Training in Life Safety Code

4/6/2020
Training in Life Safety Code

NFPA-101
4/6/2020 LS Training 1
References
❑ NFPA 101: Life Safety Code®
❑ NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code®
❑ Designer’s Illustrated Guide to NFPA 101
❑ NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Essentials Seminar Handouts
❑ Performing Plan Reviews For Life safety code Cmpliance
1
4/6/2020
Overview
❑ NFPA 101, Classification of Occupancy and Hazard of Contents
❑ NFPA 101, Means Of Egress
❑ NFPA 101, Features of Fire Protection
❑ NFPA 101 & NFPA 72, Fire Detection System
❑ NFPA 101 & NFPA 13, Fire protection system
❑ NFPA 101, Interior Finishing
Code Access
www.nfpa.org/101
2
4/6/2020
Code Access
Code Access
3
4/6/2020
Ask questions
if you do not understand!
There is no shame in admitting you do
not understand something.
Scope
❑ Danger to Life from Fire
Addresses those construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from
the effects of fire, including smoke, heat, and toxic gases created during a fire.
❑ Egress Facilities
Establishes minimum criteria for the design of egress facilities so as to allow prompt escape of occupants
from buildings or, where desirable, into safe areas within buildings.
❑ Hazardous Materials Emergencies.
Provide for occupant protection during emergency events involving hazardous materials
❑ Injuries from Falls
Reducing injury to occupants from falls
❑ Emergency Communications
Provide for communications to occupants under emergency conditions and to others.
❑ Considerations Not Related to Fire
In Fire Condition, provide an ongoing benefit in other conditions of use, including non-fire emergencies
❑ Other Fire-Related Considerations
.
4
4/6/2020
Purpose of Life Safety Code

The purpose of this Code is to provide minimum requirements, with due regard to
function, for the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings and structures for
safety to life from fire. Its provisions will also aid life safety in similar emergencies.
Protection of occupants is achieved by the combination of prevention, protection, egress,

and other features, with due regard to the capabilities and reliability of the features
involved. The level of life safety from fire is defined through requirements directed at the
following:
• Prevention of ignition
❑ To guide the design construction and features of the
• Detection of fire
structure
• Control of firetodevelopment
protect the occupant from the effect of fire.
• Confinement of the effects of fire
• ❑Extinguishment
Provide safe of fire
evacuation from abuilding during fire
• Provision of refuge or evacuation facilities, or both
• Staff reaction
• Provision of fire safety information to occupants
Application
❑ Apply to both new construction and existing

buildings and existing structures.
❑ Apply to vehicles, vessels, or other similar

conveyances, as specified in Section 11.6, in
which case such vehicles and vessels shall be
treated as buildings.
10
5
4/6/2020
Chapters
Chapter 1: Administration
Chapter 2: Referenced Publication
Chapter 3: Definitions
Chapter 4: General
Chapter 5: Performance Based Option
Chapter 6: Classification Of Occupancy And Hazard Contents
Chapter 7: Means Of Egress
Chapter 8: Feature Of Fire Protection
Chapter 9:building Service And Fire Protection Equipment
Chapter 10: Interior Finish, Contents, And Furnishing
Chapter 11-42: New And Existing Occupancies
Chapter 43: Building Rehabilitation
11
Occupancy Classification
Chapter 6 provides in depth details about the occupancy classification.
▪ Assembly Occupancy ▪ Detention and Correctional Occupancy

▪ Educational Occupancy ▪ Residential Occupancy
▪ Day-Care Occupancy ▪ Mercantile Occupancy
▪ Health Care Occupancy ▪ Business Occupancy
▪ Ambulatory Occupancy ▪ Industrial Occupancy
▪ Storage Occupancy
12
6
4/6/2020
NFPA 101 Phrasing

Mandatory Requirement Shall be or Shall have
Optional Requirement Where permitted by
Limited Provision Unless Permitted by
How to Do it Where required by
13
NFPA 101 Structure and Format
NEW Occupancy Chapter
Existing Occupancy Chapter
14
7
4/6/2020
NFPA 101 Structure and Format

Annex A Advisory, Not part of the code
General, Guidance, evacuation

Annex B
rescue type, not mandatory
Support requirement for Hazardous

Annex C
material NEW in 2018 edition
Annex D Referenced publication and

information references
15
How To Determine The Requirement

1 Occupancy Classification 5 Refer To The Applicable Chapter
2 New or Existing 6 Occupancy Sub Classification
Verify Compliance With Each

3 Occupant Load 7
Section
Where 2 Occupancy Apply, Use The

4 Hazardous of Contents 8 Precedence Chapter And Check
Special Structure If Applicable
16
8
4/6/2020
Steps
17
LS Training 18
18
9
‫‪4/6/2020‬‬
‫‪Flashover‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫مقارنة بين غرفة معيشة محمية بمرشات مياة مع أخرى غير محمية‬
‫‪4/6/2020‬‬ ‫‪LS Training‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
4/6/2020
Equivalency Statement
1.4 * Equivalency.
Nothing in this Code is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or superior
quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durability, and safety over those prescribed by this Code.
A.‍1.4
Before a particular mathematical fire model or evaluation system is used, its purpose and limitations
need to be known. The technical documentation should clearly identify any assumptions included in
the evaluation. Also, it is the intent of the Committee on Safety to Life to recognize that future
editions of this Code are a further refinement of this edition and earlier editions. The changes in
future editions will reflect the continuing input of the fire protection/life safety community in its
attempt to meet the purpose stated in this Code.
21
Assembly Occupancy
▪ Assembly Occupancy. An occupancy (1) used for a gathering of
50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating,
drinking, amusement, awaiting transportation, or similar uses; or (2)
used as a special amusement building, regardless of occupant load.
o Armories
o Assembly halls
o Auditoriums
o Bowling lanes
o Club rooms
o College and university classrooms, 50 person and over
o Conference rooms
o Court rooms
o Gymnasiums
o Libraries
o Pool room
o Museums
o Restaurants
#6.1.2
22
11
4/6/2020
Educational Occupancy
▪ Educational Occupancy. An occupancy used for educational
purposes through the twelfth grade by six or more persons for 4 or
more hours per day or more than 12 hours per week.
o Academies
o Kindergartens
o School
#6.1.3
23
Day-Care Occupancy
▪ Day-Care Occupancy. An occupancy In which four or more clients receive care,
maintenance, and supervision, by other than their relatives or legal guardians, for
less than 24 hours per day.
o Adult day-care occupancies, except where part of health care occupancy
o Child day-care occupancies
o Day-care homes
o Kindergarten classes that are incidental to child day-care occupancy
o Nursery school
#6.1.4
24
12
4/6/2020
Health Care Occupancy

▪ Health Care Occupancy. An occupancy used to provide
medical or other treatment or care simultaneously to four
or more patients on an inpatient basis, where such patients
are mostly incapable of self-preservation due to age,
physical or mental disability, or because of security
measures not under the occupants’ control.
o Hospitals
o Limited Care Facilities
o Nursing homes
#6.1.5
25
Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy

▪ Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy. An occupancy
used to provide services or treatment simultaneously to
four or more patients that provides, on an outpatient
basis, one or more of the following:
(1) Treatment for patients that renders the patients incapable of taking
action for self-preservation under emergency conditions without the
assistance of others
(2) Anesthesia that renders the patients incapable of taking action for
self-preservation under emergency conditions without the assistance of
others
(3) Emergency or urgent care for patients who, due to the nature of
their injury or illness, are incapable of taking action for self-preservation
under emergency conditions without the assistance of others
#6.1.6
26
13
4/6/2020
Detention and Correctional Occupancy

▪ Detention and Correctional Occupancy. An occupancy
used to house one or more persons under varied degrees
of restraint or security where such occupants are mostly
incapable of self-preservation because of security
measures not under the occupants’ control.
o Adult and juvenile substance abuse centers
o Adult and juvenile work camps
o Adult community residential centers
o Adult correctional institutions
o Adult local detection facilities
#6.1.7
27
Residential Occupancy
▪ Residential Occupancy. An occupancy that provides
sleeping accommodations for purposes other than health
care or detention and correctional
o One and two dwelling units
o Loading or rooming house
o Hotels
o Dormitory
o Apartments
#6.1.8
28
14
4/6/2020
Mercantile Occupancy
▪ Mercantile Occupancy. An occupancy used for the
display and sale of merchandise.
o Auction rooms
o Department stores
o Drugstores
o Restaurants with fewer than 50 person
o Shopping centers
o Supermarket
#6.1.10
29
Business Occupancy
▪ Business Occupancy. An occupancy used for the
transaction of business other than mercantile.
o Airport traffic control towers
o City halls
o College and university
o Courthouses
o Dentists’ offices
o Doctors’ offices
o General offices
#6.1.11
30
15
4/6/2020
Industrial Occupancy
▪ Industrial occupancies shall include factories making
products of all kinds and properties used for operations
such as processing, assembling, mixing, packaging,
finishing or decorating, repairing, and similar operations.
o Drycleaning plants
o Factories of all kinds
o Food processing plants
o Gas plants
o Hangars (for servicing/maintenance)
o Laundries
o Power plants
o Pumping stations
o Refineries
o Sawmills
o Telephone exchanges
#6.1.12
31
Storage Occupancy
▪ Storage Occupancy. An occupancy used primarily for the
storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products, or
vehicles.
o Barn
o Bulk oil storage
o Cold storage
o Freight terminals
o Grain elevators
o Hangers (for storage only)
o Parking structure
o Warehouses
#6.1.13
32
16
4/6/2020
Two or More Occupancies

▪ Multiple Occupancies. Multiple occupancies shall
comply with the requirements of 6.1.14.1 and one of the
following:
o Mixed occupancies — 6.1.14.3
o Separated occupancies — 6.1.14.4
A multiple occupancy where the occupancies are

intermingled
#6.1.14.3
33

following:

separated by fire barriers
#6.1.14.4
34
17
4/6/2020

following:

separated by fire barriers
#6.1.14.4
35
Separated occupancies
#Table_6.1.14.4.1(a)
36
18
4/6/2020
Incidental occupancies
▪ Incidental use area are based on occupant load
criteria from the definition of the occupancy. To be
considered part of the predominant occupancy.
o Gift Shop in a hotel
o Small Storage in any occupancy
o Education use for less than 6 persons in apartment building
o Assembly use for fewer than 50 persons in a business occupancy
o Offices in educational occupancy
#Table_6.1.14.4.1(a)
37
Occupancies Classification
▪ Assembly occupancy design criteria should be
determined on a room-by-room basis, a floor-by-
floor basis, and a total building basis to establish
assembly.
▪ Incorporating the 50 persons threshold on a room-
by-room basis determines classification of occupancy
for assembly use.
▪ When occupant load calculations determine that, on
a room-by-room basis, each room is less than 50
occupants, the rooms should be identified as
incidental to the predominant occupancy, as in
6.1.2.2.
#6.1.14.4
38
19
4/6/2020
▪ In this example, each room has an occupant load of
49 persons, calculated using assembly use occupant
load factor for less concentrated use, as covered in
Table 7.3.1.2.
▪ Based on the 50-person threshold, none of the three
rooms, on a room-by-room basis, meet the 50-
person criterion, thus there is no assembly
occupancy
▪ To avoid Classifying the three meeting rooms as an
assembly occupancy, do not aggregate the occupant
loads of the rooms. Aggregates of the occupants
loads is applicable when each room exceeds the 50
person threshold.
#6.1.14.4
39
▪ In this example, three meeting rooms. One has an
occupant load of 90 persons and the other two each
have an occupant load of 120 persons
▪ When each room exceeds the 50-person threshold,
the rooms are subject to the criteria.
▪ An alarm system should be specified for assembly
occupancies with occupant loads of more than 300
persons, as covered in 12.3.4.1. Thus, the 330-
persons combined occupant load shown mandates a
fire alarm system for the assembly occupancies
#6.1.14.4
40
20
4/6/2020
▪ Considered individually, each meeting room has an
occupant load in excess of the 50-pereon threshold
as covered in 6.1.2.1. Therefore, each room is
classified as an assembly occupancy.
▪ Each room design is applicable to LSC 12
▪ When each room exceeds the 50-person threshold,
the rooms are subject to the criteria.
▪ Occupant loads of the three rooms are aggregated to
establish an assembly occupancy with a 330-person
occupant load on a floor-by-floor basis, as in 12.1.4
#6.1.14.4
41
Hazardous Classification
Chapter 6 provides in depth details about the classification of hazards.
▪ Low Hazard
▪ Ordinary Hazard
▪ High Hazard
42
21
4/6/2020
Hazardous Classification
Chapter 6 provides in depth details about the classification of hazards.
▪ Low Hazard
▪ Ordinary Hazard
▪ High Hazard
43
Low Hazard
▪ Low Hazard. Low hazard contents shall be classified as those

of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire
therein can occur.
44
22
4/6/2020
Ordinary Hazard
▪ Ordinary Hazard. Ordinary hazard contents shall be

classified as those that are likely to burn with moderate
rapidity or to give off a considerable volume of smoke.
45
High Hazard
▪ High Hazard. High hazard contents shall be classified as

those that are likely to burn with extreme rapidity or from
which explosions are likely.
46
23
4/6/2020
Building Hight
• 3.3.37.7 * High-Rise Building.
• A building where the floor of an occupiable story is greater
than 75 ft (23 m) above the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access
Tips:
The below dose not included as stories:
1. Stories below level of exit discharge
2. Mezzanines
3. One Story above grade parking level is not
considered a story except for:
• Assembly occupancy
• Health care occupancy
• Ambulatory health care occupancy
• Detention and correctional occupancy
47
Building Hight
• 2 Stories in Hight for Assembly

occupancy
• 6 Stories in Hight for business
occupancy
• 2 Stories in Hight for Assembly occupancy

• 6 Stories in Hight for business occupancy
• Stories below exit discharge not counted
• Mezzanine is not counted
48
24
4/6/2020
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code & NFPA 5000

Building Construction Code
Building Construction
❑ Buildings occupied in accordance with the individual

occupancy chapters, Chapters 11 through 43, shall
meet the minimum construction requirements of
those chapters.
❑ Determine the requirements for the construction

classification by NFPA 220 & NFPA 5000.
❑ From NFPA 5000 you can know the construction type

and required fire resistance rating protection
49
NFPA 5000 Building Construction Code

❑ To determine the construction type, you should know
o Building occupancy classification

o Number of stories/floors
o Maximum building height
o Maximum floor area
o The building is sprinklered or non-sprinklered
50
25
4/6/2020
NFPA 5000 Building Construction

Code
❑ For Example:
o The building is Industrial ordinary hazard

o The No. of stories is 2 stories
o Maximum building height is 37 ft
o Maximum floor area is 15,600 𝑓𝑡 2
o The building is non-sprinklered
The Construction Type is Type II (111)
51
NFPA 5000 Building Construction Code

❑ Buildings and structures shall be

classified according to their type
of construction, which shall be
based upon one of five basic
types of construction designated
as Type I, Type II, Type III, Type
IV, and Type V, with fire
resistance ratings not less than
those specified in this table
52
26
4/6/2020
Means of Egress
Chapter 7 provides in depth details about the construction and

design of means of egress.
▪ Exit #3.3.83, 7.1.2.2 (9)

▪ Exit Access #3.3.84, 7.1.2.2 (10)
▪ Exit Discharge #3.3.85, 7.1.2.2 (11)
▪ Public Way #3.3.220
#3.3.83, 7.1.2.2
53
Means of Egress
Chapter 7 provides in depth details about the construction and

design of means of egress.
▪ Exit #3.3.83, 7.1.2.2 (9)

▪ Exit Access #3.3.84, 7.1.2.2 (10)
▪ Exit Discharge #3.3.85, 7.1.2.2 (11)
▪ Public Way #3.3.220
54
27
4/6/2020
Exist Enclosure and Protection
NFPA 1010Section 8.2 and 8.3 details the requirements for exit
enclosure and protection
#8.2
55
Determine The Fire Resistance Rating
#8.2.4
56
28
4/6/2020
Fire Barriers / Horizontal Continuity
#8.3.1.2
57
Fire Barriers / Horizontal Continuity
#8.3.1.2
58
29
4/6/2020
Fire Barriers Classification
#8.3.1.2
59
Fire Barriers Classification
• 3-hour fire resistance rating

• 1/2-hour fire resistance rating
#8.3.1.1
60
30
4/6/2020
Fire Door and Windows
#8.3.4.2 Fire Doors
#8.2.3
#8.3.2
#8.3.3
Fire Windows
#8.3.3.(3&4)
61
Fire Door and Windows
#8.3.3.(3&4)
62
31
4/6/2020
Table 8.3.3.2.2 Minimum Fire

Rating for Opening Protectives in
Fire Resistance Rated Assemblies
and Fire-Rated Glazing Markings
63
Penetration in Fire Barriers
#8.3.5
64
32
4/6/2020
Fire Barriers
1. Fire protection rated door with closer #8.3.3.

2. Fire windows # 8.3.3.5 through 8.3.3.12.
3. Pipe and conduit # 8.3.5.1.
4. Fire damper or HVAC duct penetrations # 8.3.5.7.
65
Exit Enclosures
Requirements include:
• Fire-resistance separation
• Openings
• Penetrations, and
• Uses
#7.1.3.2
66
33
4/6/2020
Vestibule Separations
#7.1.3.2.1 (9)a
67
Openings
#7.1.3.2.1 (9)
68
34
4/6/2020
Penetrations
Penetrations are permitted by 7.1.3.2.1(10) for:

• Water and steam piping necessary for the heating and cooling of the exit enclosure
• Electrical conduit serving the exit enclosure
• Fire alarm system circuit wiring installed in the metallic conduit and serving the building
• Standpipe and sprinkler piping serving the building Uses
#7.1.3.2.1 (10)
69
Other Uses
#7.1.3.2.2
70
35
4/6/2020
Egress Reliability
#7.1.10
71
Other requirements
#7.1.5, 7.1.6, 7.1.7
72
36
4/6/2020
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

Means of Egress Components
❑ Doors
o Doors in means of egress shall not be less than 810 mm in

clear width.
o Existing buildings…shall not be less than 710mm door leaf

width
o Rooms < 6.5 sq. m. that are not required to be accessible

to persons with severe mobility impairments, shall not be
less than 610 mm door leaf width.
Pivot Hinged Balance Door
73
Door Width
#7.2.1
74
37
4/6/2020
Door Width
Side Hinged Door

#7.2.1 Doors With Panic Hardware
75
Side-hinged Or Pivoted Swinging Type
Side Hinged Door Pivot Hinged Balance Door

#7.2.1.4
76
38
4/6/2020
Roof Doors
❑ waterproofing issues
A door sill is now allowed in locations that are not normally
occupied such as roof access doors.
77
Door Swinging Direction
Door leaves required to be of the side-hinged or pivoted winging type

shall swing in the direction of egress travel if:
1. The room or area has an occupant load of 50 or more (with some

exceptions)
2. The door assembly is used in an exit enclosure, unless the door
opening serves an individual living unit that opens directly into an
enclosure, or
3. The door opening serves a high hazard contents area, as shown here
#7.2.1.4.2
78
39
4/6/2020

❑ Doors
o Doors required to be of the side-hinged or

pivoted-swinging type shall swing in the direction
of travel where serving a room or area with an
occupant load of 50 or more
o During its swing, any door leaf shall leave not less
than one-half of the required width of a corridor
unobstructed
o When fully open, any door shall not project more

than 180 mm into the required width of a corridor.
79
Stairs
❑ Stairs
o Stairs used as a component in the means of egress

shall conform to the general requirements of NFPA
Section 7.1
o Total Cumulative Occupant Load Assigned to the Stair

• <2000 Persons Stair width ≥ 1120mm
• ≥2000 Persons Stair width ≥ 1420mm
80
40
4/6/2020
Stairs
Stairways serving 2000 or more persons must be a

minimum of 56 in. wide.
NFPA101 7.2.2.2.1.2
81
Guards and Handrails

Guards:
• Open side of a walking surface
• Required where there is a vertical drop of at least30 in.
Handrails:
• Stair or ramp
• Required on both sides unless otherwise permitted
NFPA101 7.2.2.4
82
41
4/6/2020
Handrail Details
• Height
• Additional handrails
• Wall clearance
• Shape
• Brackets or balusters
• Length
#7.2.2.4.5
83
Perpendicular Handrails
• For standard stairs, at least one handrail
must be installed at a right angle to the
leading edge of the stair treads.
#7.2.2.4.4
84
42
4/6/2020
Guard Details
Guard detail requirements include:
• Measuring criteria
• Height
• Intermediate rail distance
85
Enclosed, Usable Space

• Usable space under a stair is permitted to be
considered outside the exit enclosure if the
walls and soffits of the enclosed space meet
the same protection requirements as the stair
enclosure.
#7.2.2.5.3
86
43
4/6/2020
Stair Sign Location
#7.2.2.5.4
87
Stair Sign Examples

• (L) through (0). (L) The stairway identification shall be located at the top of the sign
• (M)* Signage that reads NO ROOF ACCESS shall designate stairways
• (N) The floor level number shall be located below the stairway identifier
• (O) Identification of the lower and upper terminus of the stairway
#7.2.2.5.4.
88
44
4/6/2020
Horizontal exits
Horizontal exits:
• Provide passage from one building area into another
building area
• May not provide more than one-half of the required
number of exits
• May not provide more than one-half of the required egress
capacity
• May be used as part of a defend-in-place protection
strategy in health care and detention facilities
#7.2.4
89
Vertical Continuity : Option1
• The fire barrier used to create the horizontal exit must

extend to the finished ground level.
#7.2.4.3.1(2)
90
45
4/6/2020
Vertical Continuity: Option2

• If a 2-hour separation is not provided on all levels below
the required horizontal exit, including area below the LED,
exit discharge of all stairways must be to the exterior.
#7.2.4.3.3
91
Vertical Continuity
• The 2-hour wall may be omitted below the LED if:
• The LED floor is 2-hours
• The areas below the LED do not have a horizontal exit, and
• The area discharges to the exterior
92
46
4/6/2020
Horizontal Exits
93
Horizontal Exits
94
47
4/6/2020
Horizontal Exits
95
Horizontal Exits
Opening
Protection
96
48
4/6/2020
Extensions at Exterior Walls
#7.2.4.3.4(1)
97
Extensions Alternative
#7.2.4.3.4(2)
98
49
4/6/2020
Exit Passageway
• An exit passageway serves as a horizontal
means of exit travel that is protected from
fire in a manner similar to an enclosed
interior exit stair.
#7.2.6
99
Exit Passageway as Discharge from Stair

• The door between the stair and the exit
passageway is not required.
#7.2.6.3
100
50
4/6/2020
Additional Egress Components

Other egress components include:
• Outside stairs
• Smokeproof enclosures
• Escalators/Moving walks
• Fire escape stairs
• Fire escape ladders
• Elevators in towers
#7.2.7, 7.2.8, and 7.2.9.
101
Calculating Capacity
Calculating Capacity
1. Determine Occupant Load
2. Determine Clear Width of Components
3. Determine Capacity of Components
4. Determine Most Restrictive Component
5. Determine If Egress Capacity is Sufficient
#7.3
102
51
4/6/2020
Step 1: Determine Occupant Load

Use Table 7.3.1.2
Actual maximum number of
occupants, but not less than
Floor area
Occupant Load Factor
103
104
52
4/6/2020
105
106
53
4/6/2020
107
Egress Sizing and Arrangement
108
54
4/6/2020

200 ft. x 143 ft. floor space:
• Two 300 ft2 conference rooms
• Remainder used as offices
• All doors 32 in. of clear width
• Sidewalks at least 48 in. clear width
• Level 1 is the level of exit discharge
• Two stairs
109

• Two 300 ft2 conference rooms
• Remainder used as offices
• All doors 32 in. of clear width
• Sidewalks at least 48 in. clear width
• Level 1 is the level of exit discharge
• Two stairs
110
55
4/6/2020

Gross area: 28,600 ft2
Net area: 600 ft2
Use factor: 15 ft2/person
Net area Gross - Net
Occupant Load = +
Use Factor Use Factor
600 ft2 28,600 ft2 - 600 ft2
Occupant Load = +
15 ft2/person 100 ft2/person
= 40 + 280
= 320 Persons
111
Determine Clear Width of Components

Step 2
112
56
4/6/2020
Determine Component Capacity

Step 3:
• Table 7.3.3.1 shows egress capacity for
approved components of means of egress.
• Egress capacity is the component's clear
width divided by the capacity factor.
Use Table 7.3.3.1

113

Step 4:
To determine the most restrictive
1. Identify components
2. Identify capacity factors
3. Determine capacity
4. Identify most restrictive component
114
57
4/6/2020
Determine if Egress Capacity Is Sufficient

Step 5:
Capacity must be > maximum occupant load.
• 2 means of egress, each with capacity of 147
• Occupant load = 320
Egress capacity = 2 x 147 = 294

Occupant load = 320
capacity < load

294 <320
Egress capacity is NOT adequate
115
Determining Egress Capacity for Stair

Where an egress serves more than one story:
• Occupant load of each story is considered individually

• Required egress capacity may not be decreased in
direction of travel
• Required capacities are added together for converging
means of
• egress
116
58
4/6/2020
LED
117
LED
118
59
4/6/2020
Distribution of Egress Capacity

The loss of any one means of egress must leave available not less than 50 percent of the required
capacity.
119
Number of Means of Egress

Subsection X.2.4 of each occupancy chapter
identifies the requirements for number of
means of egress.
120
60
4/6/2020
Number of Exits
121
Number of Exits:
Business
122
61
4/6/2020
Number of Exits:
Business
123
Number of Exits:
Business
124
62
4/6/2020
Number of Exits:
Business
125
Number of Exits:
Business
126
63
4/6/2020
Number of Exits: Business

127
Business Occupancy: Single Exit

Exception:
• Occupant Load < 100 People
• Travel distance < 100 ft
128
64
4/6/2020
Egress Arrangement
129
Minimum Width
Minimum width:
• As required for a given component
• Not less than 36 in.
130
65
4/6/2020
Limited Exit Access

• 6 Persons or Fewer
• Travel of Less than 50 ft.
131
Corridor Minimums
Business Occupancy : Not Less than 44 in.
132
66
4/6/2020
Travel Distance
Maximum allowed travel distance based on:
• Number, age, and physical condition of
building occupants
• Type and number of obstructions
• Number of people in any room or space
• Amount and nature of combustibles
• Rapidity with which fire may spread
133
134
67
4/6/2020
135
Travel Distance: Exit Stair

Travel distance is measured from most remote point subject to occupancy to where the exit begins.
136
68
4/6/2020
Travel Distance: Open Stair

Travel distance is measured from most remote point subject to occupancy to where the exit begins.
137
Common Paths of Travel
138
69
4/6/2020
Common
Paths of Travel
139
Common
Paths of Travel
140
70
4/6/2020
141
For business occupancies, common path of travel not over 75 ft.

Common path of travel not over 100 ft. permitted:
• In building protected by approved automatic sprinkler system
• Within single tenant space with occupant load of 30 people or fewer
142
71
4/6/2020

Common Path & Dead End
❑ Dead End: is similar to a common path of travel, a

dead end can exist where there is no path of travel from an
occupied space but can also exist where an occupant enters a
corridor thinking there is an exit at the end (a)
❑ Common Path of Travel: Common path of travel is

measured in the same manner as travel distance but terminates
at that point where two separate and distinct routes become
available.
Paths that merge are common paths of travel. (b)
143
Dead-End Corridors
144
72
4/6/2020
Dead-End
Corridors
145
Dead-End
Corridors
146
73
4/6/2020
Dead-End Corridors
147

Travel Distance, Common Path & Dead End Table
148
74
4/6/2020
Remoteness
Arrangements of means of Egress
❑ Where two exits, exit accesses, or exit discharges are

required
o In Sprinklered Building :
➢ They shall be located at a distance from one another not
less than one-half the length of the maximum overall
diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served.
o Non-Sprinklered Building:
➢ They shall be located at a distance from one another not
less than one-Third the length of the maximum overall
diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served.
149
150
75
4/6/2020
151
152
76
4/6/2020
153
Discharge from Building

❑ Exits shall terminate directly, at a public way or at an

exterior exit discharge
❑ Not more than 50% of the required number of exits

permitted to discharge interior the building.
154
77
4/6/2020
❑ Exits shall terminate directly, at a public way or at an

exterior exit discharge
❑ Not more than 50% of the required number of exits

permitted to discharge interior the building.
155
Egress Visibility and Marking
156
78
4/6/2020
Illumination of Means of Egress
#7.8
157
Illumination of Means of Egress
#7.8
158
79
4/6/2020
Illumination
Illumination is required throughout the exit (e.g., an enclosed exit
stair or exit passageway).
159
Illumination
160
80
4/6/2020
Illumination
161
Illumination Levels Required

Illumination requirements:
• At least 1 ft.-candle at floor level
• At least 10 ft.-candle during stair use (new stairs)
Requirements may be reduced:
• When showing motion pictures or presentations
• Where operations require low lighting levels
162
81
4/6/2020
Illumination Levels Required
163
Emergency Lighting
Section 7.9 requires emergency lighting for
designated egress paths.
Where maintenance of illumination depends on
changing from one energy source to another, a delay
of not more than 10 seconds shall be permitted.
164
82
4/6/2020
Emergency Lighting
New emergency power systems for
emergency lighting must be at least:
• Type 10
• Class 1.5
• Level 1
165
Maintenance / Testing
166
83
4/6/2020
Maintenance/Testing
Required emergency lighting shall be tested in
accordance with one of three options:
• Manual
• Self-testing
• Self-diagnostic
167
Self-Diagnostic/Testing
168
84
4/6/2020
BS Testing Method
169
Emergency Lighting: Existing Business

Emergency lighting is required for existing business occupancies if:
• The building is three or more stories in height
• The occupancy is 100 or more occupants above or below the level of discharge
• Total occupancy is 1,000 or more
170
85
4/6/2020
Marking of Means of Egress

Subsection 2.10 of each occupancy chapter: When marking of
means of egress is required Section 7.10: Details for how and
where exit access signage should be provided.
171
Exit Signs
Approved sign, Readily visible from any direction
172
86
4/6/2020
Sign Visibility
Two signs readily visible from any direction
173
Directional Exit Sign

A directional sign must be placed where the direction of
travel to reach the nearest exit is not apparent.
174
87
4/6/2020
External Sign Illumination

Subsection 7.10.6 outlines requirements for externally
illuminated signs:
• Size of signs
• Size and location of directional indicator
• Level of illumination
175
Internal Sign Illumination

Internally illuminated signs must be laboratory tested
and listed in accordance with ANSI/UL 924.
176
88
4/6/2020
NO Exit
Any door that is likely to be mistaken for an exit
must be identified by a sign that says NO EXIT.
177
Testing and Maintenance

Testing is required:
• Every 30 days
• In accordance with 7.9.3
178
89
4/6/2020
High-Hazard Contents
High hazard contents are classified as those
that are likely to burn with extreme rapidity
or from which explosions are likely.
179
Mechanical/Boiler/Furnace Rooms
Section 7.12 applies, in all buildings, to:
• Mechanical equipment rooms
• Boiler rooms
• Furnace rooms
180
90
4/6/2020
The intent is to protect

occupants located in
rooms or spaces adjacent
to hazardous storage from
fire and/or smoke.
181
Designing hazardous storage

rooms with smoke-resistive
assemblies and sprinklers is an
option to the design illustrated
182
91
4/6/2020
The degree of hazard for rooms

designed for the use or
processing of hazardous
materials mandates the more
restrictive design elements
shown in Figure 1.19(c) to
protect occupants in adjacent
rooms or spaces
183
Mechanical/Boiler/Furnace Rooms: Common

Path of Travel
Common path of travel: 50 ft.
184
92
4/6/2020
Mechanical/Boiler/Furnace Rooms: Single

Means of Egress
A story used exclusively for mechanical equipment, boilers, or
furnaces may be served by a single exit.
185
Requirements For Special Structures and

High-rise Buildings
186
93
4/6/2020
Special structures
1. Open Structures
2. Towers
3. Water-Surrounded Structures
4. Piers Open Structures Towers Water-Surrounded Structures
5. Vehicles and Vessels
6. Underground and Limited Access
7. Structures
8. Permanent and Temporary Membrane
9. Structures
Underground and Vehicles and Vessels Piers
10. Tents
Limited Access
Structures
187
Exit Signs
Requirements for high-rise buildings in Section 11.8 apply to:
• New high-rise buildings
• Existing high-rise buildings if referenced by the occupancy
chapter
188
94
4/6/2020
High-Rise Building Requirements

• Sprinklers
• Standpipe
• Alarm and communications
• Standby power
• Emergency command center, and
• Stairway video monitoring
189
Vertical Openings
190
95
4/6/2020
Vertical Continuity and Openings

The principal structural weakness responsible for the vertical
spread of fire is the absence of the fire cutoffs at openings
between floors.
191
Continuity Exemptions: Floor Penetrations

Section 8.6.3 outlines exemptions for specific
listed floor penetrations.
192
96
4/6/2020
Communicating Space
Communicating space is permitted if it meets
alternative protection criteria, unless prohibited by
the occupancy chapter.
193
194
97
4/6/2020
Atrium
This is permitted unless prohibited by the
occupancy chapter.
195
Protected Two-Story Opening

A vertical opening serving as other than an exit
enclosure connecting only two adjacent stories
and piercing only one floor shall be permitted to
be open to one of the two stories.
196
98
4/6/2020
Two-Story Convenience Openings

Two-story convenience openings are permitted if they meet the
requirements of 8.6.9.
Key criteria:
• Connects two floors only
• Not a required means of egress
• Separated from the corridors
• Separated from unprotected openings serving other floors
197
Expansion Joints
Fire protection-rated expansion or seismic joints with
minimum rating of not less than the required fire
resistance rating of the floor are permitted.
198
99
4/6/2020
Escalators
New escalators and existing
escalators not serving as exits need
not be enclosed under certain
conditions.
199
Hazardous Area
200
100
4/6/2020
Protection of Hazardous Areas: 1-

hour Fire Barrier
Any area having a degree of hazard greater
than normally found in that occupancy must
be protected in one of three ways. It may be:
• Enclosed with afire barrier with no windows
with a 1 hour fire resistance rating
• Protected with automatic extinguishing
systems
• Both enclosed with 1-hour barrier and
protected by automatic extinguishing
systems where the hazard is severe
201
Smoke Partitions for Sprinkler Protected New

Hazardous Areas
8.7.1.2 requires a smoke partition
enclosure in accordance with 8.4 to
protect the hazardous area with
automatic sprinklers in lieu of afire
barrier enclosure.
202
101
4/6/2020
Smoke Partitions
Where required elsewhere in the Code, smoke
partitions shall be provided to limit the transfer
of smoke
203
Smoke Barriers
A limited number of occupancies require smoke barriers.
204
102
4/6/2020
Smoke Barriers
Doors in smoke barriers shall close the opening, leaving only the minimum clearance necessary for
proper operation, and shall be without louvers or grilles.
4/6/2020 205
205
Smoke Partitions for Sprinkler Protected New

Hazardous Areas
The continuity of the smoke barrier addresses
potential openings in the smoke barrier wall.
206
103
4/6/2020
Interior Finishes
❑ Chapter 10 provides in depth details about the

interior finishing requirements
207
Interior Finishing
❑ Interior finishes are broken down into three classifications:

o Class A Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish (flame spread 0-25,
smoke development 0-450)
o Class B Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish (flame spread 26-75,
smoke development 0-450)
o Class C Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish (flame spread , smoke
development 0-450)
o Where the standards require C, A or B can also be used
o Where the standards require B, A can also be used
208
104
4/6/2020
Interior Finishes
209
Interior Finishing
❑ Industrial Occupancy
o Interior Finishes in industrial
occupancies can be Class A, B, or C
o In exit enclosures, interior finishes
shall be Class A or Class B
o Floor finishes in exit enclosures
including stair treads and risers shall
be not less than Class II.
210
105
4/6/2020
Interior Finishing
Interior Finishing
❑ The interior finish shall comply with all of the following

when tested using method B of the test protocol of
NFPA 265:
o During the 40 kW exposure, flames shall not spread to
the ceiling.
o The flame shall not spread to the outer extremities of the
samples on the 8 ft × 12 ft (2440 mm × 3660 mm) walls.
o Flashover, as described in NFPA 265, shall not occur.
o For new installations, the total smoke released
throughout the test shall not exceed 1000 m2.
211
Any Question?
212
106

Training in Life Safety Code - 101-Slides1 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Training in Life Safety Code - 101-Slides1 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4/6/2020

❑ NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code®

❑ Designer’s Illustrated Guide to NFPA 101

❑ NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Essentials Seminar Handouts

❑ Performing Plan Reviews For Life safety code Cmpliance

❑ NFPA 101, Means Of Egress

❑ NFPA 101, Features of Fire Protection

❑ NFPA 101 & NFPA 72, Fire Detection System

❑ NFPA 101 & NFPA 13, Fire protection system

❑ NFPA 101, Interior Finishing

Purpose of Life Safety Code

Protection of occupants is achieved by the combination of prevention, protection, egress,

❑ Apply to both new construction and existing

❑ Apply to vehicles, vessels, or other similar

▪ Assembly Occupancy ▪ Detention and Correctional Occupancy

NFPA 101 Phrasing

Optional Requirement Where permitted by

Limited Provision Unless Permitted by

How to Do it Where required by

NFPA 101 Structure and Format

NEW Occupancy Chapter

Existing Occupancy Chapter

NFPA 101 Structure and Format

General, Guidance, evacuation

Support requirement for Hazardous

Annex D Referenced publication and

How To Determine The Requirement

2 New or Existing 6 Occupancy Sub Classification

Verify Compliance With Each

Where 2 Occupancy Apply, Use The

‫‪4/6/2020‬‬ ‫‪LS Training‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

Health Care Occupancy

Ambulatory Health Care Occupancy

Detention and Correctional Occupancy

Two or More Occupancies

A multiple occupancy where the occupancies are

Two or More Occupancies

o Separated occupancies — 6.1.14.4

A multiple occupancy where the occupancies are

Two or More Occupancies

o Separated occupancies — 6.1.14.4

A multiple occupancy where the occupancies are

Chapter 6 provides in depth details about the classification of hazards.

Chapter 6 provides in depth details about the classification of hazards.

▪ Low Hazard. Low hazard contents shall be classified as those

▪ Ordinary Hazard. Ordinary hazard contents shall be

▪ High Hazard. High hazard contents shall be classified as

• 2 Stories in Hight for Assembly

• 2 Stories in Hight for Assembly occupancy

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code & NFPA 5000

❑ Buildings occupied in accordance with the individual

❑ Determine the requirements for the construction

❑ From NFPA 5000 you can know the construction type

NFPA 5000 Building Construction Code

❑ To determine the construction type, you should know

o Building occupancy classification

NFPA 5000 Building Construction

o The building is Industrial ordinary hazard

The Construction Type is Type II (111)

NFPA 5000 Building Construction Code

❑ Buildings and structures shall be

Chapter 7 provides in depth details about the construction and