Migration

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, and it is frequently linked to a change of
permanent residence.

Migration is ordinarily defined as the permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an

individual or group of people over a significant distance.

Migration is a geographic mobility that involves a change of usual residence between defined political
or statistical areas, or between residence areas of different types. -According to ROSS, J.A.

Migration is the movement of a person or persons from one place to another, involving a permanent
move of home for over 1 year. -The United Nations

Types of Migration
Internal migration (moving within a state, country, or continent) and external migration (moving
outside of a state, country, or continent) are two types of human migration (moving to a different
state, country, or continent.

Types of Migration in India

Internal Migration

 Internal migration is the movement of people within a country from one defined area to
another.
 It is generally divided into the following
o Rural to Rural (47%)
o Rural to Urban (32%)
o Urban to Urban (15%)
o Urban to Rural (6%)
 Types of Internal Migration
Rural to Rural

 According to the 2011 Census, this is the country's most dominant migratory
movement.
 Intra-regional and inter-regional characteristics are linked to intra-sectoral migration.
 In comparison to inter-regional migration, intra-regional migration involves larger
migratory volumes.
 Marriage ceremonies and working as agricultural laborers are the two main reasons for
this migration.
 Fertile agricultural land
 Natural disaster(famine, flood, riverbank erosion
 For example, agricultural laborers moving from overpopulated to underpopulated areas,
such Sylhet to sunamganj.

Rural to Urban

 It is the second most noticeable migratory pattern.

 Since independence, inter-sectoral migration has been the most dominant migratory
trend.
 It is the result of both push and pulls factors in rural and urban areas.
 However, since the 1981 census, the positive impact of rural development programs has
resulted in a reduction in push factors, causing this trend to fall to second place.
 • Industrialization
 • Rapid technological change
 • Economic development and rise of per capita income

Urban to Urban

 It primarily involves people moving from small towns to larger cities.

 This migration takes place in stages, with people moving from rural areas to small towns
and then to larger cities (Class II to Class I towns)
 The majority of urban to urban migration occurs in search of better opportunities and
a higher standard of living.
 It is dominated by middle-class individuals. In small towns, it creates a void.

Urban to Rural

 It is a reversal or push-back migration.

 It occurs at a high level of urbanization when cities are characterized by overcrowding,
haphazard growth, and high living costs.
 It is less because it involves the elderly population migrating primarily after their
professional commitments are completed.
 The technical term for this migratory movement is "counter-current migration".

International Migration (World Migration)

International migration can be divided into three categories:

 Emigration: India's emigration to various parts of the world.

 Immigration: People from various countries are immigrating to India.
 Refugee Migration: Involuntary or forced migration to India in the form of

Other Types
Based on Distance

 Intra-building: Movement within a building is referred to as intra-building movement

(e.g. user-movements in an airport terminal or hospital)
 Inter-building: Pedestrian patterns within a complex of buildings are known as inter-
building patterns (e.g. students moving over a University campus)
 Local-scale: Relocating within a town or city is a local-scale migration.
 Regional-scale: Migrating within a country from one county/state to another regional-
scale migration (emigration/immigration).

Based on Duration

 Daily: Daily commute to and from work often results in “rush hours” which is
called daily migration.
 Medium-term Temporary: This migration includes working for a few years in an
overseas TNC branch office; enrolling in a university course; working in a developing
city to repay rural debts.
 Permanent: Emigrating to another country with no plans to return is the Permanent
Migration.

Based on Motive

 Forced (Environment): Escaping a drought/flood/desertification/eruption-prone

area is the forced migration.
 Forced (Political): Religious, ethnic, racial, or political persecution, conflict, or war are
all examples of forced (political) threats to freedom, safety, and liberty are the factors of
Forced Migration. (Refugee and Asylum Seeker Information)
 Collective Behaviour: Keeping group cohesion by moving as part of a defined group
(Traveller communities, nomadic groups, ethnic groups) is the collective behavioral
migration.
 Personal Aspiration: Migrating with a desire to improve one's or one's family's standard
of living by obtaining economic and social benefits is included in this type of migration.
  Personal Well-Being: Migrating due to health-related reasons, or perceived quality of
life (relocating to rural areas for a less frenetic pace of life) is called the Personal Well-
Being Migration.

Determinants or causes of migration:

1. Technology

2. Higher education

3. Economic causes

4. overpopulation

5. social religious causes

6. political causes

7. demographic causes

8. diffusion of information

9. general rise in the level of aspiration

10. war

11. government policy

Migration is a complex phenomenon influenced by a variety of factors. Here's an

explanation of the determinants or causes of migration, including those you've listed:

1. Technology:
 Improved transportation and communication technology make it
easier for people to move across borders.
 Globalization and increased connectivity encourage migration as
people seek better opportunities.
2. Higher Education:
 Individuals may migrate to pursue higher education and gain access
to better academic and research opportunities.
 3. Economic Causes:
 Economic disparities between regions or countries can drive people
to migrate in search of better job prospects, higher wages, or
entrepreneurial opportunities.
4. Overpopulation:
 High population density in certain areas can lead to resource
scarcity and competition for jobs, prompting individuals to migrate
to less crowded areas.
5. Social and Religious Causes:
 Social or religious persecution may force people to migrate in
search of safety, freedom, or the ability to practice their beliefs
without fear.
6. Political Causes:
 Political instability, conflict, or oppressive regimes can compel
individuals to migrate to escape persecution, violence, or lack of
political freedoms.
7. Demographic Causes:
 Demographic factors such as age structure, population growth, and
changes in family composition can influence migration patterns.

8. Diffusion of Information:
 The spread of information through media, social networks, and
word of mouth can create awareness about opportunities in other
regions, motivating individuals to migrate.
9. General Rise in the Level of Aspiration:
 As people become more aware of global possibilities and standards
of living, they may aspire to achieve a higher quality of life,
prompting migration.

10. War:
 Armed conflicts and wars can force people to flee their homes and
seek refuge in more stable and secure regions.
11. Government Policy:
 Government policies, both in origin and destination countries, can
influence migration. Policies related to immigration, labor markets,
and social welfare can either encourage or deter migration.

Understanding migration requires considering the interplay of these factors, as

individuals often migrate due to a combination of economic, social, political, and
personal reasons. Additionally, the push-and-pull factors in both the origin and
destination regions contribute to the complexity of migration dynamics

Factors of Migration:

Pull push factor