TOPIC 3 A.

Tools
HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Demography
a. Sources of data
What are health statistics? b. Population size
• are numbers that summarize information c. Composition
related to health. d. distribution
• The study of the collection, organization, • is the statistical study of human
analysis, interpretation and presentation populations.
of data in the domain of Health • examines the size, structure, and
• Health statistics are a form of evidence, movements of populations over space
or facts that can support a conclusion. and time

Some of the types of statistics include: Purposes of demography

• How many people in the country have
a disease or how many people got the Seek to understand population
disease within a certain period of time. dynamics by investigating three main
• How many people were born and died. demographic processes:
• How many people have access to and
use health care. • birth
• migration, and
What is epidemiology?
• is the study of the distribution and • aging (including death)
determinants of health-related states or
events in specified populations, and the SOURCES OF DATA
application of this study to the control of CENSUS
health problem. • collects data from individuals and
• describes how diseases and conditions people in a certain area.
occur in the population, and searches • It allows estimates for a small
for factors that cause disease and ill geographic area and for population
health. subgroups.
• comes from the Greek word's epi,
SURVEY
meaning on or upon, demos, meaning
people, and logos, meaning the study • are primarily to collect information on
of. population characteristics and on the
causes and consequences of
According to international epidemiology population change.
association (IEA) has 3 mains aims: ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS
a. To describe the distribution and • are an important source of information
magnitude of health and disease for social science research
problems in human populations POPULATION SIZE
(descriptive studies)
b. To identify etiological factors (risk factors • is defined as the total number of
in the pathogenesis of disease and organisms in a given area
(analytical studies) COMPOSITION
c. To provide the data essential to the • sex and age group
planning, implementation and DISTRIBUTION
evaluation of services for the
prevention, control and treatment of • means the pattern of where people live,
disease and to setting up priorities territory
among those services. HEALTH INDICATORS
• List of information which would
determine the health of a particular
The ultimate aim of epidemiology is to lead to
community like population, crude
effective action:
death rate, crude birth rate,
a. To eliminate or reduce the health infant/maternal death rate,
problem. neonatal death rate.
b. To promote the health and well-being
of society as a whole
 A. CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) D. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)
• A measure of one characteristic of the • This rate measures the risk of dying from
natural growth or increase population causes associated with childbirth. it is an
by subtracting the crude death rate index of the obstetrical Care needed
from it. and received by women in a
community which measures the risk of
Computation formula:
dying from causes related to
CBR= Registered live birth in a pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium
given calendar year X 1000 within 90 days.
Midyear population Formula:
of same year
MMR = number of deaths due to
B. CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) pregnancy delivery and puerperium X1000
• Includes death from old age, number of live
degenerative diseases and other births
caused not readily preventable E. SPECIFIC RATES OF MORTALITY
Formula: • a measure of mortality for each age
CDR = Total deaths (all causes) in a group but specifies sex as well and it
calendar year x 1000 gives the most accurate picture of the
force of mortality in a given population
Midyear population
for that year Formula:
C. INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) SMR = number of deaths in a
• Infant deaths are associated with specified group X1000
acute communicable diseases; such midyear population of the
factors as poor environmental same specified group
sanitation and personal hygiene, in
general inadequate health services F. LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY
• Morbidity of acute upper respiratory
Formula: disease among Filipinos was
I M R = death under 1 year of approximately two million.
age X 1000 number of live births TOP LEADING CAUSES
1.Acute Respiratory Infection
A low IMR suggests: 2. Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
1. Adequate immunization 3. Pneumonia
program/services 4. Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis
2. Sound Infant-maternal Nutrition G. LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY
3. Satisfactory ante-post natal care - Ischemic heart disease (CVA)
4. Good disease control program - COPD
- Lung cancer
5. Strict implementation of laws governing - Car accidents
administration of health programs. - Tuberculosis
- diabetes
From a sanitarian’s point of view: LIFE EXPECTANCY
- good environmental sanitation • The term “life expectancy” refers to
- good water supply the number of years a person can
- good housing facilities expect to live.
• It is based on an estimate of the
From the social worker’s point of view: average age that members of a
- Illegitimate are not neglected particular population group will be
- High standard of living when they die.
•
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION
High infant mortality rates are generally
indicative of unmet human health needs in • Maternal and child health services
sanitation, medical care, nutrition, and have improved,
education. • There are a higher number of women in
delivering at health facilities.
• More births are being attended by
professional health care providers.
 • Access to the provision of preventive,
diagnostic and treatment services for
communicable diseases have
improved.
• Several initiatives have done to reduce
illness and death due to non-
communicable diseases.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
• a description of a particular type of
customer, including their sex, age,
income, etc
• By developing a demographic profile of
your best customers, you can target
your marketing efforts more successfully.

HEALTH PROFILE
• is intended to be a set of indicators of
basic demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics, health
status, health risk factors, and health
resource use, which are relevant to most
communities.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE NURSE

NURSE EPIDEMIOLOGISTS
• Identify people or populations at high
risk.
• Monitor the progress of diseases.
• Specify areas of health care need.
• Determine priorities, size, and scope of
programs.

Epidemiology process and investigation:

The purpose of the epidemiologic investigation
is to:
• Identify a problem, collect data,
formulate, and test hypotheses.