Pronunciation Rules for the Past Tense Marker (–ed/–d) of Regular Verbs

1. The past tense ending is pronounced [t] when the verb ends in any of the following voiceless
consonants sounds (regardless of its spelling):

[p]
dropped escaped helped hoped jumped slipped stopped shopped typed

[k]
asked baked cooked talked cracked hiked joked knocked locked looked packed picked smoked
walked worked

[f]
laughed

[s]
danced dressed fixed guessed kissed missed mixed passed pressed pronounced relaxed

[ʃ ]
brushed crashed finished pushed washed

[tʃ]
watched matched

2. The past tense ending is pronounced [d] when the verb ends in any of the following voiced
consonants sounds (regardless of its spelling) or vowel sound:

[b]
described robbed rubbed

[g]
tagged nagged hugged

[v]
arrived believed lived loved moved saved shaved

[z]
advised closed realized used surprised

[ʒ ]
massaged

[dʒ]
changed damaged encouraged

[m]
performed slammed welcomed claimed

[n]
burned cleaned earned explained happened imagined listened opened planned rained signed turned
[ŋ]
belonged banged

[l]
called filled jailed killed pulled traveled

[ɪr] [ɛr] [ɑr] [ɔr] [ʊr] [ɚ]/[ər]

appeared feared
repaired shared compared
starred
explored restored
detoured
answered covered entered measured remembered whispered

[ð ]
bathed

[iy]
agreed carried studied worried

[ey]
played stayed

[ow]
followed showed snowed

[uw] [yuw]
booed interviewed

[aw]
allowed bowed

[ay]
cried died dried tried

[ɔy]
enjoyed destroyed

3. The past tense ending is pronounced [ɪd] when the verb ends in the consonant sounds [t] or
[d], thus, adding an extra syllable to the verb.

[t]
arrested collected contacted counted expected exported graduated hated hunted invited invented
painted planted printed presented protected rented repeated reported respected rested skated started
shouted treated visited waited wanted wasted

[d]
decided defended demanded divided ended expanded flooded included landed needed pretended
provided scolded

Elaborated by Mr. Jorge Torres

IDIOMAS CATOLICA