Zayn Zulkarnain Carpentry Group Report PDF

Manufacturing Of Book
Cabinet
Plumbing And Carpentry Workshop- DCC 1032!
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Group 7 - 2 July 2014 until 16 August 2014!
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Lecture Name! ! :! Tuan Muhammad Kamal Ariffin Bin Hj Badrun!
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Group Members! ! 1. ! NURUL INSYIRAH BT ISMAIL !
! ! ! ! ! 08DKA14F1093!
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! ! ! ! 2. ! ISKANDAR ZULKARNAIN BIN ADAMULHASZA!
! ! ! ! ! 08DKA14F1129!
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! ! ! ! 3. ! MOHD SOFIAN BIN RASYID!
! ! ! ! ! 08DBK14F1061!
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! ! ! ! 4. ! MOHAMAD ADAM BIN MOHD NORLI!
! ! ! ! ! 08DKA14F1029!
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! ! ! ! 5.! SARJITHAH A/P MARTIVANAN!
! ! ! ! ! 08DKA14F1143!
Remarks! ! ! :!
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MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 1
Content!
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No Tittle Pages
1 Acknowledgment 3
2 Raw Material Preparation 4-6
3 Cutting and Framming 7-11
4 Assemble 12-19
5 Finishing 20-26
6 Discussion and Recommendation 27-28
7 Conclusion 29
8 Credit 30
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Acknowledgment!
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! ! Assalamualaikum W.B.T, Salam Sejahtera and may peace be upon you, First of all
we utter our sense of gratitude the Divine because that we can complete this project in the best
way as possible. We get as much knowledge and we can gather foster ties between us. A great
thanks to our lecture Tuan Muhammad Kamal Bin Hj Badrun with all his effort and and for all his
passion that we can learnt and and totally complete this awesome project. We gone miss this
moment as much as we end our class. Thank you for the knowledge that you share , we have
learnt a lot of things that cannot buy the experience by a book, and we apologise if makes you feel
hurt or unsatisfied with any matter. We Feel great to get you as a lecture with a professional talent
and a good multi skills of teaching we gain our knowledge 100 percent from this project. We wish
to express our joy to be completed this project once the experiences that we learnt and the
knowledge that we can brought through our life and share this beautiful moment with our family
later.!
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! ! We hope with this beneficial knowledge, someday we can make something new for
our nation pride. We would like to use this knowledge with the best possible. Within this project
ongoing we learn a lot of things such as cooperation, consensus, leadership, guiding how to
interact better with group mates and of course to better foster ties between us. Lastly, We are
grateful to God for the obtaining of valuable knowledge and experience that we will not forget.
Thanks to all who have contributed directly or indirectly, thanks to our parents, do not forget also to
colleagues from other groups who work with enthusiasm completing this project. A great
appreciation to Polytechnic Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah with this valuable verse we could
learn and for the great facility to the tools that we used. Thank you for the support and all involved. 

1. Raw Material Preparation.!
!
Objective !
• we learnt to manage the raw material with all the steps.!

• We learnt to use our personal protective equipment in a great way.!
• We learnt how to prepare with a several type of woods to make a great use.!
(Objectives are accomplished)!
!
Tools And Materials!
• Plywood 10 m!
• Plywood 4 m (Nyatoh Wood)!
• Wood Adhesive !
• Scrapper!
• Clamp!
• Pressure gun air Machine !
• Google!
• Glove!
• Mask!
!
Steps!
1. We are lifting the wood from the timber storage.!
2. The best side of the woods are been selected, there are three
plywood that we take.!
3. We Clear the dust first by Pressure gun air to the surface of the
plywood to remove the small particle of dust to make the
adhesive stronger by stick the plywood.!
4. Two play wood Were affix together to makes it more thick !

Figure 1.1 (Wood Adhesive)
5. We Stick it together by using the Wood Adhesive (figure 1.1) by

pour it to the surface of the plywood and scrap it by using the scrapper for flatten the adhesive
to full surface of the wood.!
5. Stick it together.!
6. So now, we have two plywood we need to clamp it by using the clamp and attach it together
by superposing each of the play-wood together. !
7. We clamp it by using clamp (Figure 1.2) to make the adhesive more
stick the wood side by side.!
! - The clamp takes about 1 week to make
the adhesive completely dry.!
!
Figure 1.2 (clamp) !
!
!
!
Figure 1.3 (Air Pressure Gun)
!
Trivia !
!
History of Plywood!
In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several
machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he
described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer
with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what
we now call plywood (figure 1.4) Samuel Bentham was a
British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his
credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat sawn, rift

Figure 1.4 (Plywood)
sawn or quarter sawn!
! About fifty years later Immanuel Nobel, father of Alfred Nobel, realized that several thinner
layers of wood bonded together would be stronger than one single thick layer of wood !

There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent
commercialisation of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary
Robert describes the process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry Déroulage. One can
thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacture was an established process in France in the
1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865 and industrial production started
shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) plywood sheets were
introduced in the United States for use as a general building material. As for artists’ use of plywood
as support for easel paintings, replacing traditional canvas or cardboard!
!
What Pneumatic tools?!
A pneumatic tool (figure 1.5), air tool, air-powered tool or pneumatic-powered tool is a type of
power tool, driven by compressed air (Figure 1.6) , supplied by an air compressor. Pneumatic tools
can also be driven by compressed carbon dioxide (CO
stored in small cylinders allowing for portability.
Pneumatic tools are safer to run and maintain than
their electric power tool equivalents, and have a higher
power-to-weight ratio, allowing a smaller, lighter tool to
accomplish the same task. General grade pneumatic

Figure 1.5 (Pneumatic tool)
tools with short life span
are commonly cheaper and are also called disposable tools in
tooling industries while industrial grade pneumatic tools with long life
span are more expensive. In general, pneumatic tools are cheaper
than the equivalent electric-powered tools. 
Figure 1.6 (Air compressor)

2. Cutting And Trimming!
Objective!
• We learnt to read the Plan and unidentified the ratio of the plan scale.!
• Learnt to use the machine with precautions step.!
• learnt and understand how to cut and trim.!
• Learnt to differentiate the different between cut and trim.!
• Learnt to use the the tape measure.!
• Learnt to use two types of machine which is Regular Arm Saw and Table saw!
• Learnt to make groove!
• Learnt to obey the standard operating procedures of the machine.!
!
• Tape measure!
• Ruler!
• L Angle (steel square)!
• Steel Angle! Figure 2.1 (Table saw)
• Pensil !
• Glove!
• Mask!
• Google!
• Table saw (figure 2.1)!
• Radial Arm Saw (figure 2.2)!
• Dust collecter (Dust Vacuum)!
! Figure 2.2 (Radial Arm saw)

Steps!
1. Remove the clamp of the wood that we stick last
week.!
2. Make sure all the woods are properly stick to each
other.!
3. Read the plant given and make some ratio
calculations.!
! -We were given a task to make a bookcase.!

Figure 2.3 (Line marking)
4. Measure the wood by using the tape measure and
use pencil line for marking before cut the plywood ( figure 2.3 )!
5. After make the marking, cut the Plywood by using the Table saw and Radial Arm Saw.
(figure 2.4) and (figure 2.6)!
!
Alert!!
!
-Please wear your personal protective equipment
(PPE) while conduct the machine.!
-Follow you lecture instruction!
-Please serious when using the machine!

Figure 2.4 (Cutting)
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6. After cutting make sure the vertices and the marking of the plywood is totally satisfying.!
7. By Reading the plant (rear Attachment) given we make the plywood into 6 parts which is:!
! - Upper Shelve!
! - Middle Shelve!
! - Bottom Shelve!
! - Back cover!
! - Left Railing!
! - Right Railing !

8. When done cut the plywood into 6 part. We need to trim it to make sure the edge and the
marking length of the plywood is sharp. We Mark it
again for conformation (figure 2.5)!
9. After marking was done we trim it by using the
radial arm saw (figure 2.6)!
Figure 2.5 (Trimming Conformation marking)
Figure 2.6 ( Cutting and trimming)
!
10. After done trimming we need to label the plywood part by part.!
11. After label part by part, we make grooving to a selected pieces of plywood..!
! ! -the purpose of grooving is for put the back cover in side the groove so that the back
! ! cover must be not nailed and it sealed in the groove.!
12. The groove step it make by the table saw, by marking
and make sure the saw is in the low down so the grove will be
formed (figure 2.7).!
!
Alert!!
!
! ! -Please be careful while while making the !
! ! groove.!
! ! -You need to push the plywood by a stick to !
! ! make sure the groove is formed to the cutter

Figure 2.7 ( Grooving)
! ! blade. 

!
Trivia
!
The Table saw !
!
! A table saw or saw bench is a woodworking tool consisting of a circular saw blade,
mounted on an arbor, that is driven by an electric motor (either directly, by belt, or by gears). The
blade protrudes through the surface of a table, which provides support for the material, usually
wood, being cut.!
! In a modern table saw, the depth of the cut is varied by moving the blade up and down: the
higher the blade protrudes above the table, the deeper the cut that is made in the material. In some
early table saws, the blade and arbor were fixed, and the table was moved up and down to expose
more or less of the blade. The angle of cut is controlled by adjusting the angle of blade. Some
earlier saws angled the table to control the cut angle.!
!
Personal Protective Equipment!
! Personal protective equipment (PPE) (figure 2.8) refers to protective clothing, helmets,
goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury. The
hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals,
biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related
occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities.
"Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to
items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.!
! The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to
acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation
that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the
hazard if the equipment fails.!

! Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment.
This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and
create significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE
correctly, therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death.
Good ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe
and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.!
!
! Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to
mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers. The
hierarchy of hazard control hierarchy of control provides a policy framework which ranks the types
of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination
and substitution, which remove the hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If
elimination or substitution measures cannot apply, engineering controls and administrative
controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human behaviour, are
implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers
are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is
important in acknowledging that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is
not the desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety.!
Figure 2.8 ( Personal Protective Equipment)
!
3. Assembly !
Objective!
• To assemble the pieces of plywood following the plan!
• learnt how to mark for the assemble!
• The bookcase were done !
• Learnt to conduct the nail gun.!
• Learnt and Differentiate between the pre assemble and Final Assemble !
• Learnt to make the pre assemble mark!
• Learnt to assemble the pieces step by step.!
!
• Tape measure!
• Pencil!
• Ruler!
Figure 3.1 ( Steel Square/ L-Square)
• L-Square (steel square) small and large (figure 3.1)!
• Nail gun (nail length :1 inch) (figure 3.2)!
• Air compresor!
• Glove!
• Mask!
• Google!
• Rubber Mallet (figure 3.3)  Figure 3.3 ( Rubber Mallet)
Figure 3.2 ( Nail Gun)

Steps!
1. Mark the piece to assemble, make sure the line is clear and were easily seen. - This will let the
shoot of the nail will be more accurate (figure 3.4).!
2. Make sure the line is straight by using the L-square
ruler. it is to prevent the shelve or the railing will be
tilt (figure 3.4).!
3. We start by Pre assemble (figure 3.5) first by not
using the nail but just combined with hand the
shelve and railing and try the back cover to enter
the groove. If all were good then we will start for the Figure 3.4 ( Marking by L-Ruler)
final assemble.!
Figure 3.5 ( Pre Assemble)
4. Final Assemble, First we assemble the top shelve with the
left and right railing first. We nailing it by using the nail gun.
( figure3.6) !
! Alert!!
!
! - Do not play or make joke of the nail gun.!
! - It is too extremely dangerous!
! - Do not use it if the is no adult guidance.!

Figure 3.6 ( Final Assemble)
! - Store in a safe place after use.!

5. After assemble the first shelve, we assemble the back cover(figure 3.7) !
6. The back cover is put on the groove by following the rail, and were tap by the rubber mallet
(figure 3.3)!
7. After assemble the back cover, we assemble the bottom shelve. we need to flip the book case
to assemble the bottom cover by the nail gun.!
8. After assemble the bottom cover, we
assemble the middle shelve which is
the last part of assembling.!
9. When done we double check the nail
if the nail is not be embedded inside
the plywood, we gun the nail back in
the middle and the bottom and make Figure 3.7 ( Back cover Assemble)
sure the shelve is strong.!
10. Installation has been carried out. Assemble is done (figure 3.8)!
! !
! Figure 3.8 ( Done Assemble)
!
!
! Trivia
!
Nail gun fact in incident (Safety)!
! In the United States, about 42,000 people every year go to emergency rooms with injuries
from nail guns, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Forty percent of those
injuries occur to consumers. Nail gun injuries tripled between 1991 to 2005. Foot and hand injuries
are among the most common. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission estimates that
treating nail gun wounds costs at least $338 million per year nationally in emergency medical care,
rehabilitation, and workers' compensation. Often personnel selling the tools know little about the
dangers associated with their use or safety features that can prevent injuries!
! Injuries to the fingers, hands, and feet are among the three most common, but there are
also injuries that involve other body areas and internal organs. Some of these injuries are serious
and some have resulted in death.All kinds of nail guns can be dangerous, so safety precautions
similar to those for a firearm are usually recommended for their use. For safety, nail guns are
designed to be used with the muzzle touching the target. Unless specifically modified for the
purpose, they are not effective as projectile weapons.!
! The most common firing mechanism is the dual-action contact-trip trigger, which requires
that the manual trigger and nose contact element both be depressed for a nail to be discharged.
The sequential-trip trigger, which is safer, requires the nose contact to be depressed before the
manual trigger, rather than simultaneously with the trigger. Approximately 65% to 69% of injuries
from contact-trip tools could be prevented through the use of a sequential-trip trigger, according to
the CDC.!
! There is recoil associated with the discharge of a nail from a nail gun. Contact triggers allow
the gun to fire unintended nails if the nose hits the wood surface or a previously placed nail
following recoil. Nailers with touch tip (contact) triggers are susceptible to this double firing.
According to a 2002 engineering report from the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC)

(figure 3.9), the recoil and firing of the second nail occurs well before the trigger can be released.
Acute injury rates are twice as high among users of tools with contact triggers.!
! In September 2011 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) issued a nail gun safety guide that
details practical steps to prevent injuries including use of tools
with sequential triggers, training prior to use, and use of
appropriate protective equipment such as eye protection. In
June 2013, NIOSH released an instructional comic providing
information on nail gun hazards and ways to use the device
properly. Research aimed at reducing nail gun accidents
among frame carpenters, among the heaviest users of nail
guns, is ongoing.!
! Figure 3.8 ( CPSC US Logo)
!
What is Steel Square?!
! The steel square is a tool that carpenters use to it is call as “Carpenter Ruler”. They use
many tools to lay out a "square" or right-angle, many of which are made of steel, but the title steel
square refers to a specific long-armed square that has additional uses for measurement, especially
of angles, as well as simple right-angles. Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as
the framing square. It consists of a long arm and a shorter one, which meet at an angle of 90
degrees (a right angle). It can also be made of metals like aluminum, which is light and resistant to
rust.!
The wider arm, two inches wide, is called the blade; the narrower arm, one and a half inches wide,
the tongue. The square has many uses, including laying out common rafters, hip rafters and stairs.
It has a diagonal scale, board foot scale and an octagonal scale. On the newer framing squares
there are degree conversions for different pitches and fractional equivalents. 

How to use steel square (figure 3.1)?!
Stairs usually consist of three components. They are the stringer, the tread and the riser. The
stringer is the structural member that carries the load of the staircase, the tread is the horizontal
part that is stepped on, and the riser board is the vertical part which runs the width of the structure.
There are many types of stairs: open, closed, fully housed, winding, and so on, to mention a few of
them.!
Laying out a staircase requires rudimentary math. There are numerous building codes to which
staircases must conform. In an open area the designer can incorporate a more desirable staircase.
In a confined area this becomes more challenging. In most staircases there is one more rise than
there are treads (figure 3.9).!
! 1.! The rise (vertical measurement), and the run (horizontal measurement). Note that the
stringer will rest partially on the horizontal surface.!
! 2.! This is a two-by-twelve piece of lumber. A framing square is placed on the lumber so that
the desired rise and tread marks meet the edge of the board. The outline of the square is
traced. The square is slid up the board until the tread
is placed on the mark and the process is repeated.!
! 3.! The board is cut along the dotted lines, and the top
plumb cut and the bottom level cut are traced by
holding the square on the opposite side.!
! 4.! The stringer in this example has two pieces of tread
stock. This allows for a slight overhang. There is
also a space in between the boards. The bottom of
the stringer must be cut to the thickness of the
tread. This step is called dropping the stringer. After
one stringer is cut this piece becomes the pattern
that is traced onto the remaining stringers.!

Figure 3.9 (ways to use)
!
History of hammer!
! The use of simple hammers dates to about 2,600,000 BCE when various shaped stones
were used to strike wood, bone, or other stones to break them apart and shape them. Stones
attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used as hammers with handles
by about 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age.!
! The hammer's archeological record shows that it may be the oldest tool for which definite
evidence exists of its early existence.!
Popular types of hammer!
Popular hand-powered variations include:!
! •! Ball-peen hammer, or mechanic's hammer!
! •! Boiler scaling hammer!
! •! Brass hammer, also known as non-sparking hammer or spark-proof hammer and used
mainly in flammable areas like oil fields!
! •! Brickhammer!
! •! Carpenter's hammer (used for nailing), such as the framing hammer and the claw hammer,
and pin hammers (ball-peen and cross-peen types) !
! •! Cross-peen hammer,[4] having one round face and one wedge-peen face.!
! •! Drilling hammer!
! •! Engineer's hammer,!
! •! Gavel, used by judges and presiding authorities to draw attention!
! •! Geologist's hammer or rock pick!
! •! Joiner's hammer, or Warrington hammer!
! •! Knife-edged hammer, its properties developed to aid a hammerer in the act of slicing whilst
bludgeoning!

! •! Lathe hammer (also known as a lath hammer, lathing hammer, or lathing hatchet), a tool
used for cutting and nailing wood lath which has a small hatchet blade on one side (which
features a small lateral nick used for pulling out nails) and a hammer head on the other!
! •! Lump hammer, or club hammer!
! •! Mallets, including the rubber hammer (figure3.3) and dead blow hammer!
! •! Railway track keying hammer!
! •! Rock climbing hammer!
! •! Sledge hammer!
! •! Soft-faced hammer!
! •! Splitting maul!
! •! Stonemason's hammer!
! •! Tinner's hammer!
! •! Upholstery hammer!
! •! Welder's chipping hammer!
Figure 3.10 (Several Types Of Hammer)

!
!

4. Finishing!
Objective!
• Learnt to finish one product completely with perfection!
• Learnt to use the sand paper in correct way (sanding skills)!
• Learnt to use the filler!
• Learnt to make the plywood become more beautiful !
• Learnt to make the product more beautiful and tidy!
• Learnt how steps to coating !
• Learnt how to prepared coating Liquid!
• Learnt to to use spray gun!
• Learnt how to spray the product!
!
• Spray Gun (figure 4.3)!
• Sand Paper 320 and Sand Paper 120 !
(figure 4.6)!
• Scrapper (figure 4.2)!

Figure 4.1 ( Measurement Jug)
• Filler (figure 4.5) !
• Air Compressor (figure 1.6)!
• Jug with measure (figure 4.1)! Figure 4.2 ( Scrapper)
• Stirrer !
• Thinner NC REDUCER TH-325!
• Coatings NC 100 CLEAR 33-01!
• Coatings NC SEALER CLEAR 32-P!

Figure 4.3 ( Spray Gun)
• Coatings NC 30 CLEAR 333-01!
• Air gun (figure 1.3) 

Steps!
1. After the assemble was done, the nail gun may left a little hole from the nail itself on the
product. So, we need to close or cover the
hole by using the filler. (figure 4.4) ( figure 4.5)!
2. After filling the hole, we need to scrap the left
filler by the scrapper to avoid it from hardened!
3. Then, We need to use the sand paper which
is number 120.!
!
Figure 4.4 ( Put The Filler)
!
Alert!!
!
- When sanding we need to follow the wood grain pattern either it is vertical of horizontal.!
(figure 4.7)!
- Do not sanding opponent the wood grain it will effect the
beautiful wood piece.!
!
!
!
 
Figure 4.6 (Sand Paper)
Figure 4.5 ( Wood Filler)
Figure 4.7 (Wood Grain Pattern <->)

4. ! After scrub by the sand paper, You need Flow air wind the wind gun (figure 1.3) to remove
the small dust particle. This is because the small dust will disturb neatness of the coating.!
5. ! Then, First step. We need to coat it with the first coating mixture:!
1) 50% of Thinner + 50% of NC 30 Clear 333-01
!
!
!
!
! +
!
!
! Figure 4.8 ( Thinner) Figure 4.9 (NC 30 CLEAR 333-01)

!
Figure 4.10 (After first coating)
6. After spraying (figure 4.10), we need to wait until it is dry Figure 4.11 (Remove dust Particles)
and scrub it by using the sand paper!
7. ! Then, We need to clear the dust by using the air gun (figure 4.11) before spray coating !
! ! layer 2.!

8. ! Next steps, We need to coat it with the second coating mixtures:!
2) 50% of Thinner + 50% of NC Sealer 32-P
!
!
!
! +
!
!
!
! Figure 4.8 ( Thinner) Figure 4.12 (NC SEALER CLEAR 32-P)
9.!! After second coating, we need to scrub it again by using the sand paper and clear it by the
air gun (Figure 4.11).!
10.! Next, We need to coat it with the third coating mixtures:!
! ! ( this mixtures same with first mixture)!
3) 50% of Thinner + 50% of NC Sealer 32-P
!
! +
!
!
!
! Figure 4.8 ( Thinner) Figure 4.12 (NC SEALER CLEAR 32-P)
!
11.! After coating the third mixtures, we cannot scrub it again wait until it dry, and coat with forth
mixtures 

12.! Next, We need to coat it with the Forth coating mixtures:!
4) 50% of Thinner + 50% of NC 100 CLEAR 33-01
!
! +
!
!
!
! Figure 4.8 ( Thinner) Figure 4.13 (NC 100 CLEAR 33-01)
!
13. ! Wait to the product to dry and the product is completely done.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Figure 4.14 (Done) !
!
!
Figure 4.15 (Done)
!
! Figure 4.16 (Done)
!
!
!
! Trivia
!
What is coating?!
! A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the
substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. The coating
itself may be an all-over coating, completely covering the substrate, or it may only cover parts of
the substrate. An example of all of these types of coating is a product label on many drinks bottles-
one side has an all-over functional coating (the adhesive) and the other side has one or more
decorative coatings in an appropriate pattern (the printing) to form the words and images. Paints
and lacquers are coatings that mostly have dual uses of protecting the substrate and being
decorative, although some artists paints are only for decoration, and the paint on large industrial
pipes is presumably only for the function of preventing corrosion.!
! Functional coatings may be applied to change the surface properties of the substrate, such
as adhesion, wetability, corrosion resistance, or wear resistance. In other cases, e.g.
semiconductor device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating adds a completely
new property such as a magnetic response or electrical conductivity and forms an essential part of
the finished product.!
! A major consideration for most coating processes is that the coating is to be applied at a
controlled thickness, and a number of different processes are in use to achieve this control,
ranging from a simple brush for painting a wall, to some very expensive machinery applying
coatings in the electronics industry. A further consideration for 'non-all-over' coatings is that control
is needed as to where the coating is to be applied. A number of these non-all-over coating
processes are printing processes.!
! Many industrial coating processes involve the application of a thin film of functional material
to a substrate, such as paper, fabric, film, foil, or sheet stock. If the substrate starts and ends the
process wound up in a roll, the process may be termed "roll-to-roll" or "web-based" coating. A roll
of substrate, when wound through the coating machine, is typically called a web.!
Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids.!

What Is Thinner? !
A paint thinner is a solvent used to thin oil-based paints or clean up after their use. Commercially,
solvents labeled "Paint Thinner" are usually mineral spirits having a flash point at about 40 °C
(104 °F), the same as some popular brands of charcoal starter.!
Solvents used as paint thinners include:!
! •! Mineral spirits (US) / White spirit (UK)!
! •! Acetone!
! •! Mineral turpentine (turps)!
! •! True turpentine!
! •! Naphtha!
! •! Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)!
! •! Dimethylformamide (DMF)!
! •! 2-Butoxyethanol, or any of the other glycol ethers!
Other solvents sometimes used in the production of paint thinners include:!
! •! Ethylbenzene!
! •! Xylene!
! •! n-butyl acetate!
! •! Butan-1-ol!
While painting or making the paint of proper consistency by addition of thinner liquid there is an
exposure to the vapours. ACGIH has established threshold limit values (TLVs) for most of these
compounds. TLV is defined as the maximum concentration in air which can be breathed by a
normal person (i.e., excluding children, pregnant women, etc.) in the course of 40 hours work (in
US work conditions) per week, day after day through their work life without long-term ill effects. In
underdeveloped countries workers commonly experience much higher exposure to these
chemicals with consequent damage to their health.!
!
!
!
5.1 Discussion and Recommendation !
Discussion :!
There are several problem with the project that we can relate to the untidiness of the work. There
are something that not calibrated or unsatisfied are get from this reason:!
!
1.! We find that there are some defects in the wood. Among the defects that arise in the wood:!
• There is erosion on the upper edge of the timber.!

• Scratches of the the wood surface arises easily it is too sensitive when an object is touched the
wood.!
• The wood easily broke when connect with high impact, for example : when it touch the floor it
crack easily at the edge.!
!
2.! The machine does not in a good condition which is:!
• The saw blade is blunt!

• The measurement in the machine was not calibrated.!
• The machine was not well maintain.!
• The radial arm saw was release smoke when we used it.!
• The roller on the machine is not mild and it is to old!
• The machine was not take care properly. For example : The machine is too dusty, there is no
maintenance to cleanse the machine periodic.!
!
3. ! Material is not sufficient!
• The plywood is not sufficient so we cannot choose wish is the best to use.!
• The plywood (back cover) is not sufficient. So there is one group need to use two plywood for
the back cover.!
• We need to stick one plywood with another one because it is not enough for the size.!
!
!
4.! Lack of time!
• We as a student does not have sufficient time to settle this product as soon as possible.!
• So the product is need to do in hurry, so its is not in well organise while making it by following
the steps.!
• The program that the polytechnic done is disturb this activity, its takes a lot of time to join the
program while this product is not completely done yet. For example: The Convocation event is in
progress while we are doing the project.!
!
!
Recommendation :!
!
• Machine of the table circular saw should be maintained before being used for fission perfectly.!
• Using more modern machines to facilitate the work of splitting and cutting.!
• Provide opportunities for every student to try to use the machine for the experiences in using the
machine.!
• Make sure the plywood have the best qualities for the student to use.!
• Make sure the blade of the saw is sharp and be maintain .!
• Make sure the ruler is well calibrated in the machine.!
• Make sure the machine is in the good condition.!
• Make sure the materials such plywood is sufficient before the project is plan, so that we are
easy to do this project.!
• Make sure the quality of the material is in a good quality.!

• The selves of the plywood (store) must be arrange properly, so we can choose or take the
plywood in easy way.!
• Make sure the time is enough to do a project.!

• Make a plant clearly so the product will become more tidy and neat.!
!
!
5.2 Conclusion!
!
In conclusion, the project was carried out for almost two months could be achieved through a
number of objectives that have been set before with almost perfect. Through this project, we can
learn something new about the exact measurement technique and know how to use the machine
to cut wood properly. Indirectly, we have been exposed to safety precautions when using
equipment and machinery in order to avoid untoward incidents occur. Moreover, some of the
objectives of this project are not met properly due to several factors that may be specified in the
project. Among them, the unpredictable weather conditions cause the time taken for drying this
product for so long. The next factor, the old machine used for several years causing the blade of
the machine table circular saw become blunt and cut into wood is not perfect. !
!
! The condition of the arm saw machine is not calibrated is another factor that may be
specified in the project. The measurement of plywood of the back cover is not suitable cause the
railing side A and B had to be shortened in order to cover the back of the bookshelf. Finally, the
project carried out for nearly two months to be completed by the date set by Mr. Kamal.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
A great token of appreciations we give, with the sweetest word and a great gratitude to you:!
“Thank You Very Much”!
!
Credit to:!
!
- Tuan Muhammad Kamal Ariffin Bin Hj Badrun!
- Group member of Team 7:!
! Nurul Insyirah Bt Ismail! ! !
Iskandar Zulkarnain Bin Adamulhasza!
Mohd Sofian Bin Rasyid!
Mohamad Adam Bin Mohd Norli ! !
Sarjithah A/p Martivanan!
- Other lectures that involve in this project!
- Carpentry Workshop group, class DKA 1C!
- All the staff of the polytechnic!
- All Students that involve directly or indirectly!
- All people that involve directly or indirectly!
!
!

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Manufacturing Of Book

MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 3

• we learnt to manage the raw material with all the steps.!

1. We are lifting the wood from the timber storage.!

plywood that we take.!

plywood to remove the small particle of dust to make the

adhesive stronger by stick the plywood.!

4. Two play wood Were affix together to makes it more thick !

MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 4

to full surface of the wood.!

by superposing each of the play-wood together. !

7. We clamp it by using clamp (Figure 1.2) to make the adhesive more

stick the wood side by side.!

! - The clamp takes about 1 week to make

the adhesive completely dry.!

In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several

machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he

described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer

with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what

we now call plywood (figure 1.4) Samuel Bentham was a

British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his

credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat sawn, rift

MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 5

as support for easel paintings, replacing traditional canvas or cardboard!

can also be driven by compressed carbon dioxide (CO

stored in small cylinders allowing for portability.

Pneumatic tools are safer to run and maintain than

their electric power tool equivalents, and have a higher

power-to-weight ratio, allowing a smaller, lighter tool to

accomplish the same task. General grade pneumatic

are commonly cheaper and are also called disposable tools in

span are more expensive. In general, pneumatic tools are cheaper

than the equivalent electric-powered tools.

Figure 1.6 (Air compressor)

MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 6

• Learnt to use the machine with precautions step.!

• learnt and understand how to cut and trim.!

• Learnt to differentiate the different between cut and trim.!

• Learnt to use the the tape measure.!

• Learnt to make groove!

• Learnt to obey the standard operating procedures of the machine.!

(Objectives are accomplished)!

MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 7

1. Remove the clamp of the wood that we stick last

2. Make sure all the woods are properly stick to each

3. Read the plant given and make some ratio

! -We were given a task to make a bookcase.!

(figure 2.4) and (figure 2.6)!

(PPE) while conduct the machine.!

-Follow you lecture instruction!

-Please serious when using the machine!

MANUFACTURING OF BOOK CABINET- Group 7 Page 8

marking length of the plywood is sharp. We Mark it

again for conformation (figure 2.5)!

9. After marking was done we trim it by using the

radial arm saw (figure 2.6)!

Figure 2.5 (Trimming Conformation marking)

Figure 2.6 ( Cutting and trimming)

! ! cover must be not nailed and it sealed in the groove.!

12. The groove step it make by the table saw, by marking

formed (figure 2.7).!

! ! -You need to push the plywood by a stick to !

! ! make sure the groove is formed to the cutter

than the equivalent electric-powered tools. 