Community Health Nursing 2

PHILIP JEROME A. FLORES, RN, MSN

Lecturer
VIRTUAL SAFE SPACE FOR LEARNING
 RECAP

Chapter 2: Concept of Community

 Definition of Community
 Types of Community
 Characteristics of Healthy Chapter 3: Health Statistics
Community
 Census, Legal Basis
 Factors Affecting the Health of
 Sources of Data
the Community
 Definition of Vital Statistics
 Nurses Role in the Community
 Uses of Vital Statistics
 Common Vital Statistical
Consideration
 PROCESSING OF ASSIGNMENT

National

Regional

Provincial

Municipal

Barangay

Individual

 Rates of vital events

 Quality and accuracy of data
 Common Vital Statistical Consideration

FETAL DEATH – death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction of a product of conception
from its mother, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the fact that
after such separation the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as
beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles.
FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR) - Measures pregnancy wastage. Death of the product of conception
prior to its complete expulsion, irrespective of duration of pregnancy.
 Common Vital Statistical Consideration

PREVALENCE RATE (PR) - Measures the

INCIDENCE RATE (IR) - Measures the
frequency of occurrence of the
phenomenon during a given period of
time. Deals only with new cases.
proportion of the population which exhibits
a particular disease at a particular time. This
can only be determined following a survey
of the population concerned. Deals with
total (old and new) number of cases.
Incidence Rate and Prevalence Rate
 Common Vital Statistical Consideration

RATE – It shows the relationship between a vital event and

those persons exposed to the occurrence of said event,
within a given area and during a specified unit of time.
RATIO - It is used to describe the relationship between two
(2) numerical quantities or measures of events without
taking particular considerations to the time or place.
 Chapter IV & V:
Epidemiology
Epidemiology and the Nurse
 Definition of Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the

Greek words: distribution and determinants of
Epi – on or upon health-related states or events in
Demos – people specified populations, and the
Logos – the study of application of this study to the
control of health problems.
 Key Terms

STUDY
 Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with
sound methods of scientific inquiry at its
foundation.
 Epidemiology is data-driven and relies on a
systematic and unbiased approach to the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.
 Key Terms

DISTRIBUTION
 Epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and
pattern of health events in a population:
• Frequency refers not only to the number of
health events but also to the relationship of
that number to the size of the population.
• Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-
related events by time, place, and person.
 Key Terms

DETERMINANTS
 Epidemiology is also used to
search for determinants,
which are the causes and
other factors that influence
the occurrence of disease and
other health-related events.
HEALTH RELATED STATES OR EVENTS
 Anything that affects the well-being of a population.
 Key Terms

SPECIFIED POPULATION
 Epidemiologists and direct health-care providers
(clinicians) are both concerned with occurrence and
control of disease, but they differ greatly in how they
view “the patient.” The clinician is concerned about
the health of an individual; the epidemiologist is
concerned about the collective health of the people
in a community or population.
 Key Terms

APPLICATION
 Application Epidemiology is not just “the study
of” health in a population; it also involves
applying the knowledge gained by the studies to
community-based practice.
 Two Broad Types of Epidemiology

 Descriptive Epidemiology
• Examining the distribution of disease in a
population, and observing the basic features of
its distribution.
 Analytic Epidemiology
• Investigating a hypothesis about the cause of
disease by studying how exposures relate to
disease.
 Aims of Epidemiologic Research

 To describe the health status of a population.

 To assess the public health importance of diseases.
 To describe the natural history of the disease.
 To explain the etiology of disease.
 To predict the disease occurrence.
 To evaluate the prevention and control of disease.
 To control the disease distribution.
 Summary

 Epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic,

data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern)
and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-
related states and events (not just diseases) in
specified populations (patient is community,
individuals viewed collectively), and the application
of (since epidemiology is a discipline within public
health) this study to the control of health problems.
 Purpose of Epidemiology

 To provide a basis for developing disease

control and prevention measures for
groups at risk.
 To develop measures to prevent or
control disease.
 Uses of Epidemiology

 Assess the community’s health

 Make individual decisions
 Complete the clinical picture
 Search for causes
 Core Epidemiologic Functions

 Public health surveillance

 Field investigation
 Analytic studies
 Evaluation
 Linkages
 Policy development
 Natural History and Spectrum of Disease

 Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease

process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of epidemiology, 2nd ed. Atlanta:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services;1992.
 Chain of Infection

 Infectious agent: the microorganism which has the

ability to cause disease.
 Reservoir: where the microorganism live and thrive.
 Portal of exit: the way the microorganism leaves the
reservoir.
 Mode of transmission: how microorganisms are
transmitted from one person or place to another.
 Portal of entry: how the infection enters another
individual.
 Susceptible host: the person who is vulnerable to
infection.
 Disease Occurrence – Level of Disease

 Sporadic – occasional cases occurring at

irregular interval.
 Endemic – regular cases occurring in an area.
 Epidemic – usually higher in number in an area.
 Pandemic – global epidemic.
 Duties and Responsibilities of Epidemiological Nurse

 Maintains surveillance of the occurrence of

notifiable disease.
 Coordinates with other members of the health
team during disease outbreak.
 Participates in case findings and collection of
laboratory specimens.
 Isolate cases of communicable diseases.
 Duties and Responsibilities of Epidemiological Nurse

 Renders nursing care, teaches, and supervises

giving of care.
 Perform and teach household members method,
concurrent, and terminal disinfection.
 Gives health teachings to prevent further spreads
of disease to individual and families.
 Follow up cases and contacts.
 Duties and Responsibilities of Epidemiological Nurse

 Organizes, coordinates and conducts community

health education campaign/meetings.
 Refers cases when necessary.
 Coordinates with other concerned community
agencies.
 Accomplishes and keeps records and reports and
submits to proper office or agency.
THANK YOU.