IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS IN DEMOGRAHIC
GLOBALIZATION
1. Population Process
 refers to the major factors and processes that lead to change in
demographic structure especially in the social, economic, and
political structures of society
 has three dynamic elements, namely; mortality, fertility, and
migration
 population growth occurs as a result of the combination of
these three dynamic elements or factors
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH
a. Mortality and morbidity
- Mortality - defined as the quality or state of being mortal or
subject to death; death rate; proportion of deaths of
population
- It is important to note that the root cause of the current
world’s population growth is not because of rising fertility
but rather due to declining mortality
- Has two important components: lifespan and longevity
 Lifespan
- refers to how long a particular species of organism
could possibly live
 Longevity
- quality of being able to become long-lasting
- affected by both biological (quality of physical health
of individuals) and social (way of living) factors
- Morbidity – defined as the rate of incidence or prevalence
of diseases in a particular group or population in a given
location
Causes of Death
(1) Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
- people die because they are killed by diseases that can be
transmitted from one person to another
- as much of human history is concerned, infectious diseases have
been the major cause of death, killing people before they had a
chance to die from something else
(2) Degeneration from Chronic Diseases
- refers to the biological degeneration of the human body due to
the disease processes brought about by non-communicable
disease; premature death
- according to the WHO (2018), this accounts to about 71% of all
deaths globally each year ; 80% of premature deaths are caused
by cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and
diabetes
(2) Products of social and economic environment
 Accidents
- Incidences that are caused either by human-risk factors
(e.g. motor-vehicular accident, building fires, falls) or by
natural environmental factors (e.g. landslides, earthquake,
floods, tsunamis)
 Suicide
- act or instance of intentionally taking away one’s own life
- (WHO) estimates that each year approximately one million
people die from suicide, which represents a global mortality
rate of 16 people per 100,000 or one death every 40
seconds. It is predicted that by 2020 the rate of death will
increase to one every 20 seconds
- in a global scale, suicide rate are high in low and middle
income countries
  Homicide
- act of being killed by another person either intentionally
or unintentionally
b. Fertility
- refers to the number of children born to women or the ability of
an organism or person to reproduce
- also simply refers to the actual reproductive performance of
both men and women
- in demographic studies, it is concerned with the cumulative
impacts of the rate of childbearing does to a particular state or
community
- High-fertility society – refers to a society in which most women
in its population have several children
- Low-fertility society – refers to a society in which most women
in its population have no to very few children
Components of Fertility
1. Biological Component
- general physical ability of the vast majority of a population
to conceive or reproduce, also termed as fecundity
- fecundity is generally determined by the general age of
menarche and menopausal of women belonging to a certain
population
- reflects how healthy the members of a population is
2. Social Components
- refers to the socio-political opportunities and motivation of
childbearing of a certain population in a particular state
- includes several variables such as the cultural beliefs,
values, morals, literacy, marital, and economic consensus of
a population as well as the political regulatory measures
and policies present in a state
Fertility Transition
- the shift from high fertility, characterized by only minimal
individual deliberate control, to low fertility, which is under a
couple’s control
- always involves a delay in child bearing to older age (beyond the
teen years) and also an earlier end of childbearing
- historically, fertility was very high because (1) need to replenish
society; (2) children as security and labor; (3) desire for sons
c. Migration
- defined as the process of changing residence and moving
one’s whole round of social activities from one place to
another
- it is a form and act of survival that involves the detachment
of a person from a particular group or organization from one
place and moving or relocating activities and or permanent
establishment to a different location
- migration affects the world population by two means; (1)
increases and decreases the population of the place where
they migrate to and from, and (2) change the population
structure and composition of the place they migrate to and
from
Internal and International Migration
- Internal Migration – refers to the migration of people to a
different location within the national territory of a country
- International Migration – refers to the migration of people to
different location outside their country
- Legal immigrants
 o These are people who are granted governmental WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
permission to live in the place to which they are
 Push-pull Theory
migrating
- people move because they are pushed out of their former
- Illegal immigrants location and at the same time could be pulled in or attracted
o These are people who are not granted permission by the to someplace else
government to live in the place where they are migrating - Push factors: bad or oppressive laws, heavy taxations,
and are therefore undocumented unattractive climate, uncongenial social surroundings, low
- Refugees salary rates, and even compulsion (e.g slavery and human
o as defined by the UN, it refers to any person who is trafficking) which drives people to escape from stress or strain
outside his or her country of nationality and is unable or - Pull factors: better job and livelihood opportunities, better
social and physical environments, freedom
unwilling to return to that country due to persecution or
fear of persecution Why do people migrate internationally?
- Diaspora
o term used to describe the large-scale dispersion,  The Neoclassical Economics Approach
- Argues that migration is a process of labor adjustments
dislocation, and de-territorialization of a particular
caused by geographic differences in the supply and demand
population group from their settlement
for labor
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY DEMOGRAPHY IN A GLOBALIZED - Differential in wages causes people to move from the lower-
wage to the higher wage region
PERSPECTIVE?
- people choose to migrate where the greatest opportunities
- Population growth can compound and magnify, if not create, a vast exists
variety of social, economic, and political problems including;  The New Household Economics of Migration
 Food security - Argues that decisions about migration are often made in the
 Energy context of what is best for an entire family or household
 Environmental Degradation - People act collectively not only to maximize their expected
 Urbanization income but also minimize the risk; it could be a way for a
 International Migration family to diversify their sources of income
 Housing  Dual Labor Market Theory
 Infrastructure - Offers a reason for the creation of opportunities for migration
 Unemployment  World Systems Theory
 Generation Gap  migration is a natural outgrowth of disruptions and
 Individual Freedom dislocations that inevitably occur in the process of
capitalist development
 Types of Migration
 Voluntary Vs Forced
 Temporary Vs Permanent
 Small Vs Large Scale

Consequences of Migration