Discrete Symmetries and

CP Violation
From Experiment to Theory

M. S. Sozzi
University of Pisa

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 CONTENTS

Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi

1 Symmetries and invariances 1

1.1 Symmetry and invariance 1
1.2 Transformations and symmetries in quantum theory 2
1.3 Symmetries and conservation laws 6
1.4 Discrete transformations and inversions 9
1.5 Symmetry violations 12

2 Parity 15
2.1 Parity transformation 15
2.2 Parity symmetry 30
The determination of the neutral pion parity 36
2.3 Parity violation 42
Beta decay asymmetries from polarized nuclei 47
Longitudinal polarization of beta decay electrons 53
Beta decay asymmetries of free polarized neutrons 57
Muon decay asymmetries 59
Optical rotation of light 70
Inelastic electron scattering 74
M011er scattering 75
Parity-violating gamma decay asymmetry 80
Circular polarization of gamma decay radiation 83

3 Charge conjugation 88
3.1 Charge conjugation transformation 88
3.2 Charge conjugation symmetry 98
3.3 Charge conjugation violation 108
Charge conjugation tests in positronium decay 111
7r + 2 -7r° asymmetries 116
xiv CONTENTS

4 Time reversal 121

4.1 Time reversal transformation 121
4.2 Of phase factors 130
4.3 Time reversal symmetry 136
4.4 Time reversal violation 154
Muon transverse polarization in semi-leptonic K decays 157
Transverse polarization in beta decay 163
Beam searches for neutron EDM 175
ILL storage EDM experiment 179
The muon EDM 185

5 CPT and spin statistics 195

5.1 CPT symmetry 195
5.2 Experimental tests of CPT 205
Penning trap measurements 208
Positronium decay correlation tests 215
5.3 Super-selection mies 218
5.4 Spin and statistics 221
Search for antisymmetric two-photon states 227

6 CP symmetry 231
6.1 CP symmetry: found and lost 231
The discovery of CP violation 240
The proof of CP violation 245
6.2 Consequences of CP symmetry 250
6.3 CP violation signatures 260
Hyperon decay asymmetry measurements 264

7 Flavoured neutral mesons 276

7.1 Flavoured neutral meson mixing 276
7.2 Flavoured neutral meson decays 292
7.3 Time evolution of flavour eigenstates 300
7.4 Asymmetries 309
7.5 Meson pairs 313

8 CP violation in the K system 322

8.1 Neutral kaons: generalities 322
8.2 Semi-leptonic decays 328
Semi-leptonic charge asymmetries 332
 CONTENTS xv

8.3 Two-pion decays and direct CP violation 334

Direct CP violation in neutral K decays 351
8.4 Time reversal violation 358
T violation in neutral K mixing 359
8.5 CPT symmetry 362
8.6 Three-pion decays 370
8.7 Other decay modes 375
8.8 Coherent kaon pairs 377
8.9 C,P properties of CP violation 380

9 The link to theory 383

9.1 Early concepts 383
9.2 The Standard Model 385
9.3 From theory to measurements 399
9.4 From measurements to theory 411
9.5 Other scenarios 414

10 CP violation in heavy meson systems 419

10.1 Flavour mixing 419
10.2 D mesons 421
10.3 B mesons phenomenology 426
10.4 B meson experiments 435
B-factory experiments 440
Interference CP violation at B-factories 443

11 Widening the picture 455

11.1 Symmetries of gravity 455
11.2 The strong CP problem 459
11.3 The cosmic connection 460
11.4 Mirror matter 480
11.5 Macroscopic chirality 481

Coda 483

Appendix A Notation 485

Appendix B Quantum field theory 487

B.1 Scalar fields 487
B.2 Fields with spin 490
B.3 Interactions 493
xvi CONTENTS

Appendix C Scattering in quantum theory 495

C.1 Scattering 495
C.2 Approximations 500

Appendix D The Dalitz—Fabri plot 503

Appendix E Spin and polarization 506

E.1 Polarization 506
E.2 Covariant polarization 508
E.3 Time evolution 511
E.4 Massless particles 512

Appendix F Systematic errors 514

F.1 Of errors, mistakes and experiments 514
F.2 Treatment of systematic errors 516
F.3 Of errors and cross checks 522

Bibliography 526

List of Experiments 545

Index 547