AS BUILT

2 12.Mar.2007 K.WATANABE AS BUILT K.WATANABE M.FUKUI

Released for Construction as per Approval of OE –
th DRCS No. C-MMH/MTH/0047 dated 23rd Sep
1 18 Apr 2005 H.ISHIZUKA K.WATANABE M.FUKUI
2003. status “1”

0 27th Aug 2003 H.ISHIZUKA First Issue (For Review) T.FUJISAWA T.FUJISAWA

Rev Date Drawn Description Ch’k’d App’d

Certifies that it has examined the present document and it

complies with the requirem ents of the EPC Contract

Client

PO Box 45810
Sas Al Nakhl Island
Abu Dhabi
UAE

Project

UMM AL NAR INDEPENDENT

WATER AND POWER PROJECT

Consultant Victory House

Trafalgar Place
Brighton BN1 4FY
United Kingdom

Tel+44(0) 1273 365000

Fax+44(0) 1273 365100
Web www.mottmac.com

Contractor Sub-Contractor

MITSUI & CO,. (MIDDLE EAST)E.C

Sub-Contractor/Contractor Dwg No.

ACXUN1851

Title

CALCULATION FOR EARTHING SYSTEM

Job Number Size Scale Rev

M222001 A4 N.A. 2
document No Sheet

000-1400-BZB01-GV002-0001 1 of 12

The information in this material is confidential and contains Toshiba’s intellectual property including know-how.
It shall not be disclosed to any third party, copied, reproduced, used for unauthorized purposes nor modified without prior written
consent of Toshiba.
Toshiba Corporation

1
Document number (Owner) : 000-1400-BZB01-GV002-0001
Document number (TOSHIBA) : ACXUN1851

CALCULATION OF EARTHING SYSTEM

APPROVED BY CHECKED BY
DRAWING NO. REV.
FUJISAWA H.ISHIZUKA
SCAL AUG.27.2003 AUG.27.2003 ACXUN1851 1
DESIGNED BY DRAWN BY
UNIT H.ISHIZUKA

REGISTER

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION····························································································································· 3
2. REFERENCE ·································································································································· 4
3. EXPLANATION OF EARTHING SYSTEM ····················································································· 4
4. SOIL RESISTIVITY ························································································································· 4
5. EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION (FOR POWER BLOCK)
5.1 ELECTRICAL PARAMETER··································································································· 5
5.2 EARTHING CHARACTERISTICS··························································································· 5
5.3 SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF NETWORK DESIGN

ANNEX-A CALCULATION OF EARTHING MESH ·········································································· 7

ANNEX-B SOIL RESISTIVITY DATA ····························································································· 12

REFERENCE DOCCUMENTS
000-4000-BZB01-GV001-001 EARTHING GRID LAYOUT (OVERALL)
(WCXUN1101)

000-4000-BZB01-GV001-002 EARTHING GRID LAYOUT (POWER BLOCK AREA)

(WCXUN1102)

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1. INTRODUCTION
Earthing mesh in the Plant area will be provided to protect the human being from the step and touch
potentials and provide free path for earth fault current for equipment protection.
Each mesh design, sizing of the conductor required for forming the earth mesh are done in
accordance with IEEE Std.80. The results of this study will be used for forming the earthing mesh,
depth of burial, driving depth of the electrode and total number of electrodes required.

2. REFERENCE
IEEE Std.80-2000 : Guide for safety in AC Substation Grounding

3. EXPLANATION OF EARTHING SYSTEM

3.1 Composition of Earthing system
3.1.1 The earthing system shall be composed of a earthing distribution grid system (meshed
network) constructed by sub-grade earthing conductors and earthing electrodes.

3.1.2 The main earthing distribution grid system consisting of bare copper conductor with a
cross-section of 300 mm 2 is to be provided.

3.1.3 The earthing system being of an inter-connected mesh system with a maximum distance
between two meshes not exceeding 30m.

3.1.4 All connections are carried out by means of exothermic welding process.

3.1.5 Adjacent to the transformer neutral grounding, earthing electrodes are to be driven into the soil
and connected to earthing mesh.

3.1.6 In order to achieve an overall earth resistance of 1 ohm, earth electrodes are to be driven at
certain points into the soil and connected to earthing mesh.

3.1.7 Earthing electrodes are 3 meter length with a diameter of 17.5 mm.

3.1.6 Earthing resistance is required less than 1 ohm.

4. SOIL RESISTIVITY
Resistance (R ) of the soil was measured using Wenner’s method. Summary DATA are shown on
Annex-B. Soil resistivity was computed by using the formula: ρ = 2π aR (“a” is electrode
separation.) From the value measured in the Plant area, the average value of top layer resistivity is
less than 12.33 Ω-m and lower layer is less than 11.85 Ω-m. However, top layer resistivity is
considered as 15 Ω-m and bottom layer resistivity as 15 Ω-m for calculation.

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5. EARTHING SYSTEM CALCULATION (FOR POWER BLOCK)
5-1 ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
3I0 Symmetrical fault current in for conductor sizing 40 (kA)
tf Duration of fault current 3 (s)
f Frequency 50 (HZ)
tc Duration fault current for sizing ground conductor 3 (s)
ts Duration of shock for body current 3 (s)
X/R Ratio X/R 0.3 *2)
Df Decrement factor for Ig 1.0 *1)

5-2 EARTHING CHARACTERISTICS

A Total area enclosed by grounding grid 54,400 (m2)
Lc Length of grid system conductor 4,120 (m)
Rectangular grid’s length (longer side) 340 (m)
Rectangular grid’s width (shorter side) 160 (m)
Nos of parallel conductor of longer side 6 (pcs)
Nos of parallel conductor of shorter side 13 (pcs)
ρ Soil resistivity 15 (ohm-m)
ρs Surface layer resistivity 3000 (ohm-m)
hs Surface layer thickness 0.2 (m)
h Dipth of grounding grid conductor 1.5 (m)
Dm Maximum distance between any two parallel conductor 30 (m)

Tm Maximum allowable temperature 1083 (degC)

TA Ambient temperature 46 (degC)
αr Thermal coefficient of resistivity 0.00393
K 1/ar at 0 deg C 234
ρr Resist. Ground cond. At refer temp. Tr 1.72 (Ohm/cm3
)
TCAP Thermal capacity factor for table 3.42 (J/cm3 C)
Ac Minimum conductor section area -- (mm2)
S Conductor section area 300 (mm2)
d1 Diameter of grid conductor 20 (mm)
Nr Nunber of Rods 0 (pcs) *3)
Lr Length of rods 3.0 (m) *3)
Dr Rod diameter 17.2 (mm) *3)

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5-3 OUTPUT DATA
Rg Resistance of grounding system (Ohm)
GPR Ground potential rise (V)
Em Mesh voltage (V)
Es Step voltage (V)
Estep50 Tolerable step voltage for human with 50 kG body weight (V)
Etouch50 Tolerable touch voltage for human with 50 kG body weight (V)
Notes:
*1) Most conservative value is considered.
*2) Assumed value
*3) This calculation is applied for without electrode mesh system

5-4 SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF NETWORK DESIGN

Sf Current division factor 1.0
Ig Maximum grid current 40,000 (A)

Max allowable value Computed Value Safety condition

Etouch50 313 (V) 311 (V) Yes
Estep50 1,052 (V) 47 (V) Yes
Rg less than 1.0 (Ω) 0.032 (ohm) Good

GPR Ground potential rise 1,280 (V) --

GENERAL NOTE
1) The calculation is made considering an average mesh grid of 30x30m, but in some areas the
mesh grid is more close. This means that the actual values shall be lower than the calculated ones.

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 ANNEX-A
Calculation of Earthing mesh (For Power Block)

Step1: Earthing Grid conductor sizing calculation

To determine the minimum cross sectional area of the main earthing conductor, followings are
considered:
- Maximum fault current.
- Material for the earth conductor is annealed copper stranded wire.

- Following formula is used for to calculate the earthing conductor size, as per IEEE Std.80.
Section 11 (Eq-37), Table 1.

TCAP × 10 -4 K 0 + Tm
I = A´ ( ) × ln( )
tc × ar × pr K 0 + Ta

This equation is can be arranged to give required conductor size as a function of conductor current.

t c ´ a r ´ r r ´ 10 4
A=I´ TCPA
2
æ Tm - Ta ö (mm )
Inç1 + ÷
è Ko + Ta ø

I = rms current in KA

Tc = time of current flow in s

2
A = conductor cross section in min
Tm = max. allowable temperature in deg C

Ta = ambient temperature in deg C

αo = thermal coefficient of resistivity at 0 dec C
αr = thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temperature T,
3
ρr = the resistivity of the ground conductor at reference temperature T,in μΩ/cm
Ko = 1/α0,or (1/αr)-Tr
TCAP = thermal capacity factor from Table 1,in j/cm3/deg C

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1-1 For main mesh
where:
I = 40 kA Design requirement

Tm = 1083 deg C IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

Ta = 46 deg C Design requirement
αr = 0.00393 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

ρr = 1.72 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

Ko = 234 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1
Tc = 3.0 Design requirement
TCAP = 3.42 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

3 ´ 0.00393 ´ 1.72 ´ 10 4
A = 40 ´
3.42
æ 1083 - 46 ö
Inç1 + ÷
è 242 + 46 ø

=248 (mm2)
According to the above calculation, 300 mm2 main earthing conductor is acceptable.

1-2 For earthing ring

where:
I = 31.5 kA Design requirement

Tm = 1083 deg C IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

Ta = 46 deg C Design requirement
αr = 0.00393 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1
ρr = 1.72 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1
Ko = 234 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

Tc = 3.0 Design requirement

TCAP = 3.42 IEEE 80-2000 Section 11, Table1

3 ´ 0.00393 ´ 1.72 ´ 10 4
A = 31.5 ´
3.42
æ 1083 - 46 ö
Inç1 + ÷
è 242 + 46 ø

=196 (mm2)
According to the above calculation, 240 mm2 earthing ring conductor is acceptable.

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Step2: Calculation of earthing resistance

As per IEEE80-2000 section14 (eq52)

é 1 1 æ 1 öù
Rg =ρê + çç1 + ÷÷ú
ë LT 20 A è 1 + h × 20 / A øû

where
Rg ground resistance : -- (ohm)
ρ soil resistivity : 15 (ohm-m)
A area occupied by the ground grid : 54,400 (m2)
LT total buried length of conductors : 4,120 (m)
h depth of the grid : 1.5 (m)

Rg= 0.032 (Ohm)

Step3: Maximum grid current IG

I G = D f × If
= 1.0 x 40
= 40 (kA)
where
Sf fault current division factor : 1.0
Ig rms symmetrical grid current : 40 (kA)
If rms value of symmetrical ground fault current : 40 (kA)
IG maximum grid current : 40 (kA)
Df decrement factor for the entire duration of fault tf : 1.0

Step4: GPR

GPR = I G × R g

GPR = 40000 x 0.032 = 1280 (V)

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Step5: Mesh voltage
5-1 The geometrical factor (Km)

Km =
1 é æ D2
ç +
(D + 2h)2 - h ö÷ + K ii ln 8 ù
ê ç
ln
2p êë è 16hD 8 Dd1 4d 1 ÷ø K h p (2n - 1) úû

where:
Km Spacing factor for mesh voltage : --
2/n
Kii Corrective factor K ii = 1 : --
(2 × n)
Kh K h = 1 + h / ho : 1.5811

ho 1m (reference depth of grid) : 1.0 (m)

h Depth of burial : 1.5 (m)

d1 Diameter of conductor(m) : 0.02 (m)

D Distance of conductor(m) : 30 (m)
n Effective number of parallel conductor in a given grid : 8.53 (pcs)
n = n a × nb × nc × n d
2 × LC LP
na = , nb = , nc = n d = 1
LP 4× A
Ki Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 x n : 1.9066

Km = 1.1215

5-2 Mesh Voltage (Em)

ρ× Km × Ki × I G
Em =
LM
= 15 x 1.1215 x 1.9066 x 40000 / 4120
= 311 (V)

where
LM The effective buried length , LM = LC + LR : -- (m)
LC The total length of the conductor in the horizontal grid : 4120 (m)
LR The total length of all ground rods : 0 (m)

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Step 6: Check of touch voltage
6-1 The maximum driving voltage for touch voltage is :
0.116
Etouch so = (1000 + 1.5C s × r s )
tS
= (1000+1.5x 0.817 x 3000)x 0.116 / SQRT(3)
= 313 (V)
where:
æ r ö
0.09 × çç1 - ÷
è r S ÷ø
CS = 1 -
2 × hS + 0.09

6-2 Actual touch voltage

E touch = E m
= 311 (V)

6-3 Decision
Em  E touch 50
Actual touch voltage is well below the tolerable touch voltage, so it is ACCEPTABLE.

Step7: Check of step voltage

7-1 Tolerable of step voltage
The maximum driving voltage for step voltage is :
0.116
E step50 = (1000 + 6C S ×ρS )
tS
= (1000+6x0.817x3000)x 0.116/sqrt(3)
= 1,052 (V)

7-2 Actual step voltage

E S = K S ´ K i ´ r ´ I G / LS
= 0.127x 1.9066x 15x 40000/ 3090
= 47 (V)
where:
LS = 0.75 ´ LC + 0.85 ´ LR

7-3 Decision
E S  E step50
Actual step voltage is well below the tolerable step voltage. So it is ACCEPTABLE

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 ANNEX-B
SOIL RESISTIVITY DATA
Point PPE1 at GT AREA Point PPE2 at ELECT BLDG
Location X=2100.000 Y=1100.000 Location X=1841.500 Y=1045.000
Axis a (meter) R (Ω) ρ（Ωｍ） Axis a (meter) R (Ω) ρ（Ωｍ）
1 0.1685 1 1 2.09 13
1.5 0.54 5 1.5 1.9 18
2 0.62 8 2 3.28 41
3 0.71 13 3 0.98 18
4 0.80 20 4 0.66 17
A 5 0.65 20 A 5 0.437 14
6 0.22 8 6 0.342 13
7 0.20 9 7 0.655 29
8 0.18 9 8 0.236 12
9 0.21 12 9 0.132 7
10 0.095 6 10 0.1 6
15 0.05 5 15 0.088 8
20 0.025 3 20 0.065 8
25 0.015 2 25 0.05 8
30 0.0055 1 30 0.0145 3
1 1.15 7 1 1.739 11
1.5 1.101 10 1.5 1.105 10
2 0.98 12 2 0.958 12
3 0.86 16 3 0.88 17
4 0.58 15 4 1.037 26
B 5 0.49 15 B 5 0.528 17
6 0.445 17 6 0.46 17
7 0.38 17 7 0.385 17
8 0.21 11 8 0.355 18
9 0.195 11 9 0.32 18
10 0.15 9 10 0.138 9
15 0.105 10 15 0.105 10
20 0.082 10 20 0.095 12
25 0.04 6 25 0.0625 10
30 0.0332 6 30 0.022 4
Average of the top layer resistivity (1 to 2 meters depth) is 12.3 ohm-m.
Average of the lower layer resistivity is 11.9 ohm-m.
Note) Measurement test of soil resistivity has be carried out in April 2003 and reported by TSB.
Please refer to Test report of soil investigation document.

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