Technical paper on Solar Power Operated Electrical Vehicle

Abstract

This paper focused an attention towards the utilization of solar power which is available
at a very negligible cost. It gives the maximum utilization of cars without using artificial
sources of energies but considering the use of solar based components such as solar cells,
photovoltaic cell which is radially available and mostly suitable for driving as well as
designing of electric cars mainly uses the basic source of chemical energies without being
connected or taking the supply of electrical source such as voltage, frequency or
wavelength. It concentrates on the normal chemical reactions which can be produced by
using the solar source for application. It also gives the information about the present
scenario of automated cars or vehicle, their propulsion rate, burning efficiency as well as
present creation of pollutants caused by the vehicles. It should not only restrict but also
controlled without polluting the normal atmospheric condition. At the same time the
efforts required for an operator must be minimized as compared with present vehicles
without disturbing their working efficiency and this ultimate result can be obtained by
utilizing the solar power as natural source of energy.

Similarly along with considering the normal running conditions of road surfaces on
the basis of their radius of curvature as well as their slope of working in India as well as
other countries differs from each other but by utilizing the different techniques this
system of solar power different race cars operates on the basis of road conditions which
differs at different points can be designed as well as efficiently fabricated on the basis of
the given conditions. It can be done not only by utilizing the present status of automated
vehicles but also helps in the study of maximum running capacity and efficient working
at different conditions, this result can be achieved or obtained by using the battery
sources effectively which also works on the same principle of solar power. This system
also employees the result the effect of aircraft which works on the principle of sonic,
subsonic and supersonic velocities or speed at the different conditions. It also without
using the normal process a basic concept of different methods of applications , it uses a
simple and actual sources of energy which can be developed or created on the basis of
solar power.
INTRODUCTION

Most people in today’s age have heard about solar power. And most everyone
understands the benefits of conserving energy...from the value to the earth to the added
value in your wallet. But not many people understand how solar power works. Not many
people know that there are state and federal tax credits for purchasing solar-powered
vehicles.

More importantly, not many people know that there’s a solar-

powered vehicle that’s stylish, practical and affordable. Cruise Car is here to change all
that... Solar-Powered Kudo SX

Solar Powered Cars traditional are defined as cars which run on energy from the sun.
They got their first recognition as a possible transportation method through the series of
annual races across Australia.

This definition however is changing, in recent years of the green movement, solar power
explosion now allows people to charge plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) through solar
panels installed on their homes and in recent history solar panels installed on the roof of
the car itself.

There is a very bright future for solar energy to power our transportation needs and we're
just scratching the surface of the possibilities.

Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy
and automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount
of energy input into the car. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car
races. Exceptions include solar-powered cars and utility vehicles.

Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in conventional cars. In order to keep the
car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye on these gauges to spot possible
problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which allows
the driver's team to monitor the car's energy consumption, solar energy capture and other
parameters and free the driver to concentrate on driving.
How Solar Cells and Solar Panels Work?

Quite simply, solar cells convert direct sunlight into electricity. A series of cells, such as
the one on the Sunray Solar Top, are connected in series to provide a charge to the 48
volt battery.

The solar cells, built into the panel, convert sunlight to electricity just like a solar calcula-
tor only with a lot more power.

SOLAR PANNELS
Power generated by the solar panel

The solar panel is designed to charge the six 8 volt batteries, which is a 48 volt battery
system. The panel produces 60 volts to charge the 48 volt batteries. The panel produces
up to 180 watts @ 60 volts, so a 3 amp continuous charge is produced from the panel
when exposed to direct sunlight.

Effect of power generated by solar pannel

It increases the range of the vehicle between charges by up to 33%. So if a regular, non-
solar vehicle gets 40 miles between charges, the Sunray Solar vehicle will travel 55 miles
between regular plug in charges. Another benefit is that the solar will extend the battery
life by giving the batteries a continuous charge. If a normal set of batteries last three
years, the Sunray could extend the battery life an additional two years or more. Also, the
vehicle is a portable solar genera- tor. If the regular power goes out, the vehicle has a 12
volt plug so you can plug 12 volt appliances into it such as a small TV, lights and even a
small refrigerator. If you plug an inverter into the 12 volt socket you can operate regular
110 volt appliances off of the batteries. Finally, the Sunray Solar Top has no moving
parts and is designed to last 20 years, assuming it is not damaged by an accident. The
Sunray Solar It increases the range of the vehicle between charges by up to 33%. So if a
regular, non- solar vehicle gets 40 miles between charges, the Sunray Solar vehicle will
travel 55 miles between regular plug in charges. Another benefit is that the solar will
extend the battery life by giving the batteries a continuous charge. If a normal set of
batteries last three years, the Sunray could extend the battery life an additional two years
or more. Also, the vehicle is a portable solar genera- tor. If the regular power goes out,
the vehicle has a 12 volt plug so you can plug 12 volt appliances into it such as a small
TV, lights and even a small refrigerator. If you plug an inverter into the 12 volt socket
you can operate regular 110 volt appliances off of the batteries. Finally, the Sunray Solar
Top has no moving parts and is designed to last 20 years, assuming it is not damaged by
an accident. The Sunray Solar Top will never lose its value and when sold to a new
owner, that owner will be able to take the tax credits if they are still available at that time.
Tax credit work

As of January 1, 2006, an investment tax credit for utilizing solar went into effect. IRS
form 3468 line 5b allows for a 30% tax credit for investing in solar. The solar panel and
the batteries are all part of a solar system on the vehicle. The retail value of this system is
$2,700.00 for the solar panel and $600.00 for the batteries, which equals $3,300.00.
Therefore, the tax credit for our Sunray Solar vehicle is $990.00. Be sure to check with
your state for additional tax credits. For example, in the state of Florida there is a Solar
Energy Systems Sales and Use Tax Exemption, Florida Law section 212.02(26) and
212.08(7). $3,300.00 of the cost of a $6,000.00 Sunray vehicle qualifies as a portable
solar generator. So you only pay state sales tax on $2,700.00 instead of the full
$6,000.00. Therefore, instead of paying $410.00 in sales tax, the customer pays only
$162.00 in state sales tax – an additional savings of $248.00. So, a customer in Florida
will save a total of $1,238.00 on a $6,000.00 Cruise Car solar electric vehicle. Check with
your state for solar incentives.

Solar Tax Credits – Save Money, Save the Earth

We can get credit for buying solar on form 3468, line 5b. Below is an example of the
breakdown for that credit*: Solar Panel = $2,700.00 Batteries = $600.00 $3,300.00 Total
on line 5b of IRS Form 3468 is $3,300.00 x 30% = $990.00. Total savings will vary
depending on additional allowances provided by each state. Check with your particular
state for these allowances.
Solar Powered Autonomous Undersea Vehicles

If we are to understand the impact of the world’s oceans on our environment, we must
gather data
with which to understand that impact. Low cost, unmanned, long endurance mobile
sampling systems are,
in many cases, a desirable alternative to the currently used, oceanographic research
vessels requiring large
investments in manpower and equipment, or by buoyed instrument strings constrained to
a fixed position.
AUV technology has evolved over many years. Many of the technological roadblocks
preventing routine
operational use of these systems have been overcome. Three issues remain as primary
limitations; energy,
navigation over extended times and distances, and communication of a user with the
remote platform on a
relatively real-time basis. Solar powered AUVs begin to overcome all three of these
limitations. They must
surface to recharge the onboard energy system but the available energy is limitless. When
surfacing to recharge, they are able to take advantage of GPS
navigation to update position [GPS]. They are also
able to take advantage of the evolving communication infrastructure [Sat Coms] such as
existing satellite based communications and the soon to be in place Low Earth Orbiting
Satellite (LEOS) communication system. When sampling areas are located near land, it
is possible to take advantage of RF telemetry and communicate directly with a user.
With continually easier access to the Internet, onshore receivers place
data retrieval and mission control within easy reach of geographically dispersed users.
The Development of a Solar Powered AUV

The Autonomous Undersea Systems Institute (AUSI) along with the Institute for Marine
Technology Problems (IMTP) in Vladivostok is investigating the characteristics and
limitations of a solar energy system as an energy source for a long endurance AUV. It
seeks to understand the impact of the unique system components (specifically the
photovoltaic array, the charging system, the energy storage system, and the power
management system) on the design of an AUV. It also seeks to identify constraints that
an AUV system places on the solar energy system components. In parallel with these
activities and experiments, a small prototype, solar powered AUV test-bed has been
developed. This prototype vehicle is being used to evaluate the results of a number of
analyzes related to the use of solar energy to power a long endurance data acquisition
systems. The ultimate
AUSI program objective is to develop a solar powered AUV system for the marine
community with endurance in excess of one year. Solar energy systems allow the
endurance of AUVs to be increased dramatically thereby providing
Sampling systems to acquire needed scientific data over large volumes of ocean and
across long time scales
and to overcome the burden of recovering and recharging vehicles on a daily basis. The
ability to undertake long endurance remote operations without the need for support ships
and platforms and the reduced costs
of acquiring that data make the development of Solar powered AUVs an important goal
for today’s ocean
Community. Inherent communication capability resulting from the need to surface on a
regular basis provides the user/scientist with daily updates of data via satellite telemetry
and an opportunity to change the mission
based on results while the sampling system is at sea. One can envision a scientist sitting
at his/her desk
Studying newly acquired data, and, based on the results of that analysis, modifying
parameters of the data
Acquisition task, and within minutes issuing a new command to the remote system.
Energy system and updates its navigation system via GP
A Need for Long Endurance Autonomous Sampling Systems

Changes to the global environment brought about by both natural forces and man's
activity are a
subject of concern to much of the world's population. A number of international research
programs are focused on developing a better understanding of ocean processes that
impact our environment. A common thread, seen in all of these efforts, is the need to
obtain a significant increase in our ability to acquire data from the ocean. Some estimates
suggest that we must increase our data gathering capability by two to three
or more orders of magnitude in order to meet current needs. This limitation is reflected in
the world-wide concern by research organizations over the lack of sufficient data with
which to understand the dynamics
of chemical, biological and physical characteristics and processes within the earth's lakes,
seas and oceans.
Issues such as physical and biological coupling, biogeochemical processes and cycles
both natural and human
Induced, fisheries, and ecosystem modeling must be better understood. Spatial and
temporal under sampling
in the oceans is generally recognized as one of the more important problems associated
with current sampling
Systems. Although more detailed monitoring of the ocean is necessary, current
instrumentation does not
Provide sufficient capability to collect the required data from the ocean on a continuous
basis. This problem of under-sampling of the ocean is a roadblock to many
investigations. Few sensors exist that allow us to
Remotely sample large volumes of the ocean reliability. We are forced to use sampling
techniques that have
remained relatively the same for over a hundred years. We infer detailed processes by
considering sparse data
sets. If we are to meet this goal of significantly increasing our ability to acquire data and
information, we
must consider new technology.
AUVs have a unique capability in that they are able to transit the ocean in three
dimensions following a pre-defined path. If their endurance is increased to a year or
more, they will allow the data gathering required to better understand global ocean
processes. These autonomous sampling platforms offer the
potential to acquire measurements at any point in the ocean. Current computer
technology and satellite-based navigation and communications provide an opportunity to
create systems that can work autonomously for long periods of time. To obtain the
required endurance (range and duration), an inexpensive energy source
is needed. The only practical method is to extract energy from the environment, and the
most obvious type of environmental energy is solar energy

Solar Powered AUVs future advanced design concept

When considering the development of a solar powered autonomous platform with an

endurance of one year a number of questions must be considered. Most important are
those that are unique to the solar
Powered aspects of the vehicle system. Is there enough solar energy to accomplish
important tasks? Can we acquire and utilize that energy to power an autonomous
sampling system? What is the impact of the solar
array on the design of the vehicle platform and its performance...what are the unique
characteristics of this vehicle? What are other problems that must be overcome..... impact
of the ocean environment? The ongoing program is attempting to answer these questions.
The following paragraphs summarize some of the activities of that program
Enough Solar Energy to Power an Autonomous Vehicle

The amount of solar energy available on the ocean surface varies significantly with
latitude, seasons, and weather. The annual mean daily total horizontal solar radiation
varies from less than 1 to about 12 kWhr/m2/day [Bahm94]. Conversion efficiencies for
commercially available Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are conservatively in the 10% range.
Therefore we can expect energy amounts in the range of 100 to about 1200 Whr/m2/day.
This variation in available energy will have obvious impact on possible tasks that a solar
AUV might perform. If we look at the latitudes roughly comprising the US, and look at
"worst case" numbers
which typically are in December, we see an advancement which varies from 1
kWhr/m2/day (near the Canadian border) to about 4.0 kWhr/m2/day (in the southern US)
[Rein 93]. In order to establish some boundaries as to the range that can be expected
from a solar powered AUV, we consider two levels of solar isolation;
(1) data representing a high level of solar energy off the Hawaiian Islands in June; 6
kWhr/m2/day,
(2) data representing a low level of solar energy available near Vladivostok and Boston,
MA in December; 1.5 kWhr/m2/day .
It is possible to calculate the range of a small, solar powered AUV operating in a low
isolation area
and a high insolation area. With a PV array of .5 M2 (Figure 1, Solar AUV version A)
and a 10% conversion efficiency (PV module), in a low insolation region of 1.5
kWhr/m2/day, this results in a PV array output of about 75 whrs/day. If we consider the
same vehicle in the high insolation area (6.0 kWhr/m2/day), we would
obtain 300 whrs/day. This would result in the capabilities summarized in Table 1 below
when the vehicle was tasked to transit for 12 hours and charge for 12 hours
NOTE: The 10% efficiency for the solar arrays is an appropriate value for today’s
technology and has been validated by experimenting using a Solar panel.
MSX-30 Solar Module. More importantly, data from an NREL report suggests that the
efficiency of PV modules will increase to a level of 15 - 25% by the year 2010.
Impact of the Ocean Environment

The analyzes performed to date emphasize the potential of a solar power AUV as being
an ideal sensing platform. There are, however, some questions that remain unanswered
and must be resolved. AUVs
have been used in the ocean for a couple of decades and their designs are well suited to
the ocean
environment. The addition of solar panels prompts a consideration of the interactions of
the ocean
environment and this technology. There are four potential hazards which impact the
design of a solar
powered AUV: corrosion, bio-fouling, collision with boats while recharging, and the
mechanical effects of
wave action on the system. Of primary interest are corrosion and. Most serious of these is
the effect of pitting .

Fig.MSX10 Solar Module

Surface fouling of PV-collection surfaces by biological organisms is a serious concern for

shallow-water solar-powered AUVs. There is no simple anti-fouling technique proven to
be 100% effective
Against all organisms. In order to minimize the impact of marine fouling
on solar cell surfaces, a two-pronged approach is being investigated. First, any protective
coating or laminate must provide "easy-release"
Advancement of solar cars over the Present.

Solar cars can operate efficiently on an unlimited source  of

fuel that causes no pollution, producing maximum rated power. However, solar
panels in huge quantities are necessary for the production of useful electricity.
Generation of solar power will only be proper in parts of the globe where sunlight
is available in abundance. Solar cars presently cannot be used as a mode of
transportation, and can be driven for short distances only without the sun. Solar
cars cannot be compared in speed or power of the normal cars and its battery
will be used too often if sunlight is not available.

Can I make my vehicle street legal?

Yes,in contry like india as per consider the condition of roads it is affordable to drive;.
because
The height of vehicle is as nomal as other and the angle of banking making with road is
also normal.it is most effective vehicle in other contry.
 References And Conclusion

1. Ageev, Mikhail, D., "An Analysis of Long-Range AUV, powered by Solar

Energy", Institute for Marine Technology Problems, Far East Branch of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, 1995

2.Book on "Photovoltaic Energy Program Review" by Jalbert, J.C., Iraqui-Pastor, P,

Miles,

3. "Evaluating Photovoltaic Applications", Sandia National Laboratories, SAND

 It is the most conventional and effective way of achieving harmony of working under
difficult situation or circumstances .

 It gives the maximum utilization of cars without using artificial sources.

 It should not only restrict but also controlled without polluting the normal atmospheric
condition.

THANK YOU