GLOBAL

DEMOGRAPHY
CONTEMPORAY WORLD (SOC SCI 223)
 FERTI
ION LITY
LAT RATE
PU
PO OWTH
GR
MORTALITY
RATE

IO N
L AT
O PU N E
P CL I
DE DEMOGRAPHIC
S
 At the end of this module,
you should be able to:

explain the theory of demographic transition as

it affects global population; and
explore the political, economic, social, and
cultural factors underlying the global factors of
people;
 Sex
Republic Act
Reproductive7610
Abortion
(Special Protection of Children
Health Bill
Education
Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination)
Demography
• provides the necessary concepts and basic
understanding of issues related to population
and the consequences it entails for a highly
integrated and interconnected world.
• the quantitative or statistical study of
populations.
Demography
• term was first coined by American
demographer Frank Notestein in the mid-
twentieth century.
• Notestein’s work would become the
foundation of other scholar’s work on the
matter.
Demography
• Hauser and Duncan in 1959
• Define demography as the study of size, territorial
distribution and composition of population, changes
therein and components of such changes, which may
be identified as natality, mortality, territorial
movement (migration) and social mobility (change
of social status).
Demography
• According to Barbara A. Anderson, this
definition situates demography as the basis
for all the social sciences.
 Demography studies the following:

Factors Related to
Population Size
Population Processes

Population Growth Population Population

or Decline Characteristics Distribution

Population Processes Population Structure

Population Size
• the number of people in a
country, a state, a city, a
region or the world at a
given time.

FIGURE 1: Population in Philippines (1960-2019)

Population Growth or Decline
• changes in the number of
people in a given
geographic area over
time.

FIGURE 2: Population growth rate in Philippines (1960-2019)

Population Processes
• fertility, mortality and
migration
Factors Related to Population Processes
• diseases and socioeconomic
characteristics related to mortality,
family formation, labor force
participation, government policies
related to fertility, difference in income
and opportunities in various areas, war
and immigration policies and economic
conditions motivating migration.
Population Distribution
• geographic distribution,
such as among states or
between rural and urban
areas.

FIGURE 3: Urban and rural population in Philippines

(1960-2019)
Population Structure
• age and sex composition, the
growing proportion of the
population at advanced ages,
the sex ratio at birth, and the
increasing proportion of the
population that is female with
increasing age.
 Population Characteristics
• education, income, labor force
participation, marital status and
race or ethnic group
membership – anything that has
a value for each member of the
population and does not have
the same value for everyone.
Demography
• focus on estimates and projections of the size and
characteristics of the population and of the
components of population change.
• According to Anderson, there are two ways of
thinking about population change:
• Aggregate Approach
• Causal or Micro-behavioral Approach
 Aggregate Approach rapid population
growth of poor
countries in the
1960s and 1970s due
• looks at the components of population change to high birth rate and
• importance of population processes comes in low death rates.

• It deals with macro-social demographic

processes.
• studies how the levels of child-bearing,
mortality and population movement impact the
growth or decline of a population.
 Causal or Micro-behavioral Approach
• What are the causal factors or behavioral
mechanisms that lead to the decisions
that people make?
• What behaviors do individuals adopt to
implement their decisions?
• the number of annual
births per one thousand
people
• the number of annual
deaths per one thousand
people
 THEORIES ON
DEMOGRAPHY AND
POPULATION GROWTH
Confucius (551–479 BCE)
• in 500 BC explained that when the population was too
small, there were very few to till the land and taxes were
not paid.
• a large population is helpful for a productive society.
• society would work well if the people were educated and
trusted their rulers.
• when population was too large, poverty and hardships
followed.
• government should maintain a balance between the
population and resources through government-enforced
migration of people.
Plato (429–347 B.C.E.)
• in 400 BC argued that population
should not grow or shrink rapidly, as
rapid population could lead to social
disruption.
• quality of the population is more
important than its quantity and
recommended that only fit men
should have children
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
• population should be limited and
its growth should in fact be
moderate.
• infanticide and abortion could be
necessary to limit population
growth
• If the population is too large, it
could disrupt democratic
governance
 Mercantilism

• economic doctrine that was popular during the 16th

until the 18th century in Europe
• came the belief that countries needed to increase
their population if they would have enough
soldiers and colonists.
• considered a high population growth rate as vital
 Malthusian Approaches to Population
Growth

• Thomas Malthus, an 18th century minister

• maintained that although population grows
exponentially, food supply grows linearly
• poverty results from population growth outstripping
the availability of resources, especially food
• moral restraint
• positive checks or increased mortality
 Neo-Malthusianism

• a belief system and movement in favor of

population control programs to ensure resources for
the future generations
• more concerned with widespread famine and
environmental degradation
• eugenics
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
THEORY
Frank Notestein
• discusses the history of demographic change
globally
• observations of consistently similar population
growth patterns in various countries as their
economies developed
• generalized description of the changing patterns
of mortality, fertility and growth rates
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
STAGES
1. Pre-
• The death and birth rates are very high and are
Industrial imbalanced
Society
2. Early • During this period, death rates are significantly reduced.
Transition
• At this stage, birth rates start to fall with advances in medicine
3. Late and contraception methods and increased awareness through
Transition health education.

4. Post- • At this stage, the birth and death rates are both low.
Transition
 Second Demographic Transition (SDT),
Ron Lesthaege and Dirk van de Kaa
• Structural Changes – modernization, the growth of the
service economy and the welfare state, the expansion of
higher education.
• Cultural Changes – secularization, the rise of individualistic
values, the importance of self-expression and self-fulfillment.
• Technological Changes – the adoption of modern
contraception, the advances in assisted reproduction, the
explosion of new information technologies