Community & Public Health for Medical Laboratory Science

WEEK 3| DEMOGRAPHY
Abdulaziz S. Ayob| 1 – YB – 7 | 2nd Semester |Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science

DEMOGRAPGY 2. Indirect methods of collecting data are required in countries

- is the statistical study of human population. where full data are not available, such as is the case in much
- It can be a very general science that can be applied to any of the developing world.
kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes
over time or space.
- It encompasses the study of the size, structure and
distribution of these population and spatial and/or temporal 1. Crude birth rate
changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and - Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000 people.
death
2. General fertility rate
- Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000 women of
childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but
Census sometimes from 15 to 44).
- is the other common direct method of collecting demographic
data. 3. Age-specific fertility rates
- is usually conducted by a national government and attempts - Refers to the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in
to enumerate every person in a country. particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24 etc.)
- Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much
over or undercounting took place.
4. Crude death rate
- Is defined as an official and periodic enumeration of
- Refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people.
population.
5. Infant mortality rate
- During the census, demographic, economic and social data
- Refers to the annual number of deaths of children less than 1
are collected from a specified population group.
year old per 1,000 live birth
- These data are late collated, synthesized and made known to
the public for purpose of determining and explaining trends in
6. Life expectancy
terms of population changes and planning programs and
- Refers to the number of years which an individual at a given
services.
age could expect to live at present mortality levels.
- Since the census asks for a complete enumeration of the
population, it is usually a very expensive undertaking.
- It will require money to pool together people and other 7. Total fertility rate
resources to complete the census in a limited period of time. - Refers to the number of live births per woman completing her
- Instead of a census, demographic information can still be reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected
collected from a sample of a given population. current age-specific fertility rates
- This is called a sample survey.
- Even if the obtained data come from a small number of 8. Replacement level fertility
people proportionate to the total population, the results will - Refers the average number of children a woman must have in
always be generalized for the whole population. order to replace herself with a daughter in the next generation.
- Registration systems such that collected by the civil - For example the replacement level fertility in the US is 2.11.
registrar’s office deal with recording vital events in the This means that 100 women will bear 211 children, 103 of
community. Vital events refer to births, deaths, marriage, which will be females. About 3% of the alive female infants are
divorces and the like. expected to decease before they bear children, thus producing
- Censuses do more than just count people. 100 women in the next generation.
- they typically collect information about families or households,
as well as about such individual characteristics as age,
9. Gross reproduction rate
sex,marital status, literacy/education, employment status and
- Refers to the number of daughters who would be born to a
occupation, and geographical location.
woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific
- they may also collect data on migration (or place of birth or of
fertility rates.
previous residence), language, religion, nationality (or ethnicity
or race), and citizenship.
10. Net reproduction ratio
- In countries in which the vital registration system may be
- is the expected number of daughters, per newborn
incomplete, thecensuses are also used as a direct source of
prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and
information about fertility and mortality;
through the ages of childbearing.

There are two methods of data collection: direct and indirect.

1. Direct data come from vital statistics registries that track all
births and deaths as well as certain
changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and
migration.
11. Stable population
- one that has had constant crude birth and death rates for
such long time that the percentage of people in every age class
remains constant, or equivalently, the population pyramid has
an unchanging structure

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12. Stationary population
- one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference
between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).
- A stable population does not necessarily remain fixed in size,
it can be expanding or shrinking
Populations can change through three processes:
A.Fertility
B.Mortality
C.Migration
Fertility
- involves the number of children that women have and is to be
contrasted with fecundity.
Mortality
- is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement
of processes affecting death to members
of the population.
Migration
- refers to the movement of persons from an origin place to a
destination place across some pre-defined, political
boundary
- Migration researchers do not designate movements
migrations' unless they are
somewhat permanent.
- Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travelers to
be migrating.
- While demographers who study migration typically do so
through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of
data including tax forms and labor force surveys are also
important
One method of measuring the population size is by determining
the increase in the population resulting from excess of births
compared to deaths.
1. Natural increase
- is simply the difference between the number of births and the
number of death occurring in a population in a specified period
of time
= number of births - Number of deaths
(specified year) (specified year)
2. Rate of Natural increase
- is the difference between the Crude Birth Rate and the Crude
Death rate occurring in a population in a specified period of
time
= Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate
(specified year) (specified year)
The second method of measuring population size is to
determine the increase in the population using data obtained
during two census periods.
• This implies that the increase in the size of the
population is not merely attributed to excess in births
but also the effect of migration.
1. Absolute increase per year Measures the number of
people that are added to the population per year. This is
computed using the following formula:
Where:
Pt= Population size at a late time
Po= Population size at an earlier time
t= number of years between time 0 and the time
2. Relative increase Is the actual difference between the two
census counts expressed in percent relative to the population
size made during an earlier census.
Where:
Pt= population size at a later time
Po= population size at an earlier time
Population Composition
- The composition of the population is commonly described in
terms of its age and sex.
- The PW utilizes data on age and sex composition to decide
who among the population groups merits attention in terms of
health services and programs
1. Sex composition
To describe the sex composition of the population, the nurse
computes for the sex ratio. The sex ratio compares the number
of males to the number of females in the population using the
formula below
The sex ratio represents the number of males for every 1000
females in the population.
2. Age composition
There are two ways to describe the age composition of the
population.
A. Median age divides the population into two equal parts. So,
if the median age is said to be 19 years old, it means half of the
population belongs to 19 years and above, while the other half
belongs to ages below 19 years old.
B. Dependency ratio compares the number of economically
dependent with the economically productive group in the
population. The economically dependent are those who belong
to the 0-14 and 65 above age groups. Considered to be
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economically productive are those within the 15-64 age group.
The dependency ratio represents the number of economically
dependent for every 100 economically productive.

3. Age and Sex composition

- The age and sex composition of the population can be
described at the same time using a population pyramid.
- It is a graphical presentation of the age and sex composition
of the populatio

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