Global Migration

Presented by: Kenneth D. Secretaria

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Know what is Global Migration

Understand the push and pull factors of migration
What is Global Migration? And why do people migrate?
 What is Global Migration?
Global migration refers to the movement of people
across international borders, involving a change in the
country of usual residence. This movement can be
temporary or permanent and can occur for various
reasons, including economic opportunities, political
instability, conflict, environmental factors, family
reunification, and more.
Migration- an Overview on Terminology, Causes and Effects
(Tataru, 2020)

Tataru, Georgiana. (2020). Migration – an Overview on Terminology, Causes and

Effects. Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Law. 7. 10-29.
10.18662/lumenlaw/24.
Given the fact that migration is a frequent debated worldwide issue,
it is of great importance to have a well-defined and clear
representation of what this phenomenon means for the individuals,
for state-nations and for society as a whole. In order to achieve that,
the present paper aims to differentiate between the types of
migration, its subjects (asylum seekers, refugees, migrant workers,
etc.), as well as to emphasize what are the triggering factors and the
effects of this mass movement that has been present in our global
society since the very beginning.
Migration as a phenomenon that includes the simultaneous change of
three major parameters (Williams, 2006; Sulima, 2015: 283):
a) a change of domicile that involves the crossing of a political or
national border;
b) a change of the place where they carry out their professional
activity (even if they practice the same profession);
c) a change of social relations (the entry into a new community).
 Migration can be both internal and international.

Internal migration:
refers to the passage from one area (province, county,
municipality) to another area within the territory of the same
state.
International migration:
a territorial relocation of people between states - nations.
Migration is usually divided into two categories:

Voluntary migration

Force Migration
Migration is usually divided into two categories:

Voluntary migration:
It is based on the initiative and the free will of the person and is
influenced by a combination of factors: economic, political and
social: either in the the migrants` country of origin (determinant
factors or "push factors") or in the country of destination (attraction
factors or "pull factors").
Generally, the voluntary migrants are more likely to
emigrate to more developed states due to the ethnic,
religious and cultural tolerance, the perspective of the
higher wages, the opportunities for better employment
and, often, the desire to escape the internal social and
political situation of their country of origin.
Migration is usually divided into two categories:

Forced Migrants
are those individuals who are determined to leave their
habitual residence because of events that threaten their life or
safety.
Migration is usually divided into two categories:

Forced Migration
People are leaving because of persecution, violations of
human rights, conflicts, repression and natural or man-
made disasters. Many leave out of their own initiative to
avoid potential life-threatening situations,
Migration is usually divided into two categories:

Forced Migration
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR), mandated to lead and coordinate global refugee
protection, does not use the term provided by the
Convention. UNHCR uses the term "persons of concern"
which has a broader acceptance, including refugees,
persons in similar situations, returnees, internally
displaced persons, asylum seekers and stateless persons.
Movement of people across international borders
concerns, separately, three categories of persons:
refugees
international travelers
and migrant workers (labor migration).
"Push-pull factors"
are the reasons that push or attract people to a
particular place.
"Push" factors
are the negative aspects of the country of
origin, often decisive in people`s choice to emigrate.
"pull” factors
are the positive aspects of a different country that encourages
people to emigrate in search of a better life.
"push factor" or determinant / trigger factors:
poor quality of life
lack of jobs
excessive pollution
hunger
drought
natural disasters
Etc.
"pull factors" or attraction factors:
The promise of religious or political freedom
career opportunities
quality of life and the environment
Etc.
What is the difference between refugee and migration?
Refugees
a person/group of people who has been forced to leave their home
country and is unable or unwilling to return due to a well-founded
fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group, or political opinion.
Refugees are in the category of forced migration.
Migrants
do not encounter such obstacles. If they choose to return home,
they will continue to receive the protection of their government.
According to UN, migrant as a person who has resided in a foreign
country for a period of more than one year, regardless of the causes
underlying the change of address and the means used to migrate.
"Immigrant"
Who move to another country with the intention of settling
permanently, the expatriate distinguishes by the temporary
character of the migration.
“Asylum seekers”
are individuals who have fled their home countries and are seeking
international protection because they have suffered persecution or
have a well-founded fear of persecution due to reasons such as
their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.
Why do people migrate?
According to Nunez, et al., (2014), these are the surprising reason why people migrate:
To escape past or future persecution based on race, religion, nationality, and/or
membership in a particular social group or political opinion
To escape conflict or violence
To find refuge after being displaced due to environmental factors
To seek superior healthcare
To escape poverty
To offer more opportunities to children
Family reunification
For educational purposes
For jobs and business opportunities
Marriage
The primary donor countries are Australia, Canada, the Philippines,
South Africa, and the United Kingdom (UK); the primary receiving
countries are Australia, Canada, Ireland, the UK, and the United
States (US). The effects of migration on donor countries include the
loss of skilled personnel and economic investment; receiving
countries receive skilled nurses to fill critical shortages with less
economic investment. Ethical concerns include the potential for
exploitation of foreign nurses (Kline, 2004).
Nurses migrate to seek better wages and working conditions than
they have in their native countries. Given the current conditions,
developed countries continue to actively recruit foreign nurses to fill
critical shortages. Migration is predicted to continue until developed
countries address the underlying causes of nurse shortages and until
developing countries address conditions that cause nurses to leave
(Ibid).
Push and pull factors in rural Filipino youth’s outmigration
from agricultural communities (Manalo & Fliert, 2913)

Manalo IV, J. A., & van de Fliert, E. (2013). Push and pull factors in rural Filipino youth’s
outmigration from agricultural communities. Asian Journal of Agriculture and
Development, 10(1362-2016-107716), 59-73.
Rural youth outmigration is a phenomenon that can change the agricultural landscape of
farming communities. The Philippines has witnessed an unprecedented youth exodus from
rural to urban areas in past decades. This paper explored this issue in rice farming
communities in two Philippine provinces, Aurora and Albay. Sixty-eight farmers’ children aged
13–21 years old participated in this research. This paper analyzed the level of youth
involvement in farm work and their perceptions on farming, which can ultimately inform their
decision to migrate or continue farming. Parental discourses influencing youth decisions to
migrate were then investigated. This research used mobility maps, time transects, photovoice
outputs, in-depth and key informant interviews, and group discussions. While intentions to
migrate were high, young individuals had a strong desire to remain connected to their family’s
farms. Hence, policymakers would do well to assist those who leave the rural areas and return
after some time. Equal attention should be given to those who may not return to rural areas
but are willing to invest in farming to employ their poor relatives. Migrants can often raise the
resources needed to finance the input-intensive rice farming operations.
Perceptions of Farming

Favorable and unfavorable perceptions of rice farming were surfaced during the
interviews and group discussions.

Favorable perceptions:
which include seeing farming as a social security, source of income, wealth
multiplier, and an honorable vocation.
Unfavorable perceptions:
seeing farming as anti-beauty, a difficult task to perform, and a not so
glamorous venture.
Some of the favorable perceptions:

“Of course, farming is enjoyable... even when I’m already rich, I will still buy land for
rice farming so I will have a steady supply of it...” (Key Informant)

“I want to invest in farming because most successful people today are farmers” (Key
Informant)

“If it makes your hand dirty, there’s money in it...” (Key Informant)

“I want to buy a coconut farm someday... coconut has many uses, and the fact that it
continuously bears fruit...we will never be poor again.” (Key Informant)
Some of the unfavorable perceptions:

“I told my mother that I can’t do it since I could not stand the scorching heat of the sun. My mother told
me that I should get used to it since that’s what I will be doing in the future. I told her that I will work
hard to find a better job.” (Key Informant)

“Those who are dark-skinned will even get darker [because of farming]...” (Key Informant)

“It makes my fingernails dirty... so dark! [referring to picking golden apple snails]” (Key Informant)

“I’m a farmer’s daughter, and I feel like I’m so low. I want that after I finish school I am always on top.”
(Key Informant)
“One of my friends said in no way will he get into farming in the future. He has big dreams… he has seen
his parents, who are farmers, in dire poverty all their lives…” (Key Informants)
Parents Do Not Want their Children to Farm

It was reported that their parents did not encourage them to be involved in farming.
The following quotes reflect instances when they have been spared from working in
the farm:

“I have never been involved in farming because my parents don’t require me to help. We
just hire people to do that for us.” (Key Informants)

They [parents] just discuss it [farming] among themselves because I do not have enough
knowledge on farming. Oftentimes, I just leave.” (Key Informants)

“They [parents] do not want us to help in farming. They want us to just focus on our
studies.” (Key Informants)
Education in Preparation for Migration
Proclivity to migrate was high among participants in all study sites. Forty-one of them
wanted to leave so they could pursue their dreams such as nursing, seafaring, engineering,
and teaching. Although there were others who wanted to stay behind even after they had
left to study in a university in another province. The quote below captures this:

“I would like to study [education] in Cabanatuan City, but I would like to return here (Ma.
Aurora) afterwards. I want to teach here.” (Key Informant)

“I want to study hard so I could find a job, and so I’d be able to help my parents. This is my
way of thanking them for all the sacrifice they have made for me” (Key Informant)

“Father, if I get a job, just hire someone to do the farm chores… that way, we can continue
with our farming venture. This time, however, you are the one paying them so you can take a
rest…” (Key Informant)
The Returners

While many of the participants in both provinces expressed intent to leave the
country, most of them (80%) expressed a desire to avoid severing ties with
farming completely. While they hardly saw themselves doing farm work,
someday they would still like to buy land and employ their poor relatives. The
quotes below capture this:

“I will buy land so I can employ our poor relatives.” (Key Informant)

“I agree. Investing in rice farming is the way to go. Our poor relatives can benefit
from it. In our place, what happens is we divide the harvest. Having wider rice area
means more rice to divide among the farmers in our barrio.” (Key Informant)
 This should be a cause of concern among policymakers as future food
production may be in jeopardy. Finding ways to make farming more profitable
might inspire farmers to encourage their children to pursue farming as a
source of livelihood.

Despite a strong desire to migrate, either temporarily or permanently,

participants were reluctant to sever their ties with farming. Policymakers in
rural development may see this as an opportunity for future investors in the
rice farming industry.
Conclusion:

Migration is influenced by a combination of factors: economic, political and

social - either in the country of origin of the migrants ("push factors") or
in the country of destination (attraction factors or "pull factors").

Migration is not a mere act of crossing the border, but an important factor in
the erosion of traditional boundaries between languages, cultures, ethnic
groups and nation-states, affecting all those involved.
Activity:
You are going to interview a person who migrates (either municipal,
provincial, regional, national, and international) by asking them the
reason (it's either push or pull factors) that made them want to
migrate. After that, identify those factors for you to categorize if they
fall under pull or push factors and thematize those factors on what
aspect they belong to (e.g., economic, social, political, cultural,
psychological, etc.). Put it on a piece of 1/2 crosswise yellow paper.