Chemical Bonding Notes:

Chemical bond:-  

Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in
a molecule.

There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate
Bond.

Octet Rule: 

Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in
their valence shell.

Lewis Structures:

Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’.

Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’.

Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons.

            

Exceptions to the Octet Rule:

Species with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2,

Incomplete octet for the central atom:  LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3

Expanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4

Formal Charge:

Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an

isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure.

Formal charge = [Total number of valence electrons in the free atom ) - (Total
number of lone pairs of electrons) -1/2(Total number of shared electrons i.e.
bonding electrons)]

Resonance:

For molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis
structure.

All the properties of such species can only be explained  by two or more Lewis
structures. Example: Resonance of O3

                                           

A and B are resonating or canonical structures and C is the resonance hybrid

Some other examples

(i) CO32– ion

        
Covalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons.

Electron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs.

Electron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs.

There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements
depending on the number of electrons being shared.

                        

VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory:

The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron
pairs present in the valence shell.

Order of the repulsion: Lone pair↔ Lone pair > Lone pair↔ Bond pair > Bond pair↔
Bond pair.

Repulsion among the bond pairs is directly proportional to the bond order and
electronegativity difference between the central atom and the other atoms.

Determination of shape of molecules using VSEPR theory:

Calculate X using following method.

X = (No. of valence electrons of central atom) + (No. of other atoms) + (Negative

charge on the molecule) – (Positive charge on the molecule)

Use the following chart to find the shape.

Shape

Examples

Linear

HgCl2/BeCl2

Triangular planar

BF3

Angular

SnCl2, NO2

Tetrahedral
CH4, BF4-

Trigonal Pyramidal

NH
States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) for spreading false
media reports after the US body expressed concern over reports that Hindu and
Muslim Covid patients were being segregated into different hospital wards in
Gujarat.
"As if its peremptory commentary on religious freedom in India is not enough, the
USCIRF is now spreading misguided reports on the professional medical protocols
followed to deal with spread of Covid-19 in India," said MEA spokesperson Anurag
Srivastava in a statement late on Wednesday.

Anurag Srivastava

✔@MEAIndia

The @USCIRF must stop adding religious colour to our national goal of fighting the
COVID 19 pandemic.

3,646

11:10 PM - Apr 15, 2020

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USCIRF describes itself as an independent, bipartisan US federal government

commission dedicated to defending the universal right to freedom of religion or
belief abroad.

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of the world's strictest virus lockdowns.

GO TO BRIEFS

"It must stop adding religious colour to our national goal of fighting the pandemic
and distract from larger efforts. No segregation is being done in civil hospitals
on the basis of religion, as clarified by the Gujarat government," Srivastava
added.
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Trust the newspaper for your daily verified news

Reacting to report in a daily, USCIRF had tweeted that it was concerned with
reports of "Hindu & Muslim patients separated into separate hospital wards in
#Gujarat".
"Such actions only help to further increase ongoing stigmatisation of Muslims in
#India and exacerbate false rumors of Muslims spreading Covid-19," it had said.
Besides MEA, Prasar Bharti New Service also slammed the US body for "peddling fake
news". "Myth: USCIRF says #Covid patients are being segregated on religious lines
in a Gujarat hospital, citing a news report. Reality: Unfortunate that this claim
is based on a news item, already found to be fake and denied by the state
government," it said.

GujHFWDept@GujHFWDept

 · Apr 15, 2020

Some reports have appeared in the media that there are separate wards for patients
of different religions in Civil Hospital Ahmedabad COVID hospital. These reports
are absolutely baseless.

GujHFWDept@GujHFWDept

Patients are kept in different wards based on their medical condition, severity of
the symptoms and age, purely based on the advice of treating Doctors.
Therefore, reports appeared in certain media are totally baseless and
misleading.@CMOGuj @civilhospamd @InfoGujarat
176

1:14 PM - Apr 15, 2020

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Earlier, the Gujarat government said, " The health department of