TECHNOLOGIES

AND

DISEASES
RELATED TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

An Assignment Output In
General Biology II
4th Quarter

Submitted by: Grade and Section:

Shirnyl Hannah E. Magos Grade XII - Apollo
Submitted to:
Mrs. Blair A. Sarande
I. TECHNOLOGIES
A. Pacemaker
A pacemaker is a small device with two parts — a generator and wires (leads, or
electrodes) — that's placed under the skin in your chest to help control your heartbeat.

People may need a pacemaker for a variety of reasons — mostly due to one of a group
of conditions called arrhythmias, in which the heart's rhythm is abnormal.

B. Electrocardiograph (ECG)
An electrocardiograph (ECG) is a test that is used to measure the electrical activity of the
heart.
 This electrical activity causes contractions of the heart muscle, which results in the heart's
pumping action.

 The ECG is recorded on paper, as spikes and dips called waves. By assessing the pattern of
these waves, your doctor can gauge the rhythm and the rate of your heart beat.

C. Stethoscope
A stethoscope is an instrument that a doctor uses to listen to your heart and breathing.
It consists of a small disc that is placed on your body, connected to a hollow tube with two
pieces that the doctor puts in his or her ears.
It is generally an instrument used for auscultation, or listening to sounds produced by
the body. It is used primarily to listen to the lungs, heart, and intestinal tract. It is also used to
listen to blood flow in peripheral vessels and the heart sounds of developing fetuses in
pregnant women.
D. Defibrillator
A defibrillator is a device that gives a high energy electric shock to the heart of someone
who is in cardiac arrest.
This high energy shock is called defibrillation, and it's an essential part in trying to save
the life of someone who’s in cardiac arrest.

This device is designed to restore the normal heartbeat by sending an electric pulse or
shock to the heart. They are used to prevent or correct an arrhythmia, a heartbeat that is
uneven or that is too slow or too fast. Defibrillators can also restore the heart’s beating if the
heart suddenly stops.

E. Sphygmomanometer
It is an instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable
rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next to a
graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by
increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff.

F. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

This device creates pictures of structures within the body by a computer that takes the
data from multiple X-ray images and turns them in pictures.
The CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan can reveal some soft-tissue and other
structures that cannot be seen in conventional X-rays. Using the same dosage of radiation as
that of an ordinary X-ray machine, an entire slice of the body can be made visible with about
100 times more clarity with the CAT scan.

The "cuts"(tomograms) for the CAT scan are usually made 5 or 10 mm apart. The CAT
machine rotates 180 degrees around the patient's body; hence, the term "axial." The machine
sends out a thin X-ray beam at 160 different points. Crystals positioned at the opposite points
of the beam pick up and record the absorption rates of the varying thicknesses of tissue and
bone. The data are then relayed to a computer that turns the information into a 2-dimensional
cross-sectional image.

G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at
organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a
variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining
the brain and spinal cord.

II. DISEASES
A. Hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a long-term medical condition in which the blood
pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Although it typically does not cause symptoms,
long-term high blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery diseases,
stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, vision loss, dementia, and more.

B. Aneurysm
An aneurysm refers to a weakening of an artery wall that creates a bulge, or distention,
of the artery. Most aneurysms do not show symptoms and are not dangerous. However, at
their most severe stage, some can rupture, leading to life-threatening internal bleeding.
C. Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is
caused by rheumatic fever. The heart valve is damaged by adisease process that generally
begins with a strep throat caused by bacteria called Streptococcus, and may eventually
cause rheumatic fever.

D. Stroke
A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops.
Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind,
called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain.

E. Leukemia
It simply means cancer of the blood. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood
and bone marrow. Leukemia begins in a cell in the bone marrow. The cell undergoes a change
and becomes a type of leukemia cell. Once the marrow cell undergoes leukemic change,
the leukemia cells may grow and survive better than normal cells. Over time, the leukemia cells
crowd out or suppress the development of normal cells.

F. Sickle-cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form
of anemia — a condition in which there aren't
enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate
oxygen throughout your body. Normally, your red
blood cells are flexible and round, moving easily
through your blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia,
the red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are
shaped like sickles or crescent moons.

G. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque
builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood
vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart
and other parts of your body. Plaque is made up of
fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances
found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and
narrows your arteries.