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“IMAGINATION IS
MORE IMPORTANT
THAN KNOWLEDGE”.
(Albert Einstein)
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“Simple can be harder than
complex: You have to work
hard to get your thinking
clean to make it simple.”
- Steve Jobs
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NARROWBAND
ANGLE
MODULATION
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Narrowband Angle Modulation [1]:
PM wave: 𝒖 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 + 𝝋 𝒕 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝒌𝒑 𝒎 𝒕
𝒕
FM wave: 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜑 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒎 𝝉 𝒅𝝉

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Narrowband Angle Modulation [1]:

𝛽𝑝 = 𝑘𝑝 max 𝑚 𝑡
𝑘𝑓 max 𝑚 𝑡
𝛽𝑓 =
𝑊

 Small 𝒌𝒑 and small 𝒌𝒑 means small

𝜷𝒑 and small 𝜷𝒇 , respectively.
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Narrowband Angle
Modulation [1]:

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Narrowband Angle Modulation [1]:
Equation (4.1.19) shows that in this case, the modulated signal is very
similar to a conventional AM signal given in Equation (3.2.5).
 The only difference is that the message signal m (t) is modulated on a
sine carrier rather than a cosine carrier.
 The bandwidth of this signal is similar to the bandwidth of a
conventional AM signal, which is twice the bandwidth of the
message signal. Of course, this bandwidth is only an
approximation of the real bandwidth of the FM signal.
 Phasor diagrams for this signal and the comparable conventional AM
signal are given in Figure 4.3. Compared to conventional AM, the
narrowband angle-modulation scheme has far less amplitude
variations.
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Narrowband Angle Modulation [1]:
o Compared to conventional AM, the narrowband angle-modulation
scheme has far less amplitude variations. Of course, the angle-
modulation system has constant amplitude and, hence, there should
be no amplitude variations in the phasor-diagram representation of
the system. These slight variations are due to the first-order
approximation that we have used for the expansions of sin((t)) and
cos(( t)).
o As we will see later, the narrowband angle-modulation method does
not provide better noise immunity than a conventional AM system.
Therefore, narrowband angle modulation is seldom used in practice for
communication purposes. However, these systems can be used as an
intermediate stage for the generation of wideband angle-modulated
signals, as we will discuss in Section 4.3. 9
Narrowband Angle Modulation [1]:
𝑢 𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝜑 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 (4.1.19)

Narrowband PM: 𝝋 𝒕 = 𝒌𝒑 𝒎 𝒕

𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝒌𝒑 𝒎 𝒕 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝒕
Narrowband FM: 𝝋 𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒎 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 = 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 𝒂(𝒕)

𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 𝒂(𝒕) sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

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Narrowband FM Modulator [7]:
Narrowband FM: 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 𝒂(𝒕) sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

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Narrowband FM Modulator [7]:
𝟏 𝒅
𝒇𝒊 = 𝜽𝒊 (𝒕) = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒌𝒇 𝒎(𝒕)
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒕

 The frequency deviation of the output signal is:

|𝑓𝑖 − 𝑓𝑐 | = 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡).
 Hence maximum frequency deviation is equal to maximum value of
𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡).
 Since maximum value of 𝒌𝒇 𝒎(𝒕) [i.e., frequency deviation] is
small compared to the frequencies present in 𝒎(𝒕), it is called
NARROWBAND SIGNAL.
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Generation of Narrowband Angle-Modulated Signal [1]:

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Spectrum (BW) of Narrowband FM Signal [7]:
Narrowband FM: 𝑢𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐴𝑐 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇 𝒂(𝒕) sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝐴𝑐
𝑈𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀 𝑓 = 𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝛿 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2
𝐴𝑐 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒇
+ [𝐴 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 − 𝐴(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )]
𝟐𝒋
𝒕 𝑴 𝒇
𝒂 𝒕 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒎 𝝉 𝒅𝝉  𝑨 𝒇 = ,
𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇
1
where 𝐻 𝑓 = is the transfer function of integrator.
𝑗2𝜋𝑓

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Spectrum (BW) of Narrowband FM Signal [7]:

NB: If 𝑴(𝒇) is limited to 𝑾 Hz, 𝑨(𝒇) is also limited to the same

range of frequencies. This is because, integration is a process that
shifts phase by 90 and divides amplitudes by the frequency; it does
not create new frequencies. 15
Spectrum (BW) of Narrowband FM Signal [7]:

Hence, bandwidth of NBFM is 2W. This is

true regardless of how small kf is made.
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