Ethical Challenges: Building an Ethics Toolkit

A Person with Values

Everyone has values. The act of valuing judges one thing to be better than another. You prefer
something you value over something that you don’t. Some values are aesthetic or expressions of
taste. When you say what kind of music, art, or literature you like, you are expressing aesthetic
values. When you describe your list of favorite foods, fashion choices, and the kinds of sports or
games you like to participate in or watch, you are expressing your tastes. It generally doesn’t matter
if other people share your aesthetic values or tastes.

Ethical values, however, are different because they necessarily express ideas that people bring to
their interaction with others. I care about how others treat me and the people who are important to
me. My own ethical values are important because they inform my personal choices and are reflected
in how I get along with others.

The first activity will help you think about what you value in terms of your current life and goals.
Some of these values directly affect others and some have indirect effect. While the goal of the first
activity is to determine what is important to you, think about how those values might affect how
you respond to others. The second activity helps you focus more specifically on the values that you
want others to express in regard to you and the values you want to express in regard to others. It is
interesting to do these exercises with others. If you listen to others talk about ethics, you are certain
to be surprised at how differently people think.

We all have a tendency toward projection. Projection is the assumption that other people think,
feel, value, or experience the world just like we do. While it is true that we all wish to avoid the same
kinds of harms, there are significant differences among people as well. A serious form of projection
occurs when an individual ascribes motives to another or thinks that he or she knows why a person
did or said something. No one can know, for sure, what goes on in the mind of another.

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 Activity #1

A Personal Inventory of Values

Choose your five most important values and rank them from the most important to least
important. It is okay to have ties! It’s okay to include more than five or to choose fewer or to add
other values. It is a list of your important values.

1. Ambition ___
2. Achievement ___
3. Animals ___
4. Calmness ___
5. Change ___
4

6. Charity ___
7. Community ___
8. Companionship ___
9. Economic stability ___
10. Environment ___
11. Family ___
2

12. Forgiveness ___

13. Friendship ___
3

14. Geographical Location ___

15. Health ___
16. Honesty ___
17. How others perceive me ___
18. Independence ___
19. Intelligence ___
20. Love ___
21. Making Money ___
22. Religion ___
1

23. Service to Others ___

5

24. Stability ___

25. Vulnerability ___

Something for the Toolkit: The more you know what is important to you, the easier it is to make
choices that best reflect those values. When you know what you value, you can explain your choices to self
and others. Knowing your values gives you the opportunity to re-evaluate them and change them if you
want. You are always free to grow beyond where you are.
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 Ethical Challenges: Building an Ethics Toolkit

Activity #2
Values in Regard to Others
Part I

Choose the five most important values from this list in terms of how you want other people to
treat you and those who are important to you. Try to determine the most important down to the
least important. Again, choose more than five, fewer than five, or add in your own values if that fits
your needs. It is okay to have ties!

1. Accepting ___
3
2. Caring ___
3. Cheerful ___
4. Creative ___
1
5. Empathetic ___
5
6. Fair ___
7. Forgiving ___
4
8. Friendly ___
9. Helpful ___
2
10. Honest ___
11. Impartial ___
12. (With) Integrity ___
13. Intellectually challenging ___
14. Judgmental ___
15. Keep out of the way ___
16. Kind ___
17. (Be) Like minded ___
18. Not causing harm ___
19. On time ___
20. Open minded ___
21. Polite ___
22. Promote my pleasure ___
23. Promote my welfare ___
24. Respectful ___
25. Responsible ___

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 Values in Regard to Others
Part II
This time, choose the five most important values from this list that illustrate how you treat
other people. Identify those values that express your own best self. Add missing values if needed.
Rank order.

1. Accepting ___
2. Caring ___
2

3. Cheerful ___
4. Creative ___
5. Empathetic ___
6. Fair ___
3

7. Forgiving ___
8. Friendly ___
1

9. Helpful ___
4

10. Honest ___

5

11. Impartial ___

12. (With) Integrity ___
13. Intellectually challenging ___
14. Judgmental ___
15. Keep out of the way ___
16. Kind ___
17. (Be) Like minded ___
18. Not causing harm ___
19. On time ___
20. Open minded ___
21. Polite ___
22. Promote pleasure ___
23. Promote welfare ___
24. Respectful ___
25. Responsible ___

Now compare your lists. Do you treat people the way that you want them to treat you? Why or why
not? What differences do you see and how do you explain the differences?

Something for the Toolkit: You should look for consistency in terms of how you treat people and how
you want to be treated. Notice and try to explain any differences. You shouldn’t expect more than you give;
nor should you expect less than you give. A person’s basic values for how people should treat one another
should be consistent no matter who the people are.

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 Ethical Challenges: Building an Ethics Toolkit

Activity #3
Virtues and the Golden Mean

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle called certain ethical values virtues. Virtues express
moral excellence, which is sometimes called good character. Aristotle noted that there is also a
special intellectual virtue, wisdom. Wisdom is different from ethical virtues in that you can never
have too much wisdom! But, when it comes to ethical values, too much or too little is a problem,
according to Aristotle. He taught us that ethical virtues express a mid-point between the vice of
excess and the vice of deficiency. For example, courage is a virtue. But, people who have too much
courage (vice of excess) are foolhardy. People who have too little courage (vice of deficiency) are
cowards. People who exhibit good character are those who strive for a middle point between the
extremes. They exhibit the right amount of the right virtue in each situation. That is called the
Golden Mean.

Here is a list of virtues that relate to living ethically. Identify the vice of deficiency and the vice
of excess for each. Then mark where you think you are on the continuum for each virtue. Where
do you lean toward excess? Where do you lean toward deficiency? For which do you hold the right
amount of virtue, and thus express the Golden Mean? For more practice, use the list that is included
in Activity #2.

VICE OF DEFICIENCY VIRTUE VICE OF EXCESS

Assertiveness
Commitment
Compassion
Cooperation
Forgiveness
Generosity
Gratitude
Honesty
Loyalty
Trust

Something for the Toolkit: When you recognize your own flaws and can name them, you have the
opportunity to identify work that you need to do. Becoming a person of good character and consistently
exhibiting virtues is a life-long activity.