MODULE 3 HEALTH STATISTICS

Prepared by : CHN 2 INSTRUCTORS

 Learning Objectives
• At the end of discussions, you will be able to:
• Differentiate the tools used in health statics.
• Compute accurately health indices
• Understand the Current Philippine Health
Situation
 Topic Outline
1.Demography
– sources of data
– Population size
– Population composition
– Population distribution
2.HEALTH INDICATORS
3.Current Philippine Health Situation
• HEALTH Statistics refers to the systematic
study of vital events such as births,
illnesses, marriages, divorces/separation
and deaths.
 TOOLS
• 1. Demography
• is the study of the characteristics of
populations.
• It provides a mathematical description of how
those characteristics change over time.
 TOOLS…
• Demographics can include any statistical
factors that influence population growth or
decline, but several parameters are
particularly important: population size,
density, age structure, fecundity (birth rates),
mortality (death rates), and sex ratio
 TOOLS…
• Fecundity describes the number
of offspring an individual or a population is
able to produce during a given period of time.

• Mortality is the measure of individual deaths

in a population and serves as the
counterbalance to fecundity.
• Methods used to collect data on health and
health care can be characterized by the
following features:
 SOURCES OF DATA

• A number of sources exist that can potentially

be used to generate statistics on the health
workforce. They include national population
censuses, labour force and employment
surveys, health facility assessments and
routine administrative information systems
 SOURCES OF DATA

Population Census
Registration of vital data or records
Health surveys
Studies and researches
• It is well known that the three
main sources of demographic and
social statistics are censuses, surveys and
administrative records. These three data
sources are the principal means of collecting
basic demographic and social statistics as part
of an integrated programme of statistical
data collection and compilation.
 Population Census
• Sample versus census—
Some data are collected
for the entire population
to which they apply; such
data are sometimes
referred to as census data.
• census refer to any data
collection aimed at
collecting data for every
unit in the population of
interest (i.e., a subset of a
larger population of
emphasis).
• data are collected from a subset of the
population, or a sample, that is selected
(usually by randomization) in a way that
makes it representative of the entire
population.
 Registration of vital data or
records
• administrative records versus respondents—
Some data are extracted from records that
already exist because they are necessary for
the administration of a program or
intervention.
• Examples are government records (tax files,
social security and Medicaid enrollment,
school enrollment, accident reports),
commercial records (health plan enrollment
files, medical claims), and medical records
(from physicians’ offices, hospitals, and other
providers of health care). Other data are
collected directly from respondents, for
example, by interviewing individuals about
their experiences.
 Health surveys
• surveys of health and health care services
administered for children and adolescents
(aged 0−18) within the past 20 years
(beginning in 1990). Data sources for these
surveys include information provided by
children, adolescents, parents, caregivers, and
health care providers. Some surveys involve
reviewing health records.
 Population size
• A population is defined as a group of
individuals of the same species living within a
given area.
• The most fundamental
demographic parameter is the number of
individuals within a population . Population
size is defined as the number of individuals
present in a subjectively designated
geographic range.
• Population size is the number of individuals in
a population. For example, a population of
men might consist of 100,000 individual .
• In demographics, the world population is the
total number of humans currently living, and
was estimated to have reached 7,800,000,000
people as of March 2020. It took over 200,000
years of human history for the world's
population to reach 1 billion, and only 200
years more to reach 7 billion.
 Factors
• Life expectancy – Improving health leads to
falling mortality and is therefore the factor
that increases the size of the population. Life
expectancy, which measures the age of death,
has doubled in every region in the world as we
show here.
• Child & infant mortality – Mortality at a young
age has a particularly big impact on
demographic change.
• Fertility rates – Rapid population growth has
been a temporary phenomenon in many
countries. It comes to an end when the
average number of births per woman – the
fertility rate – declines. In the article we show
the data and explain why fertility rates
declined.
• Age Structure – What is the age profile of
populations around the world? How did it
change and what will the age structure of
populations look like in the future?
 Population size
• Population Density
• A more complete description of a population's
size includes the population density — the size
of a population in relation to the amount of
space that it occupies. Density is usually
expressed as the number of individuals per
unit area or volume.
• just represents the average number of
individuals per unit of area or volume. Often,
individuals in a population are not spread out
evenly. ...
• Globally the average
population density is 25
people per km2, but
there are very large
differences across
countries.
 Population composition
• may be described in
terms of basic
demographic features –
age, sex, family and
household status – and by
features of
the population's social
and economic context –
language, education,
occupation, ethnicity,
religion, income and
wealth.Nov 7, 2019
 Population distribution
• describes how the individuals are distributed,
or spread throughout their habitat.

• distribution of people across the world is to

reform the world map, not based on area but
according to population.
• This is shown here in a population cartogram:
a geographical presentation of the world
where the size of the countries are not drawn
according to the distribution of land, but
according to the distribution of people. The
cartogram shows where in the world the
global population was at home in 2018.
population cartogram:
HEALTH INDICATORS
RATES AND RATIOS
RATE – shows the relationship between a vital event and
those persons exposed to the occurrence of the said event
within a given area and during a specified unit of time. It is
evident that the persons experiencing the event (the
numerator) must come from the total population exposed to
risk of the same event (denominator).
RATIO – used to describe the relationship
between two (2) numerical quantities or measures
of events without taking particular considerations
to the time or place. These quantities need not
necessarily represent the same entities, although
the unit of measure must be the same for both.
CRUDE OR GENERAL RATES – These
rates are referred to the total living population. It must
be presumed that the total population was exposed to
the risk of the occurrence of the event.
SPECIFIC RATE – the relationship is for a specific
population class or group. It limits the occurrence of the
event to the portion of the population definitely expose to it
Crude Birth Rate – a measure of one characteristic of the
natural growth or increase of a population.

Total # of livebirths registered in a

given calendar year
CBR = --------------------------------------------x1,000
Estimated population as of July of
same year
Crude Death Rate – A measure of one mortality from
all causes which may result in a decrease of population

Total No. of deaths registered in

a given calendar year
CDR = ----------------------------------------------x1,000
Estimated Population as of July 1
of the same year
 Infant Mortality Rate - Measures the risk of dying
during the 1st year of life. It is a good index of the
general health condition of a community since it
reflects the changes in the environmental and
medical condition of the community.
Total No. of deaths under 1yr of age
registered in a given calendar year
IMR = ----------------------------------------------- x1,000
Total number of registered live births of sam
calendar year
Maternal Mortality Rate – It measures the risk of
dying from causes related to pregnancy, childbirth and
puerperium. It is an index of the obstetrical care needed
and received by women in the community.

Total no. of deaths from maternal

causes registered for a given year
MMR = --------------------------------------------- x1,000
Total no. of livebirths registered for
same year
Fetal death rate – Measures pregnancy wastage.
Death of the product of conception occurs prior to its
complete expulsion, irrespective of duration of duration
of pregnancy.

Total no. of fetal deaths registered in a

given calendar year
FDR = ---------------------------------------------- x1,000
Total no. of livebirths registered of
same year
Neonatal Death Rate – Measures the risk of dying on the
1st mo of life. May serve as index of the effects of prenatal care
and obstetrical management of the newborn.

No. of deaths under 28 days of age

registered in a given calendar year
NDR = ---------------------------------------------- x1,000
No. of livebirths registered in the
same year
Specific Death Rate – Describes more accurately the risk of
exposure of certain classes or groups to particular diseases. To
understand the forces of mortality, the rates should be made
specific provided the data available for both the population and
the event in their specifications. The specific rates render more
comparable thus reveal the problems of public health.

Deaths in specific class or group

registered in a given calendar year
Specific = ------------------------------------------------x100,000
D.R. Estimated population as of July 1 in the
same specified class of group of said year
 EXAMPLES
No. of deaths from
specific cause registered
in a given year
Cause Specific = ---------------------------- x100,000
Death Rate Estimated population as
of July 1st of same year
 No. of deaths in a
particular age group in a
given calendar year
Age specific = -------------------------------- x100,000
Death Rate Estimated population as
of July 1st in same year
 No. of deaths of a certain
sex registered in a given
calendar year
Sex Specific = -------------------------------- x100,000
Death Rate Estimated population as
of July 1st in the same
year
Incidence Rate – Measures the frequency of occurrence of
the phenomenon during a given period of time. Deals only with
new cases.

No. of new cases of a particular

disease registered during a specified period of
time
IR = ---------------------------------------------- x100,000
Estimated population as of July of the same year
Prevalence Rate – Measures the proportion of the population
which exhibits a particular disease at a particular time. This can
only be determined following a survey of the population
concerned. Deals with total (old and new) number cases.

No. of new and old cases of a certain

disease registered at a given time
PR = --------------------------------------------------- x100
Total No. of persons examined at same given tim
Attack Rate – A more accurate measure of the risk of
exposure. Useful in epidemiological investigations

No. of persons acquiring a disease

registered in a given year
AR = --------------------------------------------------- x100
No. of exposed to same disease in same year
Proportionate Mortality (Death Ratio) – Shows the
numerical relationship between deaths from a cause
( or groups of causes), age (or group of ages), etc. and the
total no. of deaths from all causes in all ages taken together.
Not a measure of risk of dying.

No. of registered deaths from a specific cause

or age for a given calendar year
PM = --------------------------------------------------- x100
No of registered deaths from all causes in all
ages in same year
Adjusted or Standardized Rates – To render the rates of
2 communities comparable, adjustment for the difference in
age, sex, race, and any other factors which influence vital
events have to made.

2 methods
a) By applying observed specific rates to some standard
population
b) By applying specific rates of standard population to
corresponding classes or groups of the local
population
Case Fatality Ratio – Index of the killing power of a
disease. It is influenced by incomplete reporting and poor
morbidity data.

No. of registered deaths from a

specific disease for a given year
CFR = ------------------------------------------------- x100
No. of registered cases from same specific
disease in the same year
Multiplying Factor (MF) to use:

100: Morbidity & Swaroops Index

1000: Fertilitly & Mortality except Swaroops Index
100,000: 1. if the numerator is too small enough to represent denominator
Eg. Community Lanting (population: 1,000,000) ; IR of measles: 7 cases

IR = 7 x 100,000 = .000007 x 100,000 = .7

100,000 not a significant result

2. SOS “Save our ship” (if after computing, your answer is not in the
choices available, substitute the MF w/ 100,000)
 Assignment
• Search for the ff.
1. Most current
Leading causes of Morbidity
Leading causes of Mortality
in the world and in the Philippines
2. Changing Life Expectancy for the last 2
decade. You may illustrate.

•
• Search for the ff.
Assignment
• 3. Current Philippine Health Situation
• A. Demographic profile
• B. Health Profile
• C. Write a short analysis regarding the health situation from
the past decade then compare at present ,specially in this
time of covid pandemic, whether we have a good
rating..answer 1- strongly disagree 2- disagree 3- agree, 4-
strongly agree.Pls support your answer with facts.
• Reminders ; All assignments should be submitted -with
correct and complete citations,it should be strictly observed..
 Self- Check Exercises

• 1.Which of the following situation indicates a good index of

the general health condition of a community?
• A. the numbers a deaths among pregnant mothers are
reduced significantly in Barangay A
• B. The infant mortality rate of Barangay C was increased
during the past decade, but today its gradually declining.
• C. There where neonatal deaths reported recently in a far
flung barangay, an investigation was started.
• D. None of these
•
•
• 2. Which of the following tells us how many
babies born alive would die before reaching
one year of age in a given time and place?
• A. Specific child death rate
• B. Infant mortality rate
• C. Neonatal death rate
• D. Crude death rate
• 3. If infant mortality rate is high, emphasis
should be given to :
• a. communicable disease control
• b. nutrition program
• c. maternal and child health
• d. immunization program
• 4. Which of the following indices measures
the proportion of the population which
exhibits particular disease at a particular
time?
• A. Incidence rate
• B. Proportionate Mortality Rate
• C. Prevalence rate
• D. Cause specific death rate
•
5. Vital Statistics refers to the systematic study of the
following vital events such as , EXCEPT?
A. Births
B. illnesses,
C. Marriages
D. None of these
• 6 -10 Please refer to the following data/situation: Compute for
the following and show your solution.
• Situation: The following data are available in your health
center. You analyzed these for planning purposes.
• No. of population - 35,000
• Population under 1 year - 550
• No. of registered live births - 750
• No. of maternal deaths -5
• Neonatal Deaths -3
• Infant deaths -6
• Total deaths from all causes - 1,025
• No. of deaths from GI diseases (0-11 mos.) - 110
•

•
• 6. The crude birth rate is:
• 7. The crude death rate is:
• 8. Infant mortality rate is :
• 9. Neonatal Mortality rate is:
• 10. Maternal Mortality Rate is:
•
•
•
•
 SAMPLE
2002 Philippine Health Situation
Projected Population 79,503,675
As of 2005 84,241,341
Life expectancy at Birth
(Both sexes)
Male 69.6 yrs.
Female 66.9 yrs.
Crude birth rate (2002) 1,666,773
21.0
Crude death rate (2002) 396,297
5.0
Infant Death rate/1000 Lv 23,778
14.8
Maternal death rate/1000 Lv 1,801
1.1
Fetal death rate 9,341
5.1
Leading Cause of Morbidity
Philippines, 2002

1.Pneumonias
2.Diarrheas
3.Bronchitis/ bronchiolitis
4.Influenza
5.HPN (hypertension)
6.TB ( respiratory )
7.Heart Disease
8.Malaria
9. Chicken Pox
10. Measles
 Thank you!!!
KEEP SAFE ALWAYS :)