DEMOGRAPHY

Demography Demographic Analysis

 Is the statistical study of human population.  Can be applied to whole societies or to groups
 It encompasses the study of the size, structure defined by criteria.
and distribution of populations - education, nationality, religion and
 Spatial and/or temporal changes in response to ethnicity.
birth, migration, aging, and death - demography is considered a field of
 Demographics refers to characteristics of a sociology.
population.
Formal Demography
Population
 Limits its object of study to the measurement of
 Population is the study of the character, populations processes.
number, and distribution of living organisms  It comprises "a set of techniques by which data
residing in or migrating through particular collected in censuses, surveys and vital
places. registration systems about age, sex, births,
deaths, migrations and marriages.
Factors in Population
Social Demography
 Social and Biological Science
 Size of Breeding Group  Population studies analyze the relationships
between economic, social, cultural and
Three Principal Uses of Population Data in Health
biological processes influencing a population.
Administration
Population Studies
1. The computation of vital and health statistics
rates and ratios.  Encompasses the study of fertility, mortality
2. Setting up coverage of activities. and migration.
3. Setting up norms for assignment of health
facilities, staff and funds. Data and Methods

Estimates of Population Size  CENSUS is the common direct method of

collecting demographic data
 Continuous Population Registration  Conducted by a national government and
 Consist of registering births, deaths, emigration attempts to enumerate every person in a
and immigration, making necessary additions country
and subtractions to the existing population.  Occur every 10 years
 Not the best source of data on births and
Surveys Simple way of estimating the
number of population in a smaller deaths
area.
Census
Mathematical Estimates:
 Is defined as an official and periodic
Maybe done by means of Arithmetic and Geometric
enumeration of population.
increase method:
 Determining and explaining trends in terms of
Arithmetic it is assumed that the population
Increase increases at a constant amount population changes and planning programs
Method per year. and services.
Geometric assume that population
Vital Statistics Data
Increase increases at a constant rate per
Method year.
 Collected continuously and summarized on an
annual basis.

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY 1

 Demography

2 Ways of Assigning People when Census is Sister Method Technique

Being Taken
 Where survey researchers ask women how
 De jure method is done when people are many of their sisters have died or had children
assigned to the place where they usually live and at what age.
regardless of where they are at the time of  Other indirect methods include asking people
census. about siblings, parents, and children.
 De facto method is done when the people are
Key Measures in Demography
assigned to the place where they are physically
Crude birth  The annual number of live
present at the time of the census regardless of births per 1,000 people.
rate
their usual place of residence.
General  The annual number of live
fertility rate births per 1,000 women of
Sample Survey
childbearing age (often taken
 Obtained data come from a small number of to be from 15 to 49 years old,
but sometimes from 15 to 44).
people proportionate to the total population,
Age-specific  The annual number of live
 The results will always be generalized for the births per 1,000 women in
fertility rates
whole population. particular age groups (usually
age 15-19, 20-24 etc.)
Registration Systems Crude death  The annual number of deaths
rate per 1,000 people.
Collected by the civil registrar’s office deal with
infant  The annual number of deaths
recording vital events in the community. of children less than 1-year-
mortality rate
old per 1,000 live births.
Vital Events
Expectation of  The number of years which an
 Refer to births, deaths, marriage, divorces and life (life individual at a given age could
expectancy) expect to live at present
the like.
mortality levels.
Censuses Total fertility  The number of live births per
rate woman completing her
 Collect information about families or reproductive life, if her
childbearing at each age
households
reflected current age-specific
 Characteristics as age, sex, marital status, fertility rates.
literacy/education, employment status Replacement  The average number of
 Occupation, and geographical location. level fertility children a woman must have
 Collect data on migration (or place of birth or of in order to replace herself with
previous residence), language, religion, a daughter in the next
generation.
nationality (or ethnicity or race), citizenship.
Gross  The number of daughters who
 Used as a direct source of information about would be born to a woman
reproduction
fertility and mortality. rate completing her reproductive
life at current age specific
2 Methods of Data Collection fertility rates.
Direct  Come from vital statistics registries Net  Is the expected number of
Data that track all births and deaths. reproduction daughters, per newborn
 Changes in legal status (marriage, ratio prospective mother, who may
divorce) or may not survive to and
 Migration (registration of place of through the ages of
residence). childbearing.
**registry statistics are the best method Stable  One that has had constant
for estimating the number of births and population crude birth and death rates
deaths. for such long time that the
Indirect Collecting data are required in countries percentage of people in every
Data where full data are not available. age class remains constant,
or equivalently, the
population pyramid has an
unchanging structure.

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY 2

 Demography

Stationary  One that is both stable and Method of Measuring the Population Size
population unchanging in size.
- It can be expanding or 1. By determining the increase in the population
shrinking resulting from excess of births compared to
deaths.

Natural Increase
Three Processes  Is simply the difference between the number
Populations can change: of births and the number of death occurring
a. Fertility in a population in a specified period of time.
b. Mortality
 Natural Increase = number of births -
c. Migration
Number of deaths

Fertility  (specified year) (specified year) (specified

Involves the number of children that women year)
have and is to be contrasted with fecundity (a
woman's childbearing potential).
Rate of Natural Increase
 Is the difference between the Crude Birth
Mortality Rate and the Crude Death rate occurring in a
Is the study of the causes, consequences, and population in a specified period of time
measurement of processes affecting death to
members of the population.  Rate of Natural Increase = Crude Birth Rate -
Demographers most commonly study mortality Crude Death Rate
using the Life Table, a statistical device which
provides information about the mortality  (specified year) (specified year) (specified
conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in year)
the population.
Crude Birth The annual number of live births
Rate per 1000 people.
Crude Death The annual number of deaths per
Rate 1000 people.

2. To determine the increase in the population

using data obtained during two census periods.

This implies that the increase in the size of the

population is not merely attributed to excess in
births but also the effect of migration.

Absolute Increase per Year

 Measures the number of people that are
added to the population per year. This is
computed using the following formula:
𝑃𝑡−𝑃𝑜
 Absolute increase per year =
𝑡
Where:
Migration
- Pt = Population size at a late time
Refers to the movement of persons from an origin
- Po = Population size at an earlier time
place to a destination place across some pre-
- T = number of years between time 0 and the
defined, political boundary.
time t

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY 3

 Demography

Relative Increase 3. Age and Sex Composition

 Is the actual difference between the two  Described at the same time using a
census counts expressed in percent relative population pyramid.
to the population size made during an earlier  It is a graphical presentation of the age and
census. sex composition of the population.
𝑃𝑡−𝑃𝑜
 Relative increase per year =
𝑃𝑜
Where: Population Distribution
- Pt = Population size at a late time
 Can be described in terms of urban-rural
- Po = Population size at an earlier time
distribution, population density and crowding
index.
Population Composition  The measures help how resources can be
justifiably allocated based on concentration of
 The composition of the population is commonly population in a certain place.
described in terms of its age and sex.
 Utilizes data who among the population groups Urban-rural  Simply illustrates the
merits attention in terms of health services and Distribution proportion of the people living
in urban compared to rural
programs.
areas.
Crowding  Describe by which a
1. Sex Composition
Index communicable disease will be
 To describe the sex composition of the transmitted from one host to
population, the nurse computes for the sex another susceptible host.
ratio. The sex ratio compares the number of  This is described by dividing the
males to the number of females in the number of persons in a
population using the formula below: household with the number of
 Sex ratio =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
× 1000 rooms used by the family for
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 sleeping.
Population  Determine how congested a
The sex ratio represents the number of males for Density place is and has implication in
every 100 females in the population. terms of the adequacy of basic
health services present in the
community.
2. Age Composition  It can be computed by dividing
Two ways to describe the age composition of the the number of people living in a
given land area
population.
 Population density = No of
A. Median age divides the population into two People/Land area
equal parts.
a. if the median age is 19 years old, it means
half of the population belongs to 19 years
and above, while the other half belongs to
ages below 19 years old.

B. Dependency ratio compares the number of

economically dependent with the
economically productive group in the
population.
- The economically dependent are those
who belong to the 0-14 and 65 above age
groups.
- Economically productive are those within
the 15-64 age group.
- The dependency ratio represents the
number of economically dependent for
every 100 economically productive.

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY 4