Quantum Physics I

Compulsory Lecture for Master Program in Micro- and Nanotechnology (MNM)

Munich University of Applied Science

Faculty FK06
WS 19/20
General Information about the Lecture

Lecture in English:

Prof. Dr. K. Beha

E-mail: katja.beha@hm.edu

Lecture in German:

Prof. Dr. A. Kersch

E-mail: alfred.kersch@hm.edu
 Basic Structure
I. Quantum mechanics

II. Solid state physics (as from December 19)

• General information:

– Lecture (4 h/w, usually Thursdays) + tutorial (2 h/w, usually Fridays)

– Written examination at the end of the semester

– Moodle class (name: QP1, access code: quantenphysik1)

– The PowerPoint slides are provided via Moodle

– The next week’s exercise sheet is usually available on Fridays until midnight via Moodle

à Independent editing of problems is highly recommended

– Math tutorial given by Prof. Dr. A. Kersch (Thursdays 1:30 pm – 3 pm, D109)

à The participation is highly recommended

PLEASE: Course registration via intranet fb06 + Moodle

(information about schedule fail/ change)

 Literature
• Part 1 (Quantum mechanics):
– L. A. Kirkby, Physics – A Student Companion, Scion

– H. Haken, H. C. Wolf, The Physics of Atoms and Quanta, 7. Edition, Springer

– D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 2. Edition, Pearson

– W. Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3, 5. Auflage, Springer (only in German)

• Part 2 (Solid state physics):

– H. Ibach, H. Lüth, Solid-State Physics, 4. Edition, Springer

– C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc

shortly: G. Franz, Quantenphysik / Quantenmechanik, Springer (only in German)

 Participating Students
Previous Knowledge & Expectations

Survey:
- Are there any students with a physical undergraduate background?
- Are there any students who have a bachelor’s degree in physical engineering?
- Are there any students with prior knowledge in atomic physics?
- Are there any students with prior knowledge in quantum physics?
- Are there any students with prior knowledge in solid state physics?
- Are there students in the 1st semester?
- Are there students in the 2nd semester?
- Are there students in higher semester?

Expectations:
- What are your expectations / whishes?
 Let‘s start...

Part 1, chapter 1
 1 Development of Quantum Mechanics
– Early 20th century: experimental findings that could not be explained with classical models,
e. g.:
• Spectral distribution of the cavity radiation (keyword “ultraviolet catastrophe”)
• Photoelectric effect
• Compton effect
• Atomic model that explains the stability and line spectrum of atoms
• Franck-Hertz experiment
• ...
– In particular the nature of the light was unclear at that time
• Two different views: light consists of particles (Newton) vs. light is a wave (Huygens)

à To fully describe the micro-regime of atoms & molecules, both the particle aspect of
classical mechanics and the wave model of el.- mag. fields (Maxwell equations) must be taken
into account, advanced, and modified

à It turns out that the models do not contradict but complement each other (e.g. light: to describe
interference/ diffraction: wave model; to describe absorption/ emission: particle model)
 1.1 Black-Body Radiation
Considered system:
– A black body with absorbance A ≈ 1

– Experimentally realized by a cavity with a small opening

DF thus that the entire radiation entering through DF is
absorbed on the inside walls
– Temperature T corresponds to the cavity wall temperature from Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3

à First experimental indication of the particle character of el.- mag. radiation

General rules for cavity radiation:

1. In the stationary state, the emission and absorption of the cavity walls must be in equilibrium,
i. e. for all frequencies n the absorbed and emitted power (energy/time) at any surface
element is given by: WA/E : energy
t : time

2. The radiation is isotropic, i. e. the spectral radiance Sn ([Sn]=Wm-2Hz-1sr-1) inside the cavity is
independent of the direction and the type or shape of the walls

3. The radiation is homogeneous, i. e. the spectral energy density un ([un]=Jm-3Hz-1)

independent of the location within the cavity
 1.1.1 Derivation of Kirchhoff’s Law
• A body is brought into the cavity:

à On the surface element dF of its surface from the solid angle dW falls the
spectral radiation power SndndFdW in the interval from n to n+dn

à The absorbed power by dF from this radiation becomes:

à The emitted power in the solid angel dW and frequency

interval dn becomes:

with spectral radiance of the surface En [Wm-2Hz-1sr-1] and

from Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3
spectral absorbance An [1]

• Thermal equilibrium requires as much power to be absorbed as it is emitted

• Since the cavity radiation is isotropic, this must apply to every direction q, j
 1.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Law
– For any body with absorbance A:

Kichhoff’s law

For all bodies in thermal equilibrium with the cavity radiation the ratio of spectral
radiance of the surface En to spectral absorbance An at a frequency n is equal to
the spectral radiance Sn of the cavity radiation

– For a black body with absorbance A ≈ 1:

The spectral radiance of the surface En of a black body is identical to the spectral
radiance Sn of the cavity radiation

Next step:
Determine the spectral energy density un + spectral radiance Sn of the cavity radiation
 1.1.2 Derivation of a Radiation Law
Prehistory:
- From the wave equation follows that only certain stationary natural oscillations of the el.-
mag. field are possible in a cavity à so-called “modes” of the cavity
(here w/o proof; for more detail see e. g. Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 2)

- For wavelengths l small against the cavity dimension L, the spectral mode density (i. e.
the number n(n)dn of modes per m3 in the frequency interval n and n+dn) is given by:
(here w/o proof; for more detail see e. g. Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 2)

- The spectral energy density un(n) of the cavity radiation is given by:

: Average energy per natural oscillation in

the frequency interval dn
T : Temperature
 1.1.2 Rayleigh-Jeans Law
Classical model to determine :
- Analogous to the classical harmonic oscillator, each natural oscillation is assigned the
average energy

à k : Boltzmann constant (also kB)

à The spectral energy density un(n) in the frequency interval dn is given by and grows
quadratically with frequency n :

Rayleigh-Jeans law

Result:
• For small frequencies n (IR region, in particular l > 2µm at T = 5000 K) there is a good
agreement with experiments
• But for the visible + ultraviolet (UV) region there is a clear discrepancy
à The spectral energy density becomes infinity for

à Ultraviolet catastrophe
 1.1.3 Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis

Solution: Planck’s quantum hypothesis (~1900)*:

- Each oscillator can not absorb energy in arbitrarily small amounts, but only in
certain energy quanta
- Energy quanta depend on the frequency n of their natural oscillation
- Energy quanta are always integer multiples of a smallest quantum
with the Planck constant h = 6.6260693 10-34 Js
- The smallest possible energy quanta are called photons

* Planck received in 1919 the Noble price in physics for this discovery
1.1.3 Determination of the Average Energy

The quantum hypothesis is used to determine the averge energy :

- The energy of a natural oscillation with n photons of frequency n:

- In thermal equilibrium the probability p(W) that a natural oscillation has the
energy is proportional to the Boltzmann factor exp[-W/kT] (see chapter 2):

with the normalization

- The average energy per natural oscillation (proof: see exercise sheet 1):
 1.1.3 Planck’s Law of Radiation
- The spectral energy density un of the cavity radiation:

à
Planck’s law of radiation

there un(n,T) [J m-3s] indicates the spatial energy density per frequency interval dn = 1 s-1

- The radiance Sn emitted by a surface element dF of a black body in the solid angle dW (i.e.
radiation that is emitted from a small hole in the cavity in the solid angle dW) is given by:

à In accordance with experimental results

 1.1.3 Properties of Planck’s Law - 1

Spectral distribution of the radiance S(l) of a

black body (Dl = 1 nm)

x100

from Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3

 1.1.3 Properties of Planck’s Law - 2

For :
The denominator can be approached via
(use )

Planck’s law (quantum mechanics)

from Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3

Planck’s law approximates to the Rayleigh-Jeans

law in the high-wavelength (low-frequency) limit Rayleigh-Jeans law (classical)
 1.1.3 Properties of Planck’s Law - 3

- Planck’s law of radiation as a function of wavelength l (use , ):

there ul(l,T) indicates the spatial energy density per wavelength interval dl = 1 m

- The temperature dependent wavelength lm at which the function ul is maximal is given by:
(use , see exercise sheet 1)

, T in Kelvin
 1.1.4 Wien’s Displacement Law

- The temperature dependent frequency nm at which the radiance Sn is maximal is given by

(use , , see exercise sheet 1):

The Frequency nm of the maximum of Sn

increases linearly with temperature T,
i. e. the quotient nm/T = 2,82 k/h is
constant

Wien’s displacement law

from Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3

 1.1.5 Stefan-Boltzmann Law - 1
- The energy density u [J m-3] of the cavity radiation, integrated across all frequencies, is:

substitute + use

à with

- The radiance S [Wm-2sr-1] emitted by a surface element dF = 1 m2 of a black body in the

solid angle dW = 1sr at the angle q to the surface normal is given by:
 1.1.5 Stefan-Boltzmann Law - 2
- The black-body irradiance (radiant power) [Wm-2] into the entire half-space ( ) per
unit area:

Stefan-Boltzmann law

with Stefan-Boltzmann constant

à In accordance with experimental results (e. g. radiation of the sun, heat

radiation of hot bodies)
 Additional Material: SI Units - 1
– In the course of the lecture we use the international system of units (SI, abbreviated from the
French Système international)
– It is the modern form of the metric system
– Is is build on seven base units (second, meter, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela)
– The base units are defined in terms of invariant constants of nature, such as the speed of light in
vacuum and the charge of the electron, which can be measured with great accuracy
– In addition, the system specifies names for 22 derived units

Base units: Unit name Unit symbol Quantity name

second s time
metre m length
kilogram kg mass
ampere A electric current

kelvin K temperature
mole mol amount of substance

candela cd luminous intensity

 Additional Material: SI Units - 2
Some derived units:

Unit name Unit symbol Quantity name

[in SI base units]
radian rad plane angle
[m/m]
steradian sr solid angle
[m2/m2]
hertz Hz frequency
[s-1]
newton N force
[kg m s-2]
pascal Pa pressure
[kg m-1 s-2]
joule J energy
[kg m2 s-2]
watt W power
[kg m2 s-3]
 Additional Material: SI Radiometry Units
SI radiometry units / SI radiometrische Größen

Energy density u [Jm-3] Energiedichte

Spectral energy density un [Jm-3Hz-1] spektrale Energiedichte

directional quantities gerichtete Größen Fluss = Dichte x Geschwindigkeit

Radiance S ([Wm sr ]
-2 -1 Strahldichte
(Spectral) radiance Sn [Wm Hz sr ]
-2 -1 -1 spektrale Strahlungsdichte (spez.)
(Spectral) radiance of surface En ([Wm Hz sr ]
-2 -1 -1 spektrale Ausstrahlungsdichte (spez.)
exitance ?

hemispherical quantities hemisphärische Größen

(Spectral) exitance Ln ([Wm-2Hz-1] spektrale Ausstrahlungsdichte (spez.)
Radiosity J [Wm-2] Radiosität (Summe emit., reflect. und transm. Strahlung)
Spectral irradiance Pn [Wm-2Hz-1] spektrale Bestrahlungsstärke
Irradiance P [Wm-2] (also dW/dt) Bestrahlungsstärke

Spectral absorbance An [1] spektrales Absorptionsvermögen

Wn
En Sn
q
q un dF Pn = ò Sn dW
Ln = ò En dW
J

Sn dW = 1/(4p) c un dW