 15 9999 X 99=
16 98 X 109= 16 10001 X 1002= 16 9997 X 96=
17 201 X 199= 17 10003 X 1005= 17 9995 X 94=
18 303 X 296= 18 10004 X 1002= 18 9992 X 97=
19 405 X 399= 19 10005 X 1001= 19 9993 X 98=
20 298 X 302= 20 10008 X 1002= 20 9997 X 95=
21 699 X 501= 21 10001 X 103= 21 9999 X 998=
22 1005 X 995= 22 10002 X 102= 22 9999 X 999=
23 10002 X 9998= 23 10009 X 101= 23 9998 X 995=
24 10001 X 9994= 24 10004 X 108= 24 9996 X 992=
25 10009 X 9999= 25 10002 X 105= 25 9999 X 992=
46
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Sub sutra applied is Antyayordaœake'pi
Step-1 Multiply the units digit and write the answer on one’s and ten’s place
eg: u67 7x3= 21 eg.v 91 1x 9 = 09

x63 x 99
----- ------
21 09 Here in this case product of 1 & 9
is 9 so we write it as 09
Step-2 Multiply the tens place number with its successor
eg. u 67 6x7= 42 eg.v 91 9x 10 = 90

x63 x 99
-------- ------
4221 9009
-------- ------
Here are the answer 67 x 63 = 4221

91 x 99 = 9009
Note : In case of triple digit number, when unit place add to 10 and tens and
hundreds place digits are same, then tens and hundred’s place number are
together multiplied by its successor.
eg. : 106 (i) 6 x 4 = 24
x104 (ii) 10 x 11 = 110
---------
11024
--------
Here,s is the answer 106 x 104 = 110024
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Step1. Multiply the units digits and write the answer on one’s and ten’s place.
eg. : u 22 (2x2 = 04) eg. v 77 (7x7 = 49)

x82 x37
------- --------
04 49
Step2. Multiply the tens place digits and add units place digit to it and write the
answer on hundred and thousand place.
eg. : u 22 (8x2 +2) eg. v 77 7x3+7 = 21

x82 16+2 =18 x37 21 +7 = 28
------- --------
1804 2849
------- --------
22 x 82 = 1804 77 x 37 = 2849
47
Practice Sheet
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1. 67 x 63 = 18. 62 x 68 = 35. 63 x 67 =
2. 91 x 99 = 19. 34 x 36 = 36. 92 x 98 =
3. 28 x 22 = 20. 77 x 73 = 37. 207 x 203 =
4. 43 x 47 = 21. 93 x 97 = 38. 134 x 136 =
5. 65 x 65 = 22. 21 x 29 = 39. 124 x 126 =
6. 48 x 42 = 23. 53 x 57 = 40. 104 x 106 =
7. 88 x 82 = 24. 75 x 75 = 41. 112 x 118 =
8. 66 x 64 = 25. 88 x 82 = 42. 155 x 155 =
9. 39 x 31 = 26. 68 x 62 = 43. 124 x 126 =
10. 27 x 23 = 27. 76 x 74 = 44. 139 x 131 =
11. 45 x 45 = 28. 14 x 16 = 45. 117 x 113 =
12. 81 x 89 = 29. 42 x 48 = 46. 125 x 125=
13. 44 x 46 = 30. 39 x 31 = 47. 102 x 108 =
14. 52 x 58 = 31. 51 x 59 = 48. 111 x 119 =
15. 29 x 21 = 32. 65 x 65 = 49. 125 x 125 =
16. 81 x 89 = 33. 79 x 71 = 50. 116 x 114 =
17. 44 x 46 = 34. 84 x 86 =
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1. 25 x 85 = 19. 52 x 52 = 37. 73 x 33 =
2. 19 x 99 = 20. 63 x 43 = 38. 34 x 74 =
3. 82 x 22 = 21. 51 x 51 = 39. 53 x 53 =
4. 73 x 33 = 22. 44 x 64 = 40. 64 x 44 =
5. 56 x 56 = 23. 32 x 72 = 41. 55 x 55 =
6. 77 x 37 = 24. 21 x 81 = 42. 45 x 65 =
7. 84 x 24 = 25. 11 x 91 = 43. 22 x 82 =
8. 35 x 75 = 26. 34 x 74 = 44. 12 x 92 =
9. 45 x 65 = 27. 43 x 63 = 45. 36 x 76 =
10. 81 x 21 = 28. 32 x 72 = 46. 42 x 62 =
11. 86 x 26 = 29. 24 x 84 = 47. 47 x 67 =
12. 89 x 29 = 30. 25 x 85 = 48. 35 x 75 =
13. 41 x 61 = 31. 83 x 23 = 49. 15 x 95 =
14. 66 x 46 = 32. 41 x 61 = 50. 87 x 27 =
15. 55 x 55 = 33. 57 x 57 =
16. 62 x 42 = 34. 68 x 48 =
17. 76 x 36 = 35. 78 x 38 =
18. 71 x 31 = 36. 62 x 42 =
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Step-1 Multiply the number by 10

eg. : 53 53x10 = 530
x9
-----
Step-2 Subtract the multiplicand from the answer obtained in step-1

53 530-53 = 477
x9
-----
477
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Step-1 : Multiply the multiplicand by 20,30,..... as the case may be.
eg. : u 53 1060 ( 53 x 20) v 53 2650 ( 53x 50)

x19 x49
------- -------
Step-2 :Subtract the multiplicand from the answer obtained in step-1
eg. : u 53 (1060 - 53) v 53 (2650 - 53)

x19 x49
------- -------
1007 2597
------ ------
53 x 19 = 1007 53 x 49 = 2597
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1. 52 X 9 = 37. 49 X 19 = 73. 357 X 29 =

2. 15 X 9 = 38. 95 X 29 = 74. 25 X 39 =
3. 54 X 9 = 39. 39 X 39 = 75. 82 X 49 =
4. 45 X 9 = 40. 71 X 49 = 76. 18 X 59 =
5. 28 X 9 = 41. 92 X 59 = 77. 78 X 69 =
6. 77 X 9 = 42. 86 X 69 = 78. 17 X 79 =
7. 78 X 9 = 43. 89 X 79 = 79. 73 X 89 =
8. 165 X 9 = 44. 36 X 89 = 80. 83 X 99 =
9. 177 X 9 = 45. 48 X 99 = 81. 57 X 9 =
10. 58 X 9 = 46. 49 X 19 = 82. 85 X 19 =
11. 62 X 9 = 47. 32 X 19 = 83. 22 X 29 =
12. 99 X 9 = 48. 12 X 29 = 84. 42 X 39 =
13. 72 X 9 = 49. 121 X 19 = 85. 35 X 49 =
14. 218 X 9 = 50. 101 X 39 = 86. 87 X 59 =
15. 146 X 9 = 51. 52 X 9 = 87. 49 X 69 =
16. 157 X 19 = 52. 15 X 19 = 88. 95 X 79 =
17. 47 X 29 = 53. 54 X 29 = 89. 39 X 89 =
18. 69 X 39 = 54. 45 X 39 = 90. 71 X 99 =
19. 21 X 9 = 55. 28 X 49 = 91. 92 X 9 =
20. 46 X 9 = 56. 77 X 59 = 92. 86 X 19 =
21. 226 X49 = 57. 78 X 69 = 93. 89 X 29 =
22. 37 X 59 = 58. 165 X 79 = 94. 36 X 39 =
23. 357 X 69 = 59. 177 X 89 = 95. 48 X 49 =
24. 25 X 79 = 60. 58 X 99 = 96. 49 X 59 =
25. 82 X 89 = 61. 62 X 89 = 97. 32 X 69 =
26. 18 X 99 = 62. 99 X 79 = 98. 12 X 79 =
27. 78 X 19 = 63. 72 X 69 = 99. 121 X 89 =
28. 17 X 29 = 64. 218 X 59 = 100 101 X 99 =
29. 73 X 39 = 65. 146 X 49 =
30. 83 X 49 = 66. 157 X 39 =
31. 57 X 59 = 67. 47 X 29 =
32. 85 X 69 = 68. 69 X 19 =
33. 22 X 79 = 69. 21 X 9 =
34. 42 X 89 = 70. 46 X 99 =
35. 35 X 99 = 71. 226 X 9 =
36. 87 X 19 = 72. 37 X 19 =
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Sutra applied is Ûrdhva Tiryagbhyâ?
Step 1: Divide the answer block in three parts (Blocks are always 1 less than total no. of
digits in a question)
Step 2: Multiply the two digits in right column and write the answer
in last block i.e. units place digit with units place digit.
Step 3: Cross multiply the unit place digit with the tens place digits
to obtain two products. Add the two products and write the
answer in the middle block.
Step 4: Again vertically multiply the digits in left column i.e. tens
place digit with tens place digit. and write the answer in left
block.
eg.: 1 1
x 1 4
-------------
1 5 4
--------------
= 154
1) In this first we multiply 4 x1=4 and write the answer in the last block.
2) We multiply cross wise 4 x1=4, 1x1=1 and add 4 and 1 and write answer 5 in middle
block.
3) Multiply vertically the tens place digits 1x1=1 and write in the first block.
4) If each block has only one digit then these digits make the answer.
Eg. 72 x 43
Same steps as explained in above example will be followed. If number of digit in
each block is more than one, then the higher place digits will be carried and added in
next block.
7 2
x 4 3
28 21 06
+ 2 +8
30 29
+0
29 Ans. : 3096
51
Beejank : The Sum of the digits of a number is called Beejank. If the addition is a
two digit number, then these two digits are also to be added up to get a single digit.
e.g: Beejank of 24 is 2 + 4 = 6
Beejank of 648 is 6 + 4 + 8 = 18, further 1 + 8 = 9
Easy way of finding Beejank :
Beejank is unaffected, if 9 is added to or subtracted from the number. This nature
of 9 helps in finding, Beejank very quickly, by cancelling 9 or the digits adding to 9
from the number.
e.g. : Find the Beejank of 167432

As above we have to follow
167432 1+6+7+4+3+2 23 2+3 5
But a quick look gives 6 & 3 ; 2&7 are to be ignored. [This method is called casting out 9s]
because 6+3=9, 2+7=9.
Hence remaining 1 + 4 --------- 5 is the beejank of 167432.
eg. : 24 x 32
24
x32
6 4 8
+1 +12
7 16
=768
Cross Checking
24 x 32 = 768
(2+4) x (3+2) = 7+6+8
6 x 5 = 21
30 = 2+1
3+0 = 3
3 = 3
LHS= RHS Hence the product is correct.
This digit cross check method can be used in any kind of calculation to cross check
your answer. This is also explained earlier.
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Practice Sheet
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1. 54 X 27 = 21. 26 X 34 = 41. 98 X 59 =
2. 27 X 58 = 22. 37 X 19 = 42. 86 X 64 =
3. 58 X 89 = 23. 35 X 29 = 43. 89 X 87 =
4. 48 X 34 = 24. 25 X 63 = 44. 36 X 39 =
5. 28 X 46 = 25. 82 X 49 = 45. 48 X 42 =
6. 78 X 56 = 26. 18 X 87 = 46. 49 X 57 =
7. 89 X 69 = 27. 78 X 96 = 47. 35 X 63 =
8. 15 X 79 = 28. 17 X 56 = 48. 12 X 78 =
9. 17 X 84 = 29. 73 X 89 = 49. 37 X 89 =
10. 28 X 29 = 30. 83 X 55 = 50. 17 X 59 =
11. 62 X 82 = 31. 57 X 58 =
12. 94 X 73 = 32. 85 X 19 =
13. 72 X 56 = 33. 22 X 96 =
14. 21 X 59 = 34. 42 X 32 =
15. 46 X 48 = 35. 35 X 75 =
16. 57 X 35 = 36. 87 X 58 =
17. 47 X 28 = 37. 49 X 62 =
18. 69 X 19 = 38. 56 X 74 =
19. 21 X 91 = 39. 78 X 82 =
20. 26 X 96 = 40. 91 X 98 =
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I) Binomial x Binomial (2x+3y) (3x+4y)
Step 1: Divide the answer block in three parts (Blocks are always 1 less than total no. of
digits in a question)
Step 2: Multiply the two digits in right column and write the answer in last block
Step 3: Cross multiply the first digit column with the second digit of second column,
and second digit of the first column with the first digit of the second column.
Then add the two products. Write the answer in second block.
Step 4: Again vertically multiply the digits in left column and write the answer in
starting block.
Step 5: The answer in each block will br written separately & like term will be
added (if any).
eg:- (3x+2y) (4x+5y)
3x + 2y
x4x + 5y
---------------------------------------------
3x X 4x 3x X 5y = 15xy 2y x 5y
=12x2 4x X 2y = 8xy = 10y2
=23xy
Ans. 12x2+23xy+10y2
II) Trinomial x Trinomial (2x2+2x+5) (3x2+2x+1)
I) Step1: In 3 digit * 3 digit multiplication, we make 5 blocks (Here there are 6 digits in
all, so 1 less than 6 is 5 blocks).
Step2: Vertically multiply the right hand side digits and write the answer in the first
block from right.
Step3: Cross multiply the digits of the two columns from right. Add both the products
and write the answer in second block starting from right to left.
54
Step4: Cross multiply the digits in three columns i.e., multiply extreme right digits with
extreme left of different blocks and multiply vertically the middle digits. Now
add the three products and write the answer in third block.
Step5 : Multiply the digits of two columns from the left. Add the two products and write
the answer in the fourth block.
Step6 : Vertically multiply the digits of the column of the left side and write the answer in
5th block.
Step7 : The answers in each block are written separately & like terms are added (if any).
eg.
2 2
(2x +2x+5) (3x +2x+1)
2
2x2+2x+5
3x +2x+1
2 2 2 3 2 2
2x +3x 2x2 X2x=4x3 2x2 X1= 2x2 2x +1x =2x 5x1
3x X2x= 6x 3x X 5= 15x 2 2xX 5 = 10x
2x X 2x= 4x
4 3 2
=6x =10x = 21x = 12x =05
4 3 2
=6x +10x +21x +12x+5
2
(7x -3x-2) (3x+2) (for Trinomial x Binomial multiplication put 0 in Binomial to make it trinomial)
2
7x -3x-2
0+ 3x+2
2 2 2
7x X 3x 7x X 2 = 14x -3x X 2 -2
0X-3x 0X2 =0 3x X 2 x2
=21x3 -3x X 3x = -9x2 -6x+(-6x) -4
= -12x
5x2
Ans. 21x3+ 5x2-12x-4
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Practice Sheet
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2 2
1. (x+5) (x-1) 21. (3x +x+5) (x +2x-1)
2. (3p-2) (9p+7) 22. (3p+6q-2) (9p-4q+7)

2 2 2 2 2 2
3. (x +1) (x -1) 23. (x +y -1) (4x -3y +7)
4. (5k-4) (4k+6) 24. (7m-3n-4) (2m+2n+8)
5. (9m-4n) (m+n) 25. (12a+3b-1) (2a-2b+4)
6. (2ab-3c) (7ab+c) 26. (2x4+3x2-7) (5x4-5x2-7)
7. (2x-3y) (3x-9y) 27. (2x2-3x+5) (8x2-9x+8)
8. (3a-7b) (5a+9b) 28. (3a-7b+7) (5a+9b-7)
9. (9y-4z) (7y+8z) 29. (2x+9y-4z) (-5x+7y+8z)
10. (7x-2y) (8x+3y) 30. (8x-5y+3) (5x+3y-2)

2 2
11. (x+6) (x+8) 31. (x +3x-5) (6x -9x-1)
12. (9p-6) (8p+4) 32. (p-3q+2) (6p-7q-37)
13. (x2+5) (x2-5) 33. (x2-7x+1) (x2-4)
14. (8x+9) (3x-4) 34. (7m+-4n-4) (6n+6)
15. (6m-7n) (m+n) 35. (9a-4b+3c) (7b+3c)
16. (8ab-9c) (4ab+2c) 36. (7a2-3b2+3) (6b2-4)
17. (5x-7y) (3x-4y) 37. (2x-35y) (3x-2y)

2 2
18. (2a-9b) (6a+7b) 38. (7a -7b) (6a +9b)
19. (y-7z) (3y+4z) 39. (3x-5y-4z) (8x-9y+2z)
20 (8x-3y) (4x+y) 40. (2x-3y) (5x+y)
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Chapter-5 Squares and Squares Roots
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For square of number ending with 5, same procedure discussed earlier, where the sum
of the ones place digits is 10 and tens place digits are same is followed
2
25 = 625
Ist Multiply 5 with 5 to get 25 (second half)
2nd Multiply 2 by 3 ( successor) to get 6 (first half)
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For square of number starting with 5, same procedure as discussed earlier where the
sum of tens place digits is 10 and ones place digits are same is followed
522 = 2704
Step 1 Multiply 2 by 2 and write the answer as 04 [ 2 x2 = 04] (second half)
Step-2 Multiply 5 by 5 and add the common number 2 [5 x 5 +2 =27] (first half)
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Above Base (10-90)
I) If we are to find square of 11. Determine the nearest base for 11 (i. e. 10) and find its
difference from the base i. e. +1.The answer comes in two parts. For first part, add the
difference from base to the given number (11+1=12). For second part, square the
difference and put answer 1.
112= 11+1/12= 12/1=121
142=14+4/42 = 18/16= 19/6=196
+
In the above example, the square of 4, (16) is in double digit, so put 1 as subscript and
add it to 18 and put 6 in second part.
II) For finding squares where base is between 20 to 90, the whole procedure is same.
Lastly, we will multiply the respective base rank with the answer of first part.(2 for
20, 3 for 30 …..9 for 90)
2 2
e. g. 63 =6(63+3)/3 = 66x6/9=396/9=3969
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Above Base (100-900)
I) If we are to find square of 101. Same procedure for above base is applied. Only the
placement in second part changes, answer 01 is written, as the base has two zeroes.
1012= 101+1/12= 102/01=10201
II) In case the base is between 200 to 900, the whole procedure remains same. Just
multiply the respective base rank with the answer of first part.(2 for 200, 3 for 300
…..9 for 900)
e. g. 6032=6(603+3)/32= 606x6/09=3636/09=363609
Below Base (10-90)

I) If we are to find square of 9. Same method as for above base is applied, the only
difference is the deficiency of base is now subtracted from the number and answer is
written in the first part. Now square the deficiency 9-10= -1. For second part, square
the difference from of number and the base. i. e. -1
2 2
9 = 9-1/(-1) = 81
II) In case where base is between 20 to 90, the whole procedure is same. Lastly, we
will multiply the respective base rank with the answer of first part. (2 for 20, 3 for
30 …..9 for 90)
e. g. 482=5(48-2)/(-2)2 = 230/4= 2304 (Here base will be 50)
Below Base (100-900)

I) If we are to find square of 98. Same procedure discussed above is applied. Now the
placement in second part changes, as the base has two zeroes.
982= 98-2/(-2)2= 96/04=9604
II) In case the base is between 200 to 900, the whole procedure remains same. Just
multiply the respective base rank with the answer of first part.(2 for 200, 3 for 300
…..9 for 900)
2 2
e. g. 399 =4(399-1)/(-1) = 398x4/01= 1592/01= 159201
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1. 512= 11. 5022=
2. 552= 12. 5062=
3. 522= 13. 5092=
4. 592= 14. 5082=
5. 572= 15. 5112=
6. 5012= 16. 5102=
7. 5042= 17. 562=
8. 5052= 18. 582=
9. 5032= 19. 5122=
10. 5072= 20. 5042=
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2 2
1. 15 = 11. 145 =
2 2
2. 25 = 12. 155 =
2 2
3. 75 = 13. 205 =
2 2
4. 45 = 14. 35 =
2 2
5. 85 = 15. 165 =
6. 652= 16. 1252=
7. 952= 17. 1352=
8. 1052= 18. 552=
9. 1252= 19. 2152=
10. 1152= 20. 3052=
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The Duplex
Sub Sutra: “ ”. We will use the term Duplex, ‘D' as
follows:
2
For Single digit, its duplex will be its square, eg. D (4) = 4 = 16
For Double digit, its duplex will be twice of their product. For eg. D (35) = 2X3X5 = 30
2
For Three digit, D (341), duplex will be : 4 + 2X3X1 = 16 + 30 = 46
Question: Find the square of 123
For finding the square, we will find the duplex:
2
D(3) = 3 = 9
D(23) = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12
D(123) = 22 + 2 x 1 x 3 = 10
D(12) = 2 x 1 x 2 = 4
2
D(1) = 1 = 1
So the answer becomes 15129
Algebraic Squaring:
Above method is applicable for squaring algebraic expressions also:-
2
Example: (x+5)
D(5) = 52 = 25
D(x, 5) = 2 X x X 5 = 10x
2
D(x) = x
2
So square of x+5 is x + 10x +25
Example: (x – 3y)2
D(-3y) = (-3y)2 = 9y2
D(x, -3y) = 2 X x X -3y = -6xy
2
D(x) = x
So square of x-3y is x2 - 6xy +9y2
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BASE-10 BASE-60 BASE-200 BASE-700
1. 132 = 1. 632 = 1. 2042 = 1. 7012 =
2. 172 = 2. 672 = 2. 2122 = 2. 7532 =

1. 232 = 1. 732 = 1. 3032 = 1. 8242 =
2 2
2. 25 = 2. 75 = 2. 3132 = 2. 8032 =

2 2
1. 35 = 1. 81 = 1. 4112 = 1. 9462 =
2 2
2. 39 = 2. 84 = 2. 4622 = 2. 9862 =
BASE-40 BASE-90 BASE-500
2 2
1. 42 = 1. 91 = 1. 5142 =
2 2
2. 48 = 2. 97 = 2. 5522 =

1. 532 = 1. 1012 = 1. 6632 =
2. 522 = 2. 1092 = 2. 6722 =
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2 2 2 2
1. 9 = 1. 58 = 1. 179 = 1. 698 =
2 2 2 2
2. 7 = 2. 56 = 2. 191 = 2. 668 =

1. 182 = 1. 692 = 1. 2222 = 1. 7792 =
2. 192 = 2. 622 = 2. 2972 = 2. 7952 =

1. 292 = 1. 762 = 1. 3592 = 1. 8752 =
2. 282= 2. 792 = 2. 3992 = 2. 8922 =

2
1. 392 = 1. 85 = 1. 4452 =
2
2. 352 = 2. 89 = 2. 4892

2
1. 472 = 1. 94 = 1. 5452 =
2
2. 462 = 2. 98 = 2. 5982 =
61
Practice Sheet
S
q
u
ar
e
s(
U
si
n
gdu
p
l
ex
Me
t
ho
d
)
1. 212= 21. 1252= 41. (x+1)2
2. 432= 22. 1362= 42. (2a+b)2
3. 722= 23. 2312= 43. (3x+4y)2
4. 262= 24. 2142= 44. (8c+4d)2

5. 322= 25. 5112= 45. (3x+2y)2
6. 432= 26. 1162= 46. (7a+3b)2
7. 512= 27. 2152=
47. (9c+4d)2
8. 622= 28. 1722=
48. (m+3)2
9. 342= 29. 1392=
2 2
49. (2m+n)2
10. 23 = 30. 142 =
2 2 50. (5z+8k)2
11. 61 = 31. 236 =
2 2
12. 27 = 32. 189 =
2 2
13. 53 = 33. 215 =
2 2
14. 83 = 34. 312 =
2 2
15. 24 = 35. 415 =
2 2
16. 84 = 36. 251 =
2 2
17. 91 = 37. 932 =
2 2
18. 41 = 38. 192 =
2 2
19. 54 = 39. 163 =
2 2
20. 75 = 40. 342 =
62
S
q
u
ar
eR
o
ot
s
:
General Method:
As 12 = 1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9, 42 = 1(6), 52 = 2(5), 62 = 3(6), 72 = 4(9), 82 = 6(4), 92 =
8(1), i. e., square numbers only have digits 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0 at the units place
(or at the end)
Also in 16, digit sum = 1+6 = 7, 25 = 2+5 = 7, 36 = 3+6 = 9, 49 = 4+9 = 13 = 4,
64 = 6+4 = 10 = 1, 81 = 8+1 = 9, i. e. square number only have digit sums of
1, 4, 7 & 9.
This means that square numbers cannot have certain digit sums and they cannot end
with certain figures (or digits). Using above information state which of the following
are not square numbers:
(1) 4539 (2) 6889 (3) 104976 (4) 27478 (5) 12345
Note: If a number has a valid digit sum and a valid last figure that does not mean that
it is a square number. If 75379 is not a perfect square inspite of the fact that its digit
sum is 4 and last figure is 9.
S
q
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ar
eR
o
ot
of
Pe
r
fe
c
tS
q
ua
r
e
s:
Example 1 : 5184
Step 1: Pair the numbers in two, from right to left i. e. 51 84
Therefore, answer will come in 2 digits
Step 2: For the first digit, look where 51 lies in squares table, and consider
the lower number. Here, 51 lies in between 49 and 64. So, we will
consider 7 at tens place, as 49 is square of 7.
2 2
Step 3: Look at the last digit of number, 4. 4 lies in 2 = 04 and 8 = 64. So, the
ones place digit is either 2 or 8
We can say the answer is either 72 or 78.
Step 4: Now find the square of 75 and compare with the number (given in
the question). If the number is lesser, then consider the lower value
and if number is more than the square, then consider the higher value.
Here 5184<5625, therefore we will consider the lower value that is 72
Example 2 : 9216
Step 1: Pair the numbers in two, from right to left i. e. 92 16
Therefore, answer will come in 2 digits
2 2
Step 2: The first digit is 9, as 92 lies between 9 and 10 , and we will take
lower value, 9 as 81 is square of 9.
2 2
Step 3: The last digit of number, 6. 6 lies in 4 = 16 and 6 = 36. So, the ones
place digit is either 4 or 6
The answer is either 94 or 96.
Step 4: Now, find the square of 95 and compare with the number
(given in the question).
Here 9216>9025, therefore we will consider the higher value
that is 96 63
Practice Sheet
F
i
n
dth
e
Sq
u
ar
e
Ro
ot
s
off
o
ll
o
wi
ng
1. 676 21. 7056
2. 1521 22. 3025
3. 576 23. 2916
4. 1444 24. 2025
5. 361 25. 625
6. 1369 26. 1849
7. 6724 27. 2704
8. 4761 28. 9801
9. 1225 29. 2401
10. 7396 30. 1681
11. 1156 31. 1296
12. 8649 32. 961
13. 1764 33. 3721
14. 1024 34. 4489
15. 2209 35. 9409
16. 2809 36. 9604
17. 4356 37. 2116
18. 3136 38. 1936
19. 4489 39. 784
20 6084 40. 441
64
Chapter-6 Division
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
9
For Division by 9 we need to know the table of 9 but in vedic mathematics we can
easily calculate Quotient and Remainder with help of just addition
Write first place number as it is then add the number diagonally to the second number and
repeat this addition till the unit place of dividend you will get the desired answer.
If sum is 2311÷ 9 it will be written as 9 231 1 9 2 31 1

(leaving unit place separately to show the remainder. a)
2
a) The initial 2 is brought straight down as the first digit of quotient
b) 9 2 31 1
b) This 2 is then added to the 3 in 2311 and 5 is next quotient digit.
2 5
c) 9 2 31 1
c) This 5 is then added to the 1 in the 2311 and 6 is next quotient digit
2 56
d) 9 2 31 1
d) This 6 is then added to 1 to give the remainder, 7
Here the answer 2311÷ 9 = 256 (Q) & 7
2 56 7
Type-II
(I) If the digit of dividend add upto two digit number then tens place number is
carried and added to the next number
eg. : 9 284 3
1
21 0
If we add 2 + 8 then result obtained is 10 then we will write tens place no. of 10
i.e.1 below as a subscript as shown above and second digit i.e. zero just along
with 2.
(ii) Now add 10 to the next number i.e. 4. 10+4 = 14. Write 1 as subscript and four in
answer row.
(iii) Now add 14 to next number 3. Write 17 after the slash as 3 is the last number of
dividend.
9 284 3
210 1 4 17
(iv) Add the carry forward in the quotient
9 2 8 4 3
2 1 0 14 17
3 14 ( 2+1=3) (0+1 =1) 65
(v) Since remainder cannot be more than the divisior. So remainder 17 will be divided
with help of line and 1 will remain as it is on the left and 1 is added in right side to form
8 (1+7)
9 2 8 43
3 1 4 1/1+7
First part i.e. 1 will be added in the Quotient and 8 will be the remainder.
9 2 8 43
3 1 4 1/8
+1
3 1 5 8
Here’s your answer 2843 ÷ 315 (Q) and 8
I) Actually in Division of 9 we use base method i.e.(Sutra Nikhila? Navataœcarama?

Daœata?)
Type-1 if a number is to be divided by 9 then since it is 1 less than base 10 we will
take 1 under 9 to act as multiplier
eg. : 9 10112
1
ii) Since it is near base 10 i.e. having one zero we will leave unit place of dividend and
put a line Whatever is obtained on left hand side will be quotient and whatever
obtained on right hand side will be remainder.
9 1011 2
Quotient Remainder
iii) Write initial digit of dividend down as first digit of quotient. Then multiply this digit by
1 and write the answer under second digits.
9 10112
1
1
1
iv) Add second digit numbers and write the answer.
9 10112
1
1
11
v) Multiply the obtained second digit with 1 and write the answer under third digit then
add third place digits. Now repeat the procedure till the unit place of dividend.
9 10112
1
112 3
1123 5
Q = 1123 R= 5
Here’s your answer 10112 ÷ 9 = 1123 (Q) and 5
66
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
8
If a number is to be divided by 8 then since it is 2 less than base 10 we will write 2 below 8
to act as multiplier
e.g. : 8 123 1
2
ii) Since it is near base 10. i.e. having one zero we will leave unit place of dividend and
put a line whatever obtained on left hand side will be the a Quotient and whatever
obtained on right hand side of line will be the remainder.
8 123 1
2 Quotient Remainder
iii) Put initial digit of dividend i.e. 1 down as first quotient digit multiply this digit by 2.
The product obtained i.e. 2 is written under second digit i.e. 2 and added.
8 123 1
2
2
14
iv) The answer obtained after adding second digit i.e. 4 again multiplied by 2 and
written under third digit. The product obtained i.e. ( 4 x 2= 8) is added to next digit 3
and answer obtained i.e. 11 will be written down as shown.
8 123 1
2
8
1 411
v) Multiply 11 by 2 and add to next number i.e. 1

8 123 1
2
8 22
1 41 1 23
vi) Add carry overs in quotient and divide the remainder by 8 since 23 is more than
8. After converting to mix fraction ( 23 = 2 7 ) add whole no. i.e. 2 to quotient
8 8
and 7 will be the remainder
8 123 1
2
8 22
1 4 11 23
15 1 23 = 2 7
8 8
151
+2
-----
(Q) 153 7
Here’s the answer 1231 ÷ 8 = 153 (Q) & 7
67
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
11
If a number is to be divided by 11 then since it is one more than the base 10 then we
will write 1 below 11 to act as a multiplier
eg. : 11 3 0 0 2 1
1
ii) Since base is 10 unit place is separated for showing remainder

11 3 0 0 2 1
1
Quotient Remainder
iii) Put initial digit i.e. 3 down as first digit of quotient. Multiply 3 by 1 and write the
answer i.e. 3 under second digit i.e. 0. After adding the second place digit you will
obtain 3 as second quotient digit.
11 3 0 0 2 1
1
3
33
iv) Multiply 3 by 1 you will get 3. Now add this three to next digit i.e. zero. Sum 3 is
written as shown below.
11 3 0 0 2 1
1
3
333
v) Multiply 3 by 1. You will get 3. Add 3 to next digit 2 you will get 1 as an answer
11 3 0 0 2 1
1
3
33 31
vi) Multiply 1 by 1 you will get 1 as an answer add 1 to next digit 1 to get 2 as remainder
11 3 0 0 2 1
1
1
33 31 2
vii) Now devinculate the digits obtained in quotient.
11 3 0 0 2 1
1
1
33 31 2 Devinculate 3 3 3 1= 2729
(Q ) 2729 (R) 2
Here’s the answer 30021÷11= 2729 (Q) & 2
68
Possible cases of remainder in cases of 11, 12 or
Numbers above Base 100, 1000 etc.
1) In case of 11the remainder that appear at the end can be either positive or negative.
2) If remainder is positive and less than 11 then it will be shown as remainder for that
particular sum.
3) If remainder is positive and more than 11 than it will be converted to the mixed
fractions as discussed in earlier cases of 8 and 9 and whole no. will be added in
quotient and numerator will act as remainder.
4) If remainder is negative and absolute value is less than 11 then 11 will be added to
remainder and whatever positive answer we obtain would be remainder and 1 will
be subtracted from the Quotient since we have used divisor 11 once.
5) If remainder is negative and absolute value is more than 11 then add the nearest
multiple of 11 to that particular negative number so that answer obtained will be
positive and less than 11. This particular answer is our remainder. What ever
multiple we used in adding that particular rank of multiple will be subtracted from
the quotient eg:- suppose we obtained 18 as our remainder so we will add nearest
multiple i.e 22 (2nd rank or 11 x 2) to 18 and obtained 4 as remainder. Now
subtract 2 from the quotient as it is the second multiple of 11
6) The same procedure would be followed in other cases of 12 or above 100 base
according to the remainder & divisor.
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
12
If a number is to be divided by 12 same procedure as 11 will be followed except the change of
multipler. In case of 12 multiplier would be 2 and rest everything will be similar to 11.
12 3 0 0 2 1
2
6 12 24 44
3 6 1 2 22 45
(
(Q)
3 5 0 2
(Add the carryover 6 + 1 = 5
2+2=0
Devinculate 3502 =2 4 9 8 45 =3 9
12 12
2498
+ 3
---------
2501
---------
Here is your answer 30021 ÷12 = 2501 (Q) 9
69
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
99
Eg: 1230÷ 99 it will be written as 99 123099
There is no need for table of 99
i) If a number is to be divided by 99 then since it is one less than the base number
100 we will write 01 under 99 to act as multiplier
99 1 2 3 0 1
01
ii) Since it is near base 100 i.e. having two zeros we will put a line before ten’s place
digit to differentiate between quotient and remainder.
99 1 2 3 0 1
01
Quotient Remainder
iii) Put initial digit i.e. 1 down as first digit of the Quotient now multiply this digit with
multiplier 01 and write the answer as two digit number i.e. 01 under next two digit
which are 2 and 3.
99 1 2 3 0 1
01
0 1
iv) Add the numbers at second place only i.e. 2 & 0 and write the answer i.e. 2. Now
multiply 2 by 01 and write the answer 02 under third and fourth digit i.e. under 3 and
0.
99 1 2 3 0 1
01
0 1
0 2
1 2
v) Add the numbers at third place i.e. 3+1+0 and write the answer i.e. 4. Now multiply
4 by 01 and write answer under next two digits i.e. under 0 and 1. Now no more digit
are left in dividend . Add the digit s till the unit place of dividend.
99 1 2 3 0 1
01
0 1
0 2
0 4
(Q) 1 2 4 2 5 (R)
Here’s your answer 12301 ÷ 99

= 124 (Q) and 25 (R)
Note : In case remainder is more than 99 then same process of conversion in mixed
fraction is followed. Whole number is added to Quotient and numerator will act as
Remainder.
70
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
nu
m
be
r
ab
ov
e
ba
s
e1
0
0
Eg. 1242 ÷ 102 it will be written as 102 1242
i) If a number is to be divided by number above base 100 for example by 102 then we
will write 02 under 102 to act as multiplier.
e.g. 102 1 2 4 2 1
02
ii) Put a line before 10’ s place digit to differentiate between Quotient and Remainder.
102 1 2 4 2 1
02
Quotient Remainder
iii) Put the initial digit i.e. 1 down as first digit of Quotient Now multiply it with multiplier
02 and write the answer 02 under two digit 2 and 4
102 1 2 4 2 1
02
0 2
1
iv) Add second place digit i.e. 2 & 0 and write 2 as answer. Multiply 2 by multiplier 02 and
write the answer 04 under 4 and 2
102 1 2 4 2 1
02
0 2
0 4
1 2
v) Add third place digits i.e. 4 + (2) + 0 and write the answer i.e.2 Multiply 2 by 02 and
write 0 4 under 2 and 1. Since no digits are left in dividend add remaining digits to
obtain the answer.
102 1 2 4 2 1
02
0 2
0 4 0
0 4
1 2 2 2 3
( here 2 + 4 =2
1 + 4 =3)
vi) Since remainder is a negative number and smaller than 102 so add 102 to 23 = 79
will be the remainder and subtract 1 from the quotient i.e. 122-1 =121
121 will be the quotient.
102 1 2 4 2 1
02 Note :
0 2 1) If quotient obtained has negative
0 4 numbers then devinculate the digits.
2) In case remainder is -ve then add the
0 4 divisor to -ve remainder to make it
1 2 2 2 3 + 102 positive subtract 1 from the quotient.
- 1 = 79 (R) 3) In case -ve remainder has greater
---------- absolute value than divisor then to
(Q) 1 2 1 obtain positive remainder add the
multiple of divisor to the remainder.
71
D
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Ba
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et
h
od(
A
bo
ve
B
as
e
)
Type-I (20-90)
(I) Let us say 2563 is to be divided by 72. Since 72 is 2 more than base 70, we write 2
under 72, to act as multiplier. Start dividing the number by rank of multiple of 10,
i.e.7.
72 2 5 6 3
2
÷7
ii) Since the base has one zero put the line before units place to differentiate between
quotient and remainder
72 2 5 6 3
2
÷7 Quotient Remainder
iii) Divide the first digit by first digit of base i.e 2 by 7, since 2 is less than 7, we will take
two digits together i.e. 25 ÷7. Quotient obtained is 3 (since 7 x 3 =21), write 3 as first
digit of quotient and subtract 21 from 25 and write the difference, 4 to the next digit i.e.
6 as a subscript.
72 2 5 46 3
2
2 1
÷7 3
iv) Multiply the quotient i.e. 3 by multiplier 2 and write the product 6 under next digit
i.e. 46 and add the two, 46 + 6 and write the answer, 40 below as new dividend.
72 2 5 46 3
2
6
40
÷7 3
(v) Now repeat the steps and divide 40 by 7. Put quotient 5 to the right of 3 as next
Quotient digit. Now multiply 7x 5. Subtract 35 from 40. The difference obtained 5 will
be attached to next digit i.e. 3. Now multiply 5 by 2 and add the answer obtained i.e.
10 + 53
Note
72 2 5 46 5 3 1) In case after addition of product
2 6 (multiplication of quotient and
40 10 multiplier) the answer obtained is -ve
-35 number, then go back to earlier step
÷7 3 5 43 and lessen the Quotient by 1, then
result will always be positive.
(Q) (R)
Here’s your answer 2563 ÷ 72 =
35 (Q) & 43( R)
72
Type-II (200-900)
eg. : 3 2 4 3 1÷ 512
(I) Let us say 3 2 4 3 1÷ 512. Since 512 is 12 more than base 500, we will write 12
under 512 and divide the number by 5, since base is 500. Put a line before tens
place digit to differentiate between quotient and remainder
512 3 2 4 3 1
12
÷5
ii) Divide first digit by 5, since first digit is less than 5, we will divide 32 by 5. The first digit
of the quotient is 6. Now subtract 30 from 32 and attach the answer, 2 to next digit
4.
512 3 2 24 3 1
12
3 0
÷5 6
iii) Multiply the quotient with multiplier, 6 x 12 = 72. Put 72 under next two digits i.e. 4
and 3 but add only first place digit i.e. 24 and 7. Write the answer 17 below as new
dividend.
512 3 2 4 3 1
12 2
7 2
17
÷5 6
iv) Repeat the steps of division. Quotient, 3 will be placed to the right of 6. Multiply 3 and
12. Subtract 15 from 17 attach 2 to 31. Now, multiply 3 and 12. Write 36 under 231 (
3 & 6 under digit is 23 and 1 resp. Add the digits to get the remainder.
R =225 i. (10-5 =5)
512 3 22 4 2
3 1 = 175 ii. (9-2 = 7)
12
7 2 iii. (2-1 = 1)
17 3 6
15
÷5 6 3 225
Here’s your answer 2431 ÷512

= 63 (Q) and 175 ( R)
Note In case result after addition is negative number then go back to earlier step and
lessen the quotient by 1 and repeat till you get the positive remainder.
73
D
i
v
is
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n
Ba
s
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et
h
od(
B
el
o
wBa
s
e
)
Type -1 (20-90)
(I) Let us say 3861 ÷ 49, as 49 is 1 less than base 50, we write 1 under 50, to act as a
multiplier and start dividing the number by rank of multiple of that base, here
division is to be performed by 5. Since base has one zero, put line before units place.
49 3 8 6 1
1
ii) Since first digit i.e. 3 is smaller than 5, we take two digits i.e. 38 and divide by 5 to
obtain the Quotient 7. Write 7 as first digit of the quotient and subtract 35 from 38.
Now write answer, 3 to the left of digit 6 as subscript.
49 3 8 36 1
1
3 5
÷5 7
iii) Multiply the quotient 7 by multiplier 1 and add the answer i.e. 7 to next digits which is
36. Write the answer 43 below as new dividend.
49 3 8 6 1
3
1
7
43
÷5 7
iv) Repeat the steps and write 8 as second digit of quotient (5 x 8 = 40) and
subtract 40 from 43. Write the answer, 3 to the left of 1 as subscript.
49 3 8 3 6 31
1 7
43
-40
÷5 7 8
v) Multiply the quotient 8 by multiplier 1 and write it under next digit i.e. 31 add and
obtain the remainder i.e. 39
49 3 8 36 31
1 7 8
43
-40
÷5 7 8 39
(Q) (R)
Here’s the answer 3861 ÷ 49 = (Q) 78 39
74
Type-II (200-900)
(I) Another example, 35364 ÷ 894. 894 is 6 less than base 900, we will write 06 under
894, to act as multiplier and divide the number by rank of multiple of base here it is 9.
Put a line before 10s place digit to differentiate between Quotient and Remainder.
894 3 5 3 6 4
06
ii) Divide first digit by 9 since 3<9, we divide 35 by 9 to get the Quotient 3 ( 9 X 3= 27)
Subtract 27 from 35. The answer obtained, 8 is attached to next number 3 as shown
below.
894 3 5 3 6 4
8
06
2 7
÷9 3
iii) Multiply 3 by 06 and write answer 18 under two digit 3 and 6. Add only Ist place
digit i.e. 83 and 1.
894 3 58 3 6 4
06
1 8
84
÷9 3
iv) Repeat the steps of division. Divide 84 by 9 . Put 9 as Quotient, subtract 81 from 84
and attach 3 to next digit i.e 64. Multiply 9 with 06 and add 54 to obtain the
remainder.
894 3 5 3 364
06
1 80
84
81
54
÷9 39 498
(Q) (R)
Here’s your answer 35364 ÷ 894 = 39 (Q) and 498
75
Practice Sheet
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
9
1. 21÷9= 15. 421÷9= 29. 5487÷9=
2. 32÷9= 16. 201÷9= 30. 2567÷9=
3. 43÷9= 17. 121÷9= 31. 23417÷9=
4. 71÷9= 18 110÷9= 32. 14155÷9=
5. 52÷9= 19. 111÷9= 33. 71076÷9=
6. 23÷9= 20. 244÷9= 34. 32411÷9=
7. 12÷9= 21. 1121÷9= 35. 132761÷9=
8. 42÷9= 22. 7777÷9= 36. 34512÷9=
9. 51÷9= 23. 1827÷9= 37. 44231÷9=
10. 10÷9= 24. 2301÷9= 38. 32248÷9=
11. 122÷9= 25. 8282÷9= 39. 64324÷9=
12. 102÷9= 26. 4568÷9= 40. 88532÷9=
13. 214÷9= 27. 1234÷9=
14. 314÷9= 28. 6542÷9=
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
8
1. 24÷8= 15. 235÷8= 29. 2584÷8=

2. 35÷8= 16. 427÷8= 30. 3044÷8=
3. 15÷8= 17. 3002÷8= 31. 24007÷8=
4. 82÷8= 18. 154÷8= 32. 26184÷8=
5. 76÷8= 19. 569÷8= 33. 16018÷8=
6. 32÷8= 20. 290÷8= 34. 16417÷8=
7. 47÷8= 21. 8624÷8= 35. 31786÷8=
8. 39÷8= 22. 7178÷8= 36. 14526÷8=
9. 10÷8= 23. 1233÷8= 37. 24789÷8=
10. 22÷8= 24. 2860÷8= 38. 13798÷8=
11. 146÷8= 25. 9932÷8= 39. 24381÷8=
12. 248÷8= 26. 1481÷8= 40. 26590÷8=
13. 562÷8= 27. 8428÷8=
14. 123÷8= 28. 5511÷8=
76
Practice Sheet
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
11
1. 23÷11= 15. 654÷11= 29. 900÷11=
2. 93÷11= 16. 138÷11= 30. 349÷11=
3. 76÷11= 17. 693.÷11= 31. 263÷11=
4. 19÷11= 18. 247÷11= 32. 326÷11=
5. 49÷11= 19. 197÷11= 33. 266÷11=
6. 53÷11= 20 387÷11= 34. 797÷11=
7. 82÷11= 21. 794÷11= 35. 587÷11=
8. 341÷11= 22. 568÷11= 36. 255÷11=
9. 888÷11= 23. 685÷11= 37. 65÷11=
10. 848÷11= 24. 119÷11= 38. 826÷11=
11. 651÷11= 25. 222÷11= 39. 355÷11=
12. 741÷11= 26. 221÷11= 40. 255÷11=
13. 233÷11= 27. 442÷11=
14. 242÷11= 28. 458÷11=
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
12
1. 18÷12= 15. 796÷12= 29. 1201÷12=

2. 28÷12= 16. 381÷12= 30. 1001÷12=
3. 39÷12= 17. 324÷12= 31. 2917÷12=
4. 304÷12= 18. 808÷12= 32. 1468÷12=
5. 606÷12= 19. 400÷12= 33. 21234÷12=
6. 326÷12= 20 672÷12= 34. 3876÷12=
7. 120÷12= 21. 928÷12= 35. 6434÷12=
8. 550÷12= 22. 496÷12= 36. 1121÷12=
9. 345÷12= 23. 213÷12= 37. 2121÷12=
10. 117÷12= 24. 996÷12= 38. 4321÷12=
11. 256÷12= 25. 128÷12= 39. 3452÷12=
12. 514÷12= 26. 101÷12= 40. 1224÷12=
13. 360÷12= 27. 234÷12=
14. 315÷12= 28. 1021÷12=
77
Practice Sheet
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
99
1. 502÷99= 15. 167÷99= 29. 4182÷99=
2. 121÷99= 16. 4144÷99= 30. 1698÷99=
3. 431÷99= 17. 2009÷99= 31. 1005÷99=
4. 617÷99= 18. 1122÷99= 32. 12312÷99=
5. 111÷99= 19. 1212÷99= 33. 12345÷99=
6. 112÷99= 20 1111÷99= 34. 10301÷99=
7. 107÷99= 21. 1234÷99= 35. 11210÷99=
8. 234÷99= 22. 2122÷99= 36. 10013÷99=
9. 141÷99= 23. 3001÷99= 37. 30111÷99=
10. 114÷99= 24. 2211÷99= 38. 10010÷99=
11. 221÷99= 25. 4756÷99= 39. 23101÷99=
12. 198÷99= 26. 1582÷99= 40. 13401÷99=
13. 144÷99= 27. 4608÷99=
14. 213÷99= 28. 6580÷99=
D
i
v
is
io
n
by
nu
m
be
ra
b
ov
e
ba
s
e1
0
0
1. 246÷112= 15. 1659÷103= 29. 9228÷113=

2. 8919÷113= 16. 9228÷113= 30. 13905÷113=
3. 1116÷112= 17. 6012÷106= 31. 15542÷110=
4. 2728÷102= 18. 9268÷112= 32. 10623÷105=
5. 8958÷120= 19. 4734÷121= 33. 25953÷123=
6. 1542÷112= 20 5114÷113= 34. 31274÷103=
7. 7878÷101= 21. 1296÷113= 35. 14678÷121=
8. 8996÷104= 22. 1234÷112= 36. 15921÷106=
9. 1970÷113= 23. 2688÷102= 37. 16453÷102=
10. 1776÷105= 24. 1241÷112= 38. 98112÷111=
11. 2824÷111= 25. 1486÷112= 39. 24557÷101=
12. 1698÷123= 26. 1389÷113= 40. 312749÷104=
13. 9215÷121= 27. 6012÷106=
14. 3174÷112= 28. 9268÷112=
78
Practice Sheet
D
i
v
is
io
n
Ab
o
ve
B
as
e
1. 386÷72= 15. 4250÷51= 29. 1771÷514=
2. 416÷53= 16. 3768÷84= 30. 4951÷603=
3. 396÷34= 17. 6236÷73= 31. 2229÷611=
4. 543÷81= 18. 2926÷62= 32. 3694÷333=
5. 511÷33= 19. 1223÷71= 33. 4132÷402=
6. 732÷51= 20 6481÷41= 34. 5214÷601=
7. 581÷44= 21. 8136÷58= 35. 3412÷710=
8. 348÷23= 22. 4972÷63= 36. 2563÷415=
9. 711÷62= 23. 5768÷34= 37. 1871÷502=
10. 743÷81= 24. 7812÷63= 38. 4891÷502=
11. 963÷84= 25. 1012÷402= 39. 1084÷201=
12. 245÷41= 26. 1488÷611= 40. 10764÷713=
13. 9101÷62= 27. 1386÷704=
14. 1601÷32= 28. 2482÷221=
D
i
v
is
io
nB
e
l
ow
ba
s
e
1. 521÷68= 15. 654÷87= 29. 3536÷894=
2. 343÷64= 16. 384÷69= 30. 3914÷996=
3. 983÷89= 17. 396÷78= 31. 2558÷197=
4. 769÷89= 18. 395÷79= 32. 2564÷296=
5. 241÷38= 19. 314÷58= 33. 1197÷399=
6. 487÷38= 20 388÷98= 34. 2664÷296=
7. 845÷39= 21. 2485÷58= 35. 1297÷399=
8. 396÷49= 22. 1341÷87= 36. 3736÷894=
9. 722÷49= 23. 4208÷69= 37 6128÷895=
10. 468÷49= 24. 7443÷89= 38. 5404÷386=
11. 572÷68= 25. 4784÷57= 39. 5354÷595=
12. 772÷68= 26. 5016÷39= 40. 5355÷595=
13. 921÷57= 27. 3861÷49=
14. 117÷16= 28. 2758÷197=
79

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2

In Vedic period, records of mathematical activities are mostly to be found

Vedic Mathematics is a term given to this ancient

The term vedic mathematics refers to sixteen

Mathematics is as old as human race itself. A human brain understands

The evidence of mathematics was available in all early civilizations also.

In Indian history during Vedic period, records of mathematical activities are

Vedic Mathematics is the name given to ancient system of mathematics

The simplicity of Vedic Mathematics encourage most calculations to be

Application of the Sutras improves the computational skills of the learners

1 ,dkf/kdsu iwosZ.k By One More than the One Before.

Vertically and Crosswise

5 'kwU;a lkE;leqPp;s If the Samuccaya is the Same

6 ¼vkuq#I;s½ 'kwU;eU;r~ If One is in Ratio the Other is Zero

By Addition and by Subtraction

8 iwj.kkiwj.kkH;ke~ (Pûra?âpûra?âbhyâ? ) By the Completion or Non-Completion

9 pyudyukH;ke~ Differential Calculus

10 ;konwue~ (Yâvadûna? ) By the Deficiency

11 O;f"Vlef"V% (Vya??isama??i?) Specific and General

12 'ks"kk.;M~dsu pjes.k The Remainders by the Last Digit

14 ,dU;wusu iwosZ.k By One Less than the One Before

15 xqf.krleqPp;% (Gu?itasamuccaya?) The Product of the Sum

16 xq.kdleqPp;% (Gu?akasamuccaya?) All the Multipliers

1. vkuq:I;s.k (Ânurûpye?a) Proportionately

3. vk|ek|s ukUR;eUR;su The First by the First and the Last

6. ;konwua rkonwue~ (Yâvadûna? Tâvadûna? ) Lesson by the Deficiency

7. ;konwua rkonwuhd`R; oxZ p ;kst;sr~ Whatever the Deficiency, less on

8. vUR;;ksnZ’kds·fi (Antyayordaœake'pi) Last Totalling 10

9. vUR;;ksjso (Antyayoreva) Only the Last Terms

10. leqPp;xqf.kr% (Samuccayagu?ita?) The sum of the Products

By Alternate Elimination and

13. xqf.krleqPp;% leqPp;xqf.kr% The Product of the Sum is the

(f) Vinculum : The numbers which by presentation contain both positive

27, 28, 29 are close to 30 10

47, 48, 49 are close to 50 18 8 2 12

The Ten Point Circle 9 1

Rule : By completion non-completion

This method can be easily used in commutative and associative property.

2. 59+41+11+19 = 22. 64+53+16+37=

3. 43+16+27+24= 23. 79+28+11+82=

4. 23+45+27+25 = 24. 14+25+45+16=

5. 73+7+19+11 = 25. 15+71+65+19=

6. 24+12+8+6+13 = 26. 28+49+32+41=

7. 18+3+2+17 = 27. 39+66+41+34=

8. 27+7+33+23 = 28. 64+71+19+16=

9. 29+37+11+23 = 29. 72+45+28+55=

10. 42+51+19+18 = 30. 64+58+46+42=

11. 16+23+24+7= 31. 41+9+66+44=

12. 58+41+12+9 = 32. 66+73+34+27=

13. 35+14+16+25 = 33. 70+45+40+35=

14. 123+11+27 = 34. 41+47+39+53=

15. 223+130+27 = 35. 65+48+65+22=

16. 506+222+278= 36. 74+36+91+89=

1. 23+107+502+18 = 37. 193+147+204+106=

18. 542+143+245+104 = 38. 417+282+198+543=

19. 133+544+246+247= 39. 48+714+62+536=

20. 457+233+246+574 = 40. 89+646+71+144= 12

Sutra applied is Nikhila? Navataœcarama? Daœata?

eg. : u 1,00,000 Minuend

From the remaining digit of places of minuend subtract 1.

So the difference is 49567

2. 1000 - 283= 22. 2.0 - 0.672=

3. 100 - 81= 23. 3.0 - 1.282=