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ABSTRACT
Introduction
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hypertension (HTN) is a significant public al., 2009). In addition, a diet rich in fruit,
health concern all over the world, in term of vegetables, and low-fat dairy products
morbidity, mortality, and economic burden reduced in total and saturated fat, has also
(Ogedegbe et al., 2013). It is the leading and proved to lower BP (Onwukwe and Omole,
most important modifiable risk factor for 2012).
heart diseases, stroke, renal diseases and
retinopathy (Bani, 2011). EBP (Evidence Based practice) is now
considered a standard of care and essential
National hypertension Project (NHP) in the to nurse practitioner practice. The primary
90s showed that hypertension is common advantages of EBP include improved quality
among Egyptians. Hypertension is affecting of care through patient-centered care, the
more than 26% of adult Egyptians and more utilization of patient resources, provider
than 50% of individuals older than 60 years resources and experiences, current research
suffered from hypertension (Ibrahim and and scientific information (Greiner and
Albertino, 2012). If the same prevalence Knebel, 2003)
rates do not change, it is predicted that with
an Egyptian population of more than The NICE guidelines for the treatment of
80 million, there will be approximately patients with hypertension recognize the
15 million with hypertension and about importance of self-management aimed at
7 million will be in need of lifelong drug lifestyle modifications as an adjunct therapy
treatment and regular follow-up. The that effectively lowers blood pressure.
problem is complicated by the low
awareness rates, only 38% of hypertensive Self-efficacy is widely used as
Egyptians aware of having high blood psychological concept that has been
pressure (Ibrahim, 2013). recognized as an essential prerequisite of
effective care of chronic disease. Several
The goal of hypertension treatment is to studies have underlined the association
prevent death and complications by between self-efficacy and chronic diseases
achieving and maintaining the blood as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis.
pressure at 140/90 mm hg or lower (Lambert Measuring the self-efficacy in patients with
et al., 2006). Lifestyle modification is the hypertension is an important step towards
first line of intervention for all patients with improving hypertension control in
hypertension, but pharmacological is the individuals or population level. The
cornerstone for the disease treatment to information gained from measurement of
reduce the high blood pressure and prevent self-efficacy can help physicians or public
complications such as cardiovascular and health professionals to identify low self-
renal morbidity and mortality (Lemone and efficacy and implement suitable
Burke, 2008). interventions (Hu and Arao, 2013).
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The study was conducted in cardiac out- It was developed by the researchers in
patient clinic at Ain Shams University Arabic language, it contains two parts:
Hospital Cairo Egypt which provides
secondary and tertiary level service to A) Demographic characteristics of patients
individuals with hypertension. such as age, sex, marital status, level of
education, working status, residence, and
Subjects monthly income etc.
B) Patient s medical history including stage
A purposive sample of patients diagnosed of hypertension, body mass index, duration
with hypertension (BP 140/90). All of disease, associated chronic disease and
patients were selected from those attending smoking status . etc.
outpatient clinics for routine follow up.
Power analysis was conducted estimating Tool11:
the sample size needed for the present study.
To achieve 80 % power with a medium Patient's knowledge assessment sheet
effect and an alpha of 0.05 a minimum of
150 participants was projected. We invite It was developed by the researchers in
169 patients who agreed to participate, 160 Arabic language based on recent literature
completed the questionnaires. So the study and it was consists of 17 items about
comprised 160 adult patients, of age hypertension, such as: definition, causes,
between 18 to 80 years of either sex. factors symptoms, complications, normal
Patients were recruited after full history range and management activities as diet,
taking, physical examination and complete exercise, self-monitoring, medication,
investigations. The subjects were randomly relaxation, follow up and smoking cessation.
divided into two equal groups; the first was Each item had sub items
study group, comprised of 80 patients and
they received the NICE lifestyle guidelines Scoring systems
regarding control blood pressure. The
second was control group, comprised of 80 The total score of knowledge was 50
patients and exposed to routine outpatient degrees. The score one was given for each
care only. correct answer and zero for incorrect
answer. These scores were converted into a
Tools for data collection percent score. The total knowledge was
considered satisfactory if the percent score
Three different tools were used to collect was 60% or more and unsatisfactory if less
data for this study. They developed by than 60%. Reliability test were done
researcher in English language based on whereas Cronbach's Alpha equal 0.702
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The scoring of Self Care Activities was for This study was conducted through four
patients with hypertension were 110 consecutive phases: assessment, planning,
degrees. These scores were converted into a implementation and evaluation. Data
percent score. The total Self Care Activities collection was done pre- and post-
for patients with hypertension was guidelines implementation from April 2013
considered adequate if the percent score was to December 2013.
60% or more and inadequate if less than
60%. Assessment phase: This phase aimed
to assess the studied patients'
Tool IV: characteristics, patients' knowledge,
self care activities and self efficacy of
Self-Efficacy Scale the study and control groups.
Planning phase: guidelines content
The scale was developed by the researchers were prepared based on NICE life
based on literature review. The scale style guidelines (2011) by the
consists of 11 items to assess self-efficacy researchers. Guidelines were revised
for patients with hypertension such as diet, by a group of six expertises in medical
medication, measurement and follow up. surgical nursing and community health
Reliability test were done whereas nursing departments faculty of nursing
Cronbach's Alpha equal 0.65 Ain Shams University for the content
validity. Modifications were done.
Scoring systems Implementation phase: Assessment
sheets were filled out by the
The scoring of Self efficacy was more than researchers who were available 2 days
3to7 days were considered adequate. While per week in the study setting from
less than3were considered inadequate. 8a.m to 2p.m. lectures, group
discussion and demonstration. An
Pilot study instructional media was used; it
included the guidelines handout and
The pilot study was conducted on 10 audiovisual materials.
patients to test the clarity, feasibility and
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Evaluation phase: the evaluation phase It shows that nearly two thirds (67% and
was emphasized on estimating the 63%) respectively were females, nearly one
effect of NICE life style guidelines third (35% and 31.2%) respectively had
(2011) on patients' knowledge, self secondary education, also nearly two thirds
care activities and self efficacy of the (65% and 61.2%) were work and married,
study group. The post test was (65%) and (71.2%) had family members
conducted for study and control from (3 to 6) members, nearly two thirds
groups after 3months of (63.7% and 61.2%) had monthly income less
implementation phase. than one thousand and one thousand with
Administrative design and ethical mean of 1352.62±705.57 and 1350±705.08
consideration: in the study and control groups respectively
with no statistically significant difference
An official permission was obtained from between two groups regarding demographic
the Director of Ain Shams University characteristics. Regarding clinical data of
Hospital and the heads of the departments in two groups, this table shows that 13.8% and
which the study was conducted. The aim of 17.5% of them were smokers, 40% and 35%
the research was explained to the of them had type 2 diabetes, only 18.8% and
participants. Verbal consent was obtained 17.5% of them had health insurance, nearly
from each patient to participate in the study, two fifths (42.5% and 43.8%, respectively)
after clarifying the procedures of the study. of them had hypertension from more than
Participants were informed about their right ten years with mean of duration (7.93±3.16)
to refuse participation and to withdraw at and (7.90±3.32) for the study and control
any time without any consequences. groups respectively. There was no statistical
Confidentiality of data was ensured. significant difference between two groups
regarding clinical data.
Statistical design
Regarding Blood pressure measurement of
The quantitative data was analyzed using two groups before implementation of NICE
Statistical Package for Social Sciences lifestyle guidelines, table 2 shows that
(SPSS) program version 17. Data were nearly two fifths (45% and 48.8%) had
presented in the tables and charts using hypertension stage 1 with no statistically
actual numbers and percentages. significant difference, while after
Appropriate statistical methods were applied implementation 70% and 7.5% had normal
(percentage, chi-square (X2), correlation Bp in the study and control groups
coefficient (r), T- test. Regarding P value, it respectively with highly statistically
was considered that: non-significant (NS) if significant difference between them. In
P> 0.05, Significant (S) if P< 0.05, Highly addition, regarding body mass index of two
Significant (HS) if P< 0.01. groups it shows that nearly one third 32.5%
and 38.8% had obesity class 1. While after
Regarding demographic characteristics, implementation 27.5% and 30 % had obesity
table 1 shows that nearly two fifths (40% class 1 in the study and control groups
and 41.3%) respectively of the study and respectively with slightly decrease in all
control groups aged 60 years and more, level of BMI for study group with no
(49.75±13.21) and (51.97±13.61) were statistical significant difference between
means and standard deviation of the study them.
and control groups respectively.
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Regarding Mean of systolic, diastolic and in the control group before and after
body mass index of two groups before implementation respectively.
implementation of NICE lifestyle guidelines
figure 1 shows that 158.3 mmHg and 158.6 Regarding self-care activity assessment of
mmHg were means of systolic blood study and control groups before
pressure while after implementation of 141.3 implementation of NICE lifestyle
mmHg and 157.4 mmHg were means of guidelines, table 4 shows that nearly one
systolic blood pressure of study and control third (31.2% and 32.5%) had an adequate
group respectively. Furthermore, before level of total self-care activity with no
implementation 95.6 mmHg and 96 mmHg statistical significant difference between
were means of diastolic blood pressure them. While after implementation, 100%
while after implementation, 83.7 mmHg and and 38.8% had an adequate level of total
95.6 mmHg were means of diastolic blood self-care activity with mean score
pressure of study and control group 86.66±7.88 and 63.88±9.42 in study and
respectively. Additionally this figure shows control groups respectively with highly
that 30.9 and 29.6 were means of body mass statistically significant difference between
index before implementation while after them. Additionally, this table shows that
implementation 30.7 and 29.6 were body before implementation, the lowest level of
mass index of study and control group self-care activity was regarding self-care
respectively. activity of exercises 1.2% and 3.8% while
the highest level of self-care activities was
Regarding hypertension' knowledge of study regarding self-care activity of medication
and control groups before implementation of 37.5% and 35% in study and control groups
NICE lifestyle guidelines, table 3 shows that respectively with no statistical significant
no one of two groups had satisfactory total difference between them.
knowledge with no statistical significant
difference, while after implementation of Regarding self efficacy assessment of study
87.5% and 2.5 of study and control groups and control groups before implementation of
respectively had satisfactory total NICE lifestyle guidelines, table 5 shows that
knowledge with high statistical significant 31.2% and 32.5% had an adequate level of
difference between them. Moreover, this total self efficacy with no statistical
table shows that before implementation the significant difference between them. While
lowest level of knowledge in the two groups after implementation, (92.5%) and (34%)
was regarding the effect of smoking 17.5% had an adequate level of total self efficacy
while the highest level of satisfactory with high statistical significant difference
knowledge among them was regarding the between them in study and control groups
normal range (33.8%). respectively. Moreover, this table shows that
the lowest level of self efficacy was
Regarding mean of satisfactory knowledge regarding measuring Bp self efficacy (0%)
of two groups before and after and (3.8%) while the highest level was
implementation of NICE lifestyle regarding medication self efficacy (32.5%)
guidelines, figure 2 shows that 8.25 and 31.2 and (22.5%) in study and control groups
were means of satisfactory knowledge in the respectively with no statistical significant
study group before and after difference between them. Regarding
implementation, respectively. While 8.4 and correlation between self-efficacy of the
10.3 were means of satisfactory knowledge study and control group regarding study
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In addition, Dusek et al. (2008) founded that level while a good proportion of the patients
participants in the relaxation response group self-reported that they had adopted the
reduced their Systolic BP by an average of lifestyle measures when they became aware
10.2 mm Hg and those in the lifestyle of the implications on their hypertensive
modification group had similar results with a condition.
decrease of 9.4mm Hg. The diastolic BP for
both groups reduced modestly by 1.6 and In accordance to Kanchana and
2.6 for the RR group and the control group, Nagarathnamma (2009) who emphasized
respectively. Both groups lost a minimal that, a structured teaching program on
amount of weight: 0.65 kg for the RR group lifestyle modification conducted for 50
and 0.33 kg for the control group. Also patients attending cardiology outpatient
Rigsby (2011) stated that the department, 84% of hypertensive patients
implementation of healthy lifestyle had inadequate knowledge, and 16% had
modifications resulted in an improvement of moderate knowledge with the mean score of
blood pressure control. 13.02 in the pre-test, and 42% had moderate
knowledge with the mean score of 25.32 in
In the same line Hong (2010) conducted a the post test with statistically significant
study on lifestyle modifications, which difference.
addressed weight control, limitation of
alcohol consumption, increased physical Ambaw et al. (2012) concluded that right
activity, increased fruit and vegetable knowledge about hypertension and its
consumption, reduced total fat and saturated treatment creates a clear understanding and
fat intake, and cessation of smoking. The avoids confusion about the treatment and the
research has provided strong evidence that a disease condition. Knowledge about
variety of lifestyle modification hypertension and its treatment was found to
interventions affect lower BP and to reduce be positively associated with adherence
the incidence of HBP. behavior. Patients with better awareness
were more likely to adhere to their
The present study showed that treatment.
implementation of NICE lifestyle guidelines
were improved knowledge of study group The study revealed that NICE lifestyle
comparing control group with highly guidelines implementation were enhanced
statistical significant difference. This result self-care activities of study group comparing
was in congruence with Al-Wehedy et al. to control group with highly statistically
(2014) who illustrated that lifestyle significant difference.
modification sessions improved the
knowledge scores of the study group of These results were in consistent with
hypertensive patients with highly statistical Rujiwatthanakorn et al. (2011) who found
significant difference between study and that before implementation of the self-
control. management program, no significant
differences were found, between the
One recent study about Knowledge, experimental and control groups regarding
perceptions and practices of lifestyle- knowledge of self-care and self-care ability.
modification measures among adult However, significant differences were
hypertensive in Nigeria, by Ikea et al. found, between the experimental and control
(2010) showed that there is no statistical group, four weeks after implementation of
difference regarding gender or educational the self-management program, regarding
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knowledge of self-care and self-care ability. significant level and improving self-care
The experimental group was found to have behaviors, exercise self-efficacy and
higher scores, than the control group. medication adherence.
Winter et al. (2013) added that the DASH Also the findings showed that highly
(the Dietary Approaches to Stopping positive correlation between self-efficacy,
Hypertension eating plan) along with limited health insurance, working status, education,
sodium intake of 1600 mg per day can marital status, sex, total knowledge, and
decrease BP as well as single drug therapy. SCA of diet, exercise, smoking, medication,
In addition, HBPM (home BP monitoring) follow up, and total SCA among the study
has also been shown to improve patients group with P 0.000.
compliance with treatment and hypertension
control and is used as an educational tool to In accordance to Warren-Findlow et al.,
increase patients awareness and 2011, the majority of African American
understanding of BP control. Studies have participants with hypertension had good
shown that self-BP monitoring at home may self-efficacy to manage their chronic illness.
improve awareness and understanding of Individuals with good self-efficacy had
concordance, leading to better compliance statistically significantly increased odds of
and BP management. being adherent to medication regimens,
using low-salt diet techniques, engaging in
This results showed that implementation of physical activity, not smoking, and utilizing
NICE lifestyle guidelines enhance self common weight management strategies
efficacy of study group whereas, after (Warren-Findlow et al., 2011).
implementation, (92.5%) and (34%) had an
adequate level of total self efficacy with In the same line, Hu and Arao (2013) stated
high statistical significant difference that self-efficacy has been recognized as a
between them in study and control groups major predictor of self-care behavior for
respectively chronic disease management. In a
longitudinal study of older women with
This results were in consistent with a recent heart disease, self-efficacy predicted the
study measured the effect of written health older women s adopting healthy diet and
educational materials on self-efficacy in regular exercise, reported better health
CVD at risk people, found that providing status, and lower psychological distress.
Personal Health Record Booklet were Shropshire (2010) added that medication
promoted patients efficacy in performing adherence self-efficacy was positively
desired behaviors, which might have led related to education and medication
participants to feel more confident in steps adherence. Osborn et al. (2011) found that
to perform activities (Pichayapinyo et al., positive correlation between knowledge to
2012). self-efficacy (r=0.13, P<0.01) and self-
efficacy to physical activity (r=0.17,
Moreover, Park et al. (2012) found that the P<0.01).
patient-tailored self-management
intervention for nursing home residents with The main finding of present study was the
hypertension that integrated health education success of implementation of NICE lifestyle
and individual counseling was beneficial for guidelines in control BP, improved
decreasing blood pressure at a clinically knowledge of study group comparing
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Figure.1 Mean of systolic, diastolic and body mass index of two groups before and after
implementation of NICE lifestyle guidelines
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Table.2 Blood pressure measurement and body mass index of two groups before and after
implementation of NICE lifestyle guidelines
Figure.2 Mean of knowledge of two groups before and after implementation of NICE lifestyle
guidelines
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Table.3 Knowledge assessment of two groups before and after implementation of NICE lifestyle
guidelines regarding hypertension
Effect of exercise 22.5 22.5 No test available 83.8 27.5 51.27 0.000
Self monitoring 23.8 22.5 0.035 0.5 87.5 28.8 56.72 0.000
The normal range 33.8 33.8 No test available 100 40 68.57 0.000
BP can be measured by 23.8 21.2 0.143 0.425 93.8 21.2 86.03 0.000
Effect of relaxation 22.5 20 0.149 0.423 82.5 20 62.53 0.000
Effect of smoking 17.5 17.5 No test available 93.8 25 78.38 0.000
Importance of drugs 22.5 27.5 0.533 0.292 93.8 32.5 64.46 0.000
Importance of follow up 22.5 21.2 0.037 0.5 92.5 25 75.2 0.000
Factors 22.5 23.8 0.035 0.5 88.8 27.5 61.65 0.000
Total satisfactory knowledge 0 0 No test available 87.5 2.5 116.76 0.000
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Table.4 Self care activity (SCA) of two groups before implementation of NICE lifestyle
guidelines regarding hypertension
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Table.5 Self Efficacy of two groups before implementation of NICE lifestyle guidelines
regarding hypertension
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Table.6 Correlation between self efficacy of the study and control group regarding study
variables
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